专业八级备考讲义--英译汉.doc

专业八级备考讲义英译汉一、历年题材、体裁的分布年度体裁题材范围涉及内容字数（含标点）1993记叙航行记事风中航行1531994时评新闻报导报导美国球星1651995论说生活随笔城乡对比1491996评论政选里根竞选连任1341997散文文艺音乐艺术1591998论说文学英美文学异同1931999论说生活论家庭及繁衍后代1672000散文人生哲理寿命长短及其意义1502001散文文学创作之意义1702002散文人生哲理成败区别1542003论说文学解析文学1562004散文人生哲理工作与思考之意义1562005散文论读书论读书态度1482006演讲政治勇对暴政1562007论说科技的作用科技是把双刃剑1472008议论论婚姻结婚前后对比1572009演讲环境保护地球在发烧（气候变暖）1702010散文文化与生活复活节日所见景色描写165二、难句例析1. In addition, one class of family reasons shares a border with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife; to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way. (1999)2. The point is underlined by its converse: in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce.(1999)3. History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writes cannot bear the fact the poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The idea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue. (2000)4. Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. (2001)5. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “the pleasure of taking pains”. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless. (2001)6. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. (2002)7. Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for the American is always becoming, never being.”(2003)8. I say it is to wage war by land, sea, and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. (2006)9. Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward his goal. (2006)10. Instead of being freer& happier than ever before, they had assumed new responsibilities; they had established a new household, and must fulfill in some way or another the obligations of it. (2008)三、英译汉分析1）常见错误A. 语义不连贯(1) Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. (2005)然而，几乎没有人会问书籍能带给我们什么 。(2)It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment comes when the world falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconscious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood. (2004)找回自我需要时间。我注视着喷壶中浇出的四溅的水花，这个世界退了下去，从深深的无意识的境界，带回所有最近的经历，需要去探索，然后慢慢领悟，这一刻到来了，我又找回了自我。B翻译腔过重(3) They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. (2002)他们明白有爱心和假装有爱心是不同的，愚蠢和假装愚蠢是有区别的，学识渊博和假装学识渊博是不一样的。(4) Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where myself is hiding. (2004)然后就有一会儿，这个房子感觉又大又空，我不知道我自己现在藏在哪里。C误用中国习语(5) Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “the pleasure of taking pains”. (2001)当提到“苦中作乐”时，美国诗人罗伯特。弗罗斯特所思考的大体也是类似的词语。(6) As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for the American is always becoming, never being.”(2003)就像Einstein曾经说的“美国人的生活总是即将来临，而非昨日黄花。”D译文不符合逻辑(7) But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measures of that life was still to be taken. (2000)但是当一个年轻人离开时，人们就认为大好时光还在前面，对于他人生的评价还有待于做出。(8) You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea, and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. (2006)你问，警察是什么？我回答，是与土地、海洋和空气作斗争。我们会用上帝给予我们的一切力量去进行一场针对暴政战争，那暴政在黑暗悲哀的人类罪行的记录中是史无前例的。你会问，我们的保险单是什么？我会说这是由土地、海洋、领空引来的工资之战。我们以上帝给我们的勇气去战斗，去和人类历史上最为残暴的暴政进行殊死的搏斗。E缺乏背景知识Marilyn Monroe James Deans John Keats Robert Frost James Fennimore Cooper Albert Einstein The Pioneers2）复习参考A.词汇层面（1）词义的选择思考点：根据语境选择多义词的意义，注意同现搭配的帮助作用；注意选择的词义应符合句子逻辑关系；注意词义的感情色彩。常用策略有：根据词性选择词义；根据词的使用场合及上下文联系选择词义；根据词的搭配和习惯选择词义。（2）抽象名词的翻译思考点：表示品质的抽象名词既可能指人或事的具体品质（特点、状态），也可能指具有这些品质（特点、状态）的人或事。表示行为的抽象名词可以指行为的具体过程（状态、特点、事件）也可指行为动作的原因（结果、时间、地点、方式、程度）。常用策略：抽象名词具体化翻译；增加范畴词；增加概括词。（3）专有名词、成语（习语）思考点：试卷中可能出现的名家、名作、地名等专有名词。标在引号内的英语成语（习语）常用策略：事先查阅掌握相关知识；根据语音调动自己知识储备来音译（一定要准确到每个汉字）。对于成语（习语）的翻译力求要根据句子意思来判断出是否可以归化为汉语相应成语，如果不行，应该注重成语（习语）的意义，可以意译。（4）词类的转换思考点：英语的名词、形容词转汉语的动词、副词/相反； 英语的形容词转汉语的动词；英语的名词转汉语的形容词；英语的形容词转汉语的名词；英语做表语的副词转汉语动词；英语的介词（词组）转汉语的动词。常用策略：在表达中选词义。可以借用相关句子翻译的技巧，如换主语、换语态、分拆句子结构等来处理词类的转变。B. 句子层面（1）语序的调整思考点：主语重心与主题重心的调整；前置重心与后置重心的调整；衔接手段连接调整为时间顺序；有无人称主语的变换；状语、定语的位置调整常用策略：汉语译文的主题在前，评述在后；汉语译文背景、阐述、条件、原因等次要语义成分在前，语义重心后置；汉语译文按时间顺序，逐一铺陈，忽略衔接手段对主次不分的连接；汉语习惯以认为主语；汉语状语、定语位于被修饰词前。（2）语态的变换思考点：被动句变主动句；被动句变泛称句；被动句变无主句常用策略：汉语译文可保留被动，借助于“被、受、遭、把”等标记词，或译为“把/将字句”、“是的、的是”等隐含被动结构；译为泛称句时加“有人、大家、别人”等主语。（3）长句的翻译思考点：拆译单词；拆译短语；拆译复合句（定语从句拆译成独立子句、汉语状语从句结构、汉语词组结构；拆译主句或其他从句）；拆译整个句子。常用策略：英语中的分句、短语往往拆分；偶尔也会依照句间逻辑将意义联系密切的多个句子进行整合，使意义相对次要的句子缩合成单词或短语。C. 语篇层面（1）衔接与连贯思考点：语篇表层的衔接、成分间的语义关联；英语常用实现衔接与连贯的手段。常用策略：英语常用连接词（连词、关系代词、关系副词）、指称词语（人称代词、物主代词）、冠词等实现衔接；汉译时可还原英语代词、关系代词等语法手段为名词，借助词汇衔接形式实现连贯与衔接；借助增词(addition)策略。（2）文体风格思考点：英译汉试题以议论文居多。议论文目的在于解释思想、阐发观点、辨明事理或展开争论。英语长使用长句且句子结构复杂，句式富于变换，用词上倾向于大词、长词、抽象词和外来词。不过最近试题似乎试题显示语言趋向平白，富有哲理的文章做试题的可能性较大。常用策略：注意选词的使用域和感情色彩；辨清作者的立场与观点；注意文章的结构和逻辑性。四、往年真题例析On May 13, 1940, Winston Churchill, the newly appointed British Prime Minister, gave his first speech to Parliament. He was preparing the people for a long battle against Nazi aggression, at a time when Englands survival was still in doubt.“ I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering.You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea, and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime.You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory. Victory at all costs - Victory in spite of all terrors - for without victory there is no survival.Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward his goal.I take up my task in buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. I feel entitled at this juncture, at this time, to claim the aid of all and to say, “Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength.” （2006）S1: 我除了有血有肉，有泪有汗，一无所有。我们面前有最为痛苦的磨难，我们要面对长年累月的斗争和受苦。S2: 我除了血液、眼泪和汗水外，就没有什么可以贡献的了。我们面临悲伤的时刻。我们面临太多太多的痛苦与挣扎。S1: 你问，警察是什么？我回答，是与土地、海洋和空气作斗争。我们会用上帝给予我们的一切力量去进行一场针对暴政战争，那暴政在黑暗悲哀的人类罪行的记录中是史无前例的。S2: 你会问，我们的保险单是什么？我会说这是由土地、海洋、领空引来的工资之战。我们以上帝给我们的勇气去战斗，去和人类历史上最为残暴的暴政进行殊死的搏斗。S1: 你会问，我们的目标是什么？我会用一个词来回答 - 胜利。不惜任何代价的胜利，无论充满各种恐怖事件，因为不战斗就意味着死亡。S2: 有人问，目标是什么？我用一个词就可以概括，那就是胜利。胜利就是一切。- 没有牺牲的胜利 - 因为没有胜利就不能继续活下去。S1: 大家清醒吧。只有让大英帝国灭亡，让英国报有的幻想破灭，让时代的紧迫感和冲击力消亡，人们才能实现他的目标。S2: 让我们清醒地记住，不为英帝国而活，不为英国的象征而活，不为匆忙度日而活，人类要向着自己的目标前进。我没有什么可以奉献，只有热血、苦力、泪水和汗水。我们面对的是最为惨烈的考验。我们面对的是经年累月的、艰苦卓绝的斗争。你们也许会问，我们的对策是什么？我认为那就是从海陆空发动一场全面的战争，异常竭尽我们所能、竭尽上帝所赐予我们的全部力量的战争，一场与人类罪行簿上最黑暗、最可悲的凶残暴政相较量的战争。你们也许会问，我们的目的是什么？我可以用一个词来回答，那就是胜利 - 不惜付出一切代价的胜利， 藐视一切恐怖的胜利。这是因为，没有胜利就没有我们的生存。大家必须认识到这一点：没有胜利，就没有大英帝国的存在，就没有大英帝国所代表的一切的存在，就没有时代策动力的存在，就没有我们人类应该向着这个目标的迈进！It is simple enough to say that since books have classes - fiction, biography, poetry - we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.（2005）S1: 但是很少有人问书籍能给我们什么。S2: 然而几乎没有人问，从书本上，书本能给我们什么。S3: 书本能给我们什么，伏卷自问者少之又少。S4: 然而很少有人去思考书本给了我们什么。S1: 通常情况是，我们带着混沌而分散的思想去读书，问小说是否真实，诗歌应该是错误的吧，生物是会发光的，而历史应该使我们更加傲慢。S2: 最起码我们该带着明确的、分类的目的去阅读不同的书籍。记录书告诉我们事实，诗使我们感性，地理类书籍使我们理性，历史书更正我们自己的偏见。S3: 最常见的现象是，我们三心二意地去读书，心里想着这本科幻应该是真的，这首诗应该是编的，这本自传应该是在吹牛，这部历史应该会增加我们的偏见。S4: 开卷之初，我们往往是思绪繁杂，固守歧见，逢小说便要求真实，逢诗歌便追求虚幻，传记自然要工于吹捧夸耀，而历史则须附会个人固有之成见。S1: 如果我们在阅读时综合考虑这些因素，我们就怀着崇敬的心情去开始阅读。不要企图给作者贡献什么，或者想要变成他。做他的下手和随从就够了。S2: 如果我们能带着这样的观点和目的去读书，那我们就有了一个好的开始。不要指责作者，把你自己当成作者本人。当作作者的后继者和支持者。S3: 在我们读书的时候，如果能够抛开这些先入为主的意见，那将是一个不错的开始。不要对作者发号施令，努力成为他。要做他的同事和伙伴。S4: 而如果我们希望开卷有益，则须摒弃所有之成见。不要对作者指手画脚，而要设身处地，做他的助手和益友。S1: 如果开始你就高高挂起，修改、批评，你在假装自己获得书中可能最愚蠢的价值。S2: 如果你不这样，而是带着观察和批评的思想，你将无法在阅读的时候得到尽可能多的价值。S3: 如果一开始你退缩，有所保存和批评，你是在阻止你自己从所读书中获得最有可能的价值。S4: 一旦开卷之初便倒退几步，态度暧昧而一味批评，则书中可能蕴含之精华，我们难以悉数尽收。S1: 但如果你尽可能地放宽你的思想，在精彩的地方做一些标记和点划，从第一句的跌宕起伏一直到最后，将会把你带入一个与众不同的人类世界中。S2: 但是如果你尽量宽地打开思想，那么从第一句的转折处开始，那些不可思议的美的符号和内涵将会使你达到他人无法达到的境界。S3: 但是，如果你尽可能地敞开心扉，那些难以觉察的优美的暗示，句子的辗转腾挪，就会让你感到一个绝对与众不同的人就在你身边。S4: 而如果开阔心胸，那情节坎坷的字里行间便流露出妙不可言的文采和深意，直把你带到独特无双的境界。既然书籍分门别类，有小说、传记、诗歌等，我们也应区别对待，从中汲取它们各自所能提供 - 此话说起来再容易不过了。然而，人们对书籍往往求非所予。开卷之时，我们常常思想模糊，思维割裂，苛求小说真实，认定诗歌造作，视传记为美化，期望史书认同一己之见。阅读之时，若能摒弃所有此类成见，那将是一个可喜的开端。不要对作者指指点点，而应尝试设身处地，做作者的同道和“同谋”。若是你一开始便固步自封，先入为主，求全责备，你就不可能最大限度地从所读的书中获益。但是，你若能大大敞开思想，那么，开篇的那几行曲径通幽的文字，那若明若暗的微妙表达和深意将把你带到一个独具特色的灵魂面前。投身其中，知晓此境，不用很久，你就会发现作者正在传递给你的，或试图传递给你的，原来如此显豁。五、往年专八考试英译汉真题 （03，07，08见后面的论文；05，06见讲解四）In some societies people want children for what might be called familial reasons: to extend the family line or the family name, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powerful indeed in other places.In addition, one class of family reasons shares a border with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife; to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way. The point is underlined by its converse: in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce.Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself. To many people, husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family - they need children to enrich the circle, to validate its family character, to gather the redemptive influence of offspring.Children need the family, but the family seems also to need children, as the social institution uniquely available, at least in principle, for security, comfort, assurance, and direction in a changing, often hostile, world. To most people, such a home base, in the literal sense, needs more than one person for sustenance and in generational extension. （1999） If people mean anything at all by the expression untimely death, they must believe that some deaths are on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimely-a long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measure of that life was still to be taken.History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The idea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue.（2000） Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreaus idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening ones perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life- engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of The pleasure of taking pains. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the roles. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary roles, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun.（2001）The word winner and loser have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society. Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts from opinions and dont pretend to have all the answers. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them.Winners do not play helpless, nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives.（2002）For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sunrise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness.Im lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out.Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and perhaps, by looking again at each one as though it were a person.It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment comes when the worlds falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconscious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood.(2004)We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergency - a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But there is hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst - though not all - of its consequences, if we act boldly,