动词总稿.doc

动词动词的种类，动词按照动词的语法功能可将动词分为限定动词和非限定性动词两种。根据句法功能分类限定动词（实意动词）主动词实意动词laugh连系动词Be, become, turn, get助动词基本助动词Be, do, have, will情态动词Can, may, must非限定性动词（非谓语动词）不定式To write, to walk, to laughV-ing形式Writing, walking, laughingV-ed形式Written, walked, laughed实义动词教学目标：1. 掌握各类及物动词和不及物的用法和特点，能够正确的运用及物动词和不及 物动词。2.掌握动词的各种形式和变化规则，包括单三形式，过去式，过去分和现 在分词。教学重点：1.及物动词和不及物动词的用法和区别。2.动词单三形式的变化规则3.动词过去 式和过去分词的变化规则。 4.动词现在分词的变化规则。教学难点：及物动词和不及物动词的用法和区别。命题趋势：高考对于实义动词的考察主要在及物动词和不及物动词的用法区别，我们要了解 及物动词后面可以直接加宾语而不需要任何介词，不及物动词相反。另外我们还 要注意动词各种形式的变化规则，尤其是特殊变化形式。知识点解析：有完整词汇意义的动词叫做实义动词。实义动词分跟有宾语的及物动词和不跟宾语的不及物动词。连系动词也是实义动词，但连系动词不能单独构成谓语，其后必须跟有表语。 1 及物动词和不及物动词 有些及物动词只有一个宾语（单宾语），有些可跟间接宾语和直接宾语（双宾语），或跟宾语和宾语补足语（复合宾语），例： Ilikethebookverymuch我很喜欢这本书。 Myteacherlendmesomebooks我的老师借给我一些书。（双宾语） IllletyouknowassoonasIhearfromher我一接到她的信就通知你。（复合宾语） 而不及物动词不带宾语，例： Thegoodnewssoonspreadalloverthecity好消息很快传遍全城。 许多动词既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动词，例： Heturnedhishead他把头转过去了。（及物） Sheturnedandwalkedtothehouse她转身走回家。（不及物）2. 分清动词的及物不及物的用法。动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况： 1）主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于：主谓宾；主谓双宾；主谓宾宾补结构。如： He reached Paris the day before yesterday. Please hand me the book over there. They asked me to go fishing with them. 类似的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell. 2）主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用与：主谓结构。 This is the room where I once lived. 类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed. 3）既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。如begin 都是作开始讲。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve. 4）既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。 这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义；而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的消散。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物动词时是升高；举起。 He lifted his glass and drank. 类似的还有：beat vi.跳动 vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生长 vt. 种植 play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏 smell vi.发出（气味） vt. 嗅 ring vi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话 speak vi.讲话 vt. 说（语言） hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死 operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作 3. 应用中及物动词和不及物动词的常见错误。1）“及物动词介词宾语”（transitive verb+preposition+object），是常见的一种。所谓及物动词，就是谓语动词（predicative verb），不必通过介词引荐宾语。相反的，不及物动词（intransitive verb）是不带宾语的。有许多动词，虽然性质是及物的，但不一定要有宾语，如下列的a和a便是这种情形： A. We study every day. b. Do you study English every day? A. Please write clearly next time. b. Can you write your composition now? 2）如果本质上就是不及物动词，就不会有宾语；若要宾语，就要借介词之助，一起连用才行(不及物动词+宾语+介词)，如b和b;a和a是错的； *A. The children are listening the music. b. The children are listening to the music. *A. She is laughing the crippled man. b. She is laughing at the crippled man. 反之，及物动词不必靠介词，就可以带宾语，如上述的1）b和2）b ，又如和： John is giving a book to me. Who will answer this question? 如果无意中把介词加上，就错了，如： * Who will answer to this question? 下列这句从房地产广告中看到的句子，也犯了同样的错： “We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.” “awaiting”是个及物动词，后面的介词“for”是多余的，要去掉；不然把“awaiting”改为“waiting for”也行。 3）习惯上喜欢把介词加到及物动词后面，然后才带出宾语。最常见的是“emphasize/stress on/upon”和“discuss about”，如： Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains. In our education system, we stress upon examination results. World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems. 显然的，这三句里的介词“on/upon”和“about”是多余的，不必要的。 二动词的形式：动词共有五种形式动词除原形外，还有单三形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词三种形式。原形第三人称单数现在式过去式过去分词现在分词walkwalkswalkedwalkedwalkinglikelikeslikedlikedlikingstopstopsstoppedstoppedstoppingplayplaysplayedplayedplaying（1） 动词单三形式的构成规则规则原形单数形式一般情况加-sRise,read,writeRises, reads, writes以因素结尾s 或以字母o结尾的动词，加-esPass, push, watch, do, goPasses, pushes, watches, does, goes以“辅音字母+y“结尾的动词，变y为i加es。Study, try, flyStudies, tries, flies（2） 动词的过去式和过去分词1.构成形式动词原形过去式过去分词一般情况加-edHelp, look, workHelped, looked, workedHelped, looked, worked词尾为e，加-dLike, live, loveLiked, lived, lovedLiked, lived, loved词尾为“辅音字母+y” 变y为i加-edTry, study, cryTried, studied, criedTried, studied, cried重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母，则爽些这个字母后再加-edPlan, stop, nodPlanned, stopped, noddedPlanned, stopped, nodded2. 动词过去式和过去分词发音规则1）在清辅音后发t, 如：helpedhelpt2) 在元音和浊辅音后读d 如：stayedsteid3) 在辅音t d后读id, 如： need ni:did3. 词的过去式和过去分词有特殊的形式。 cost-cost-cost meet-met- met catch-caught-caught rise-rose-risen drive-drove- driven get-got-got/gotten leave-left-left smell-smelt/smelled-smelt/smelled tell-told-told take-took-taken（二）现在分词的构成规则动词原形现在分词一般情况直接加-ingAsk, study, standAsking, studying, standing以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ingCome, take, writeComing, taking, writing重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母，则爽些这个字母后再加-ingSit, begin, runSitting, beginning, running少数以ie结尾的动词，先变ie为e， 再加-ingDie, lie, tieDying, lying, tying以oe，ee，ye结尾的动词，直接加-ingDye, agreeDyeing, agreeing基础练习：1. What I would suggest is _ work at once. A. start B. started C. starting D. to start2. The first thing I can do now is _ you to hospital immediately. A. send B. sent C. sending D. to send3. What the child is doing is _ a model plane. A. make B. made C. making D. to make4. What she has done is _ a report. A. write B. written C. writing D. to write5. What I really wanted to do was _ all night. A. drive B. driven C. driving D. to drive6. The professor you are talking about is _ at the meeting tonight. A. speak B. spoken C. speaking D. to speak7. I told my teacher the easiest subject I could_ well was English. A. learn B. learnt C. learning D. to learn8. My brother has spent as much time as he could _ the homework. A. do B. done C. doing D. to do9. The poor boy is in danger. We should do all we can_ him out. A. help B. helped C. helping D. to help10. That she gave the poor children as much money as she could_ us. A. encourage B. encouraged C. encouraging D. to encourage 11. Whom do you want to have _ the washing machine？ A. repair B. repaired C. repairing D. to repair12. Thank you for the great trouble youve had_ me with my computer work.That is nothing. A. help B. helped C. helping D. to help13. The first thing I have _ this evening is type a report. A. do B. done C. doing D. to do14. Mr. Smith was very disappointed to see the car he had had _ went wrong again. A. repair B. repaired C. repairing D. to repair15. What a good time we had_ with the peasants in the fields！ A. work B. worked C. working D. to work 【参考答案】1. D。what引导主语从句，谓语动词不是do动词时，不定式做表语要带to.2. A。主语部分含有动词do时，不定式做表语要省去to.3. C。what引导主语从句，谓语动词是do的进行式时，表语动词用ing 形式。4. B。what引导主语从句，谓语动词是do的完成式时，表语动词用ed 形式。5. A。what引导主语从句，含有动词do的非谓语形式时,不定式做表语,不带to.6. D。用beto do的形式做谓语，表示按计划、安排将要做的动作。7. A。I could learn well是定语从句。8. C。此题为sb. spend some time（in）doing sth.句型，句中as . as he could 从句后面省去了与前面相同的动词 spend。9.D。句中we can 是定语从句，can后面省去了与前面相同的动词 do；to help him out 是不定式做目的状语。10.B。as.as she could 从句后面省去了与前面相同的动词give，That引起主语从句做主语，用encouraged做谓语。11.A。本题为 have sb. do sth.句型，sb.是题中whom引起问句放置句首。12.C。本题中youve had_ me with my computer work是定语从句，修饰trouble，而定语从句为句型 sb. have trouble（in）doing sth.13.D。I have to do this evening为定语从句，修饰thing。14.B。句中he had had（the car）repaired 为定语从句，修饰car，此定语从句为have sth. done句型，sth.为car，had had为have动词的过去完成式。15.C。此题为句型sb. have a good time（in）doing sth.的感叹句形式。提高练习： 1. After school the students _ (take) their bags and went home. 2. It often _ (take) me half an hour _ (get) to the post office. 3. _ (be) your friends at school last week?4. We will go to the movies if it _ (not rain) tomorrow afternoon. 5. When we _ (arrive) at the station, the train had already left. 6. Our P.E. teacher _ (be) in the Party for ten years.7. Im sorry _ (keep) you waiting for so long. 8. The heavy rain stopped us from _ (go) swimming. 9. I didnt know she preferred reading to _ (play). 10. I _ (put) my keys here just now. But I cant find them now. 11. Li Lei _ (carry) water for Aunt Mary at times. 12. Sue _ (have) supper at half past six every day. 13. She _ (go) to the cinema with her friends tomorrow evening.14. Beth isnt here. She _ (go) to Beijing. 15. My mother _ (do) some cooking when I came in.【答案详解】1. took。and连接两个并列谓语，后一个动词用过去式，那么前一个动词也用过去式。2. takes, to get。根据句意“到邮局常花我半小时的时间”，可确定第一空用一般现在时，且主语是it，故动词用takes。在句型It takes sb some time to do sth中，第二空用不定式to get。3. Were。由时间状语last week可确定此句用be的过去时，主语是your friends，为复数形式，故用were。4. doesnt rain。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果主句为一般将来时，从句应用一般现在时代替一般将来时。5. arrived。从句意“当我们到达车站时，火车已经离开了”我们可知，主句用了过去完成时，那么从句则用一般过去时。6. has been。动作发生在过去，持续到现在，这是现在完成时的一种用法。 7. to keep。在Im sorry后常接不定式表原因(from )。8. going。在stop sb from doing sth中，from为介词，那么动词go应用going。9. playing。根据句型prefer doing sth to doing sth，我们可知此空用动词的-ing形式。10. put。根据句意“我刚把钥匙放在这儿，但现在找不到了”，我们可确定前句用一般过去时。put的过去时仍是put，无词形变化。11. carries。从句中的时间状语at times(有时)，我们可确定此句的时态为一般现在时。主语为单数第三人称，故动词carry变为carries。12. has。根据句意和时间状语every day，我们可知该句时态为一般现在时，且主语Sue为单数第三人称，所以have变为has。13. will go。根据句意和时间状语tomorrow evening，此句用一般将来时。14. has gone。句意为“Beth不在这儿，她去北京了”，如表示“到某地去了”，用have (has) gone to + 地点。15. was doing。句意为“当我进来时，妈妈在做饭”。从句用一般过去时，主句应用过去进行时。连系动词教学目标：能熟练地掌握系动词的特点，并能正确的应用。教学重点：了解系动词的种类和作用，掌握be动词做系动词，及感官类系动词和表示状态的系动词的用法。教学难点：1.由be+过去分词”所构成的系表结构与“由be+过去分词”所构成的被动语态的区别.2 某些系动词和实义动词的区分。命题趋势：主要考察1.对表示人或事物的特征和状态的考查。2.对表示状态的变化的考查。3.对表示某种状态的延续或持续的考查。知识点解析：1 连系动词的概念系动词，亦称连系动词（Link Verb）。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，亦称补语（形容词），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 例如：He feel ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（feel是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语二，系动词的分类1. 状态系动词：用来表示主语性质或状态，只有be一词， 例如：He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（表示主语的身份性质） He is ill. 他病了。（表示主语的状态） 2. 持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3. 表像系动词：用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4. 感官系动词：感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5. 变化系动词：这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如：He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6. 终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）3 系动词运用的注意事项（一）1.be动词的助动词用法1）be是最重要的系动词，主语不同，be的形式也不同，且有时态的变化。通常表示主语的特征、状态和身份等，后面接形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、v-ing、过去分词及表语从句作表语。 2） “由be+过去分词”所构成的系表结构与“由be+过去分词”所构成的被动语态的区别。 前者侧重于表示主语的特征或所处的状态，通常没有由by引导的介词短语。 如：The door was closed. 后者侧重于强调主语是谓语动词所示动作的承受者，表示动作；句中可以用由by引导的介词短语。如：The door was closed by me. 3） “由be+ V-ing所构成的系表结构与“由be+ V-ing”所构成的进行时态的区别。 前者侧重于说明主语具有的特征或存在的状态，也可说明主语是什么。如：My job is teaching English. 后者侧重于强调主语正在做某事。如：Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now. （二）要注意由行为动词转化成的系动词。 1）表示人体感官的系动词有sound，taste，look，feel，smell等，后面接形容词；表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词有become，get，go，turn，run，grow，come，fall，prove等，后面接形容词、名词或 to be+形容词，become后面接单数名词时，名词前要用不定冠词，turn后面接单数名词时，名词前不用不定冠词； 2）表示主语继续或保持某种身份、特征或状态的系动词有continue，keep，remain，stay，stand lie，rest，stay等，后面接表示状态的形容词； （三）表示判断的系动词有seem和appear，后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、that-clause、不定式等。此外，这两个词有两种否定形式 举例说明：It doesnt seem that we can get our money back. = It seems that we cant get our money back. He seems not to be her father. = He doesnt seem to be her father. The baby doesnt appear to be awake. = The baby appears not to be awake. （四）要注意系动词的固定搭配。常见的有come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等。 （五）要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词，又可以做实意动词的用法。 系动词部分主要注意：其后要求接形容词，而不是副词做表语。遇到这种情况，只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者还是后者，然后再对后面的词性和词义做出正确判断和选择。例如： taste 一词The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.（这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。注意：在这句话里，taste做系动词，不能使用进行时，后面接形容词。） The chef is tasting the fish carefully.（厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。注意：在这句话中，taste做实意动词，可以使用进行时，并且后面接副词做状语。） （六）系动词能接几种表语（从句）系动词除了接adj.n.prep.短语，某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式： 能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look（看起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），feel（觉得）；appear（显得），seem（似乎）。例如：It looks as if we are going to have snow. 看样子天要下雪了。 He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales. 他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。 She seemed as if (though) she couldnt understand why Laura was there. 看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。 It sounds to me as though theres a tap running somewhere. 我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。 She felt as if her head were splitting. 她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。 The river appeared as if enveloped in smog. 那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。 It seems as if it were spring already. 好像已是春天了。 可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear, 不可用be, look。 如：t seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work. 好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。 It appeared that he was talking to himself. 好像他在自言自语。 能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow. Her job is to look after the children. 她的工作是照料孩子们。 He seems not to look after the children. 他好像不是她的父亲。 He looks to be a young girl of twenty. 他看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。 He didnt appear to dislike it. 看不出他憎恨此事。 My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议证明是错误的。 He will grow to like this work gradually. 他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。 能与there连用的系动词有：be, appear, seem. There appeared to be only one room. 那儿好像只有一个房间。 There seems(to be)no need to go. 似乎没有必要走。 系动词练习1. That young Swedishquite still, except that his lips moved slightly. A. kept B. grew C. got D. stood2. In late autumn leaves brown. A. get B. turn C. stand D. come3. Little Jims speech sounds . A. friendly B. wonderfully C. pleasantly D. nicely 4. The poor boy blind at the age of three. A. turned B. went C. became D. looked5. As a child, Franc . A. was alive B. grew patience C. ran wild D. came true 6. In spring, all the flowers in the garden sweet. A. become B. taste C. smell D. sound7. She like her mother in character. A. feels B. seems C. looks D. is8. It another fine day tomorrow. A. seems B. appears C. promises D. looks9. His father that older than he really is. A. grows B. appears C. turns D. becomes10. His girlfriend a singer. A. has turnedB. grew C. has becomeD. turned11. Obviously, the old soldiers knowledge of Englishvery weak. A. seems B. rised C. remained D. looked12. His mother teacher. A. became B. has turned C. came D. proved13. It sounds the singing of rails. A. as B. in C. like D. as if14. Her temperature to be all right. A. seems B. sounds C. appears D. looks15. His wish to become a driver has true. A. realized B. come C. grown D. turned16. His plan to be a perfect one. A. proved B. was proved C. is proving D. proving 17. When her mother came home yesterday, it wasdark. A. running B. coming C. getting D. going18. These apples taste . A. to be good B. good C. to be well D. well19. How about the cloth you bought yesterday? Thats very beautiful. It so soft. A. felt B. feels C. is feeling D. fall 20. When his brother telephoned him last night, heasleep. A. kept B. got C. fall D. fell21. He lookshe hadnt had a good meal for a month. A. that B. as if C. when D. so far 22 It that he was late for the train. A. loos B. turns C. gets D. seems 23. What does your brother look ? A. as B. on C. after D. like24. She red with anger as soon as she heard the news. A. went B. stayed C. became D. remained25. What a lovely day! I hope it fine. A. stayed B. will stay C. will get D. Turn1. D。stand表示“保持某种状态”，后面接表示状态的形容词作表语，强调状态的延续。2. B。turn意为“变成”“变得”。3. A。此题应选择形容词作sounds的表语。4. B。当表示永久性的或难以扭转的变化时，常用系动词go。5. C。ran wild为固定短语，意思是“放荡不羁”。6. C。smell意为“闻起来”， “有的气味”，是系动词，后面常跟形容词作表语。7. D。be like表示“看起来像”，可指外貌，也可指内在的品质或特征，但侧重于内在特征；look like侧重于表面特征的相像。8. C。promise用作系动词，表示有. . . . . 可能，有希望。又如：This year promses a good harvest. 今年有丰收的希望。9. B。appear意为“显得”。10. C。become作系动词，表示“变成”，其后的单数可数名词前要加a或an. 11. C。remain表示“继续存在”、“仍然处于某种状态”时，为系动词，后跟形容词、介词短语、-ing形式或过去分词。12. B。turn作为系动词时，其后接名词，前不加不定冠词，参见注35。13. C。sound,look,seem,feel作系动词时，后可接like引导的介词短语。14. A。appear,seem,look都可以表示“看起来”，appear强调外表给人的印象，有时含有实质上并非如此的含义；seem则暗示判断有一定根据，而且这种判断往往接近于事实；look强调由视觉得出的印象。15. B。come true是固定搭配，表示“变为现实”。其中come是系动词，表示“成为”，“变