汉译英核心语法点.doc

核心语法I. 虚拟语气II. 倒装句III.非谓语动词1)分词结构、独立结构2)动词不定式结构3)动名词结构IV.从句V.时态I. 虚拟语气1. 在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, recommend+ (should) do等。2.在非真实条件句中a. 与现在事实相反的假设条件从句: 一般过去时（be用were, do用 did）主句: would dob. 与过去事实相反的假设条件从句:过去完成时主句: would have donec. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想条件从句: should do; were to do主句: would+ 动词原形3.在主语从句中 1) It is (was) demanded (suggested, ordered, required, proposed, desired, recommended, requested, insisted) that，谓语动词用(should) do2) It is (was) necessary (advisable, crucial, desirable, essential, important, imperative, preferable, urgent, vital) that，谓语动词用(should) do3) It is (was) ones advice (desire, demand, idea, order, preference, proposal, recommendation, requirement, suggestion, wish) that，谓语动词用(should) do4.在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。 5. lest, for fear that+ (should) do(惟恐，免得); in case that 后面可接虚拟语气或者陈述语气从句.例1) He wears a pair of sunglasses_ (惟恐被别人认出来). 2) Youd better take a sweater with you _ (以防天气变冷). 6. But for；without 要不是1) But for the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation.2) Without your support, we (绝对不可能克服困难)_.Key: for fear that he should be recognized in case (that) it (should) turn cold ; in case it turns cold would never have overcome/ got over the difficulties 7用一般过去时表示现在或将来 would rather that sb did sthIt is (high) time that sb did sth例：1) It is high/about time we cooperated. 2) Frankly speaking, Id rather_(你不要管这件事情) for the time being.8. wish后面的宾语从句; if only用法I wish that I did （与现在的事实相反）I wish that I had done （与过去事实相反）I wish that I would do(将来不大可能实现的愿望)例： He wishes (wished) he hadnt said that. if only（“如果就好了”） 主观愿望更为强烈，用法与wish一样Key: you didnt do anything about it II. 倒装句1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, in no way, on no account, in/under no circumstances, not until 等。例1) Never have I seen such a poor performance. 2) Hardly/Scarcely had I closed my eyes when I began to imagine the most fantastic shapes.3) No sooner had the moved in his new house _(就发现周围环境很喧嚣).4) We have been told that under no circumstances_ (可以用电话) in the office for personal affairs.5) The anti-virus agent was not known _ (直到一名医生偶然发现了它). (正常语序）6) _（直到他完成使命）did he realize that he was seriously ill. Key: 3) than he found the surroundings very noisy 4) may we use the telephone 5) until it was accidentally found by a doctor 6) Not until he had fulfilled his mission; Not until he had accomplished his task2. not onlybut also在句首例 1) Not only_(拒绝收礼), but he also severely criticized the sender. 2) _ (吵闹的音乐不仅惹人讨厌), it could also be the cause of accidents. Key: did he refuse the giftNot only is loud music annoying/disturbing/disgustingNot only is loud music a nuisance to others 3. only在句首例1) Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.2) Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.4. so that 引导的结果状语从句中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。 例 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. III.非谓语动词1. 分词结构例: 1. Seeing from the top of the hill, I found the town very beautiful. 2. Seen from the top of the hill, the town was very beautiful.独立结构3. All the tickets having been sold out, they went home disappointed.4. She looked in my face with tears streaming down her cheeks.练习1) Your losses in trade this year are nothing _ (与我的相比). (Sample,2005)2) _(与我成长的地方相比), this town is more prosperous and exciting. (June,2008)3) _(考虑过其他的可能性), she asked her cousin to look after the baby.4) _ (如果从全面考虑), the plane trip will have to be called off. 5) _(预约被推迟了)，the patient had to stay in clinic for another two hours. 6) _(空气受到污染)，we found it uncomfortable to live in this city. Key: 1) compared with mine / in comparison with mine 2) Compared with the place where I grew up3) Having considered other possibilities4) All things considered5) The appointment having been postponed 6) The air having been polluted2. 动词不定式1) 作宾语 agree to do以动词不定式为宾语的常用动词有：agree, choose, dare, decide, expect , hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, mean（打算）, manage, offer, plan, prepare, promise, refuse, want ,wish 2) 作宾语补足语 advise sb. to do这一结构的常用动词还有：advise, allow, beg, cause, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, remind, teach, tell, urge, want, warn3）主语补足语句型：主语+is/ was+ said +reported + to do / to have done/ to be / to be doing +believed +thought例：Many of the worlds great novels are reported to have been made into movies. The problem is believed to have been discussed at the meeting three days ago.4) 作状语 （表示目的、原因、结果或条件）例：I got to the theater _(却发现票忘在家里了) Key: only to find that I had left the tickets at home3. 动名词例 I dont mind your delaying making (你延期做出决定) the decision as long as it is not too late.下列动词后面必须用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。admit, allow, advise, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, encourage, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, cant help, cant standIV.从句1) The substance does not dissolve in water _(不管是否加热). (Sample,2005) 2) Leaving ones job, _(不管是什么工作), is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring. (June,2008)3) I am going to pursue this course, _(无论我要出什么样的牺牲). (Jan.2008) 4) Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems _ (他们至今还没有答案). (Dec.2008) 5) The prevention and treatment of AIDS is_ (我们可以合作的领域).