被动语态教程.docx

被动语态英语的谓语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。前者表示句子的主语为动作的发出者，后者表示句子的主语为动作的承受者。具体来说： Tom broke the window. （主动语态） The window was broken by Tom. （被动语态） 从以上对比可以看出，主动句中的主语Tom在被动句中变成了短语by Tom，主动句中的宾语the window变成了被动句中的主语。由于被动句中的主语即主动句中的宾语，因此，只有及物动词才有被动语态一 被动语态的构成被动语态的基本构成是：be + 过去分词。与主动语态一样，被动语态也有各种时态形式，列表如下（以动词ask为例）：时 间一 般进 行完 成现 在am/is/are asked被问am/is/are being asked正在被问have/has been asked已经被问过过 去was/were asked（过去）被问was/were being asked（过去）正被问had been asked（过去）已被问过将 来shall/will be asked将要被问1被动语态的各种时态均由助动词be的变化构成。2被动语态的否定式和疑问式均由助动词或第一个助动词构成。过去将来should/would be asked（过去）将要被问二、常见的被动结构1 SVO句型的被动结构SVO句型中的谓语为单宾及物动词，其被动结构是：S + V(被动式) (+ by短语)。例如：He wrote the book two years ago. The book was written by him two years ago. 这本书是他在两年前写的。They are cleaning the house. The house is being cleaned (by them). 房子正在被（他们）打扫。Youre wanted on the phone. 有你的电话。2 SVoO句型的被动结构SVoO句型中的谓语动词为双宾及物动词，其被动结构是：S + V(被动式) + O/o(保留宾语) (+ by短语)。需要说明的是，一般把间接宾语（表示人）作为被动句的主语，而把直接宾语（表示物）作为保留宾语。如果把直接宾语作为被动句的主语，则间接宾语作为保留宾语，它的前面通常要用介词to或for（视动词而定）。例如：My aunt gave me an apple. *I was given an apple. / An apple was given to me. *有人给了我一只苹果。被动句中省略了by my aunt。3 SVOC句型的被动结构SVOC句型中的谓语动词为复宾及物动词，其被动结构是：S + V(被动式) + C(主语补足语) (+ by短语)1。例如：People usually call me Jim for short. I am usually called Jim for short. 我常常被人直呼吉姆。They asked Mike to write soon. Mike was asked to write soon. 迈克被要求尽快写信。He made the baby laugh. The baby was made to laugh (by him). 那个婴儿被（他）逗笑了。请比较前后两句中的划线单词，被动句中需要加上to。在被动句中作主语补足语的不定式一律要带to，不论其作宾语补足语时是否带to（请见以上各例句）。4 短语动词的被动结构短语动词的被动结构是：S + V(被动式) + 介词/副词 (+ by短语)。例如：We have sent for a doctor. A doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请医生了。I turned off the radio just now. The radio was turned off just now. 收音机刚才（被）关掉了。They are taking good care of the children. The children are being taken good care of. 孩子们正在受到良好的照顾。在将含有短语动词的主动句转换成被动句时，原短语动词中的介词或副词（如以上句中的for, off, of）不能遗漏。5 带情态动词的被动结构带情态动词的被动结构是：S + V(情态动词+主要动词的被动式) (+ by短语)。例如：You must do it at once. It must be done at once. 这件事必须立即做。We can see the park from the window. The park can be seen from the window. 公园可以从窗户那里看到。三初中英语中主动表被动的若干情形第一类: 谓语动词用主动表被动的五种情形1. 某些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动，因为连系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式：The school looks beautiful. 这所学校看起来很美。Your idea sounds a good one. 你的想法听起来很好。2. 当open, close, shut, lock等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义：The door wont shut. 这门关不上。The box cant open. 这箱子打不开。【注】该用法的不及物动词通常与cant, wont 等连用，注意它与用被动语态含义不同：The window wont shut. 这窗户关不上。(说明主语的属性窗户有问题了)The window wont be shut. 这窗户将不用关上。(窗户本身没问题，只是不用关)有时可能用主动和被动形式均可，只是强调重点稍有不同：Suddenly the door opened. 突然门开了。(不强调动作执行者)The door was suddenly opened. 门突然被打开了。(强调动作执行者)3. 当read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常要用主动形式表示被动意义：The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久【注】该用法通常与well, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用，并且在用于以上意思时通常不宜直接使用被动语态形式。不过在某些特殊情况下也可用被动语态，只是含义稍有不同(用主动形式表示主语的属性，用被动形式表示动作执行者所执行的动作)：The sentences read clearly. 这些句子读起来很清楚。(即这句子没有歧义)The sentences are read clearly. 这些句子被读得很清楚。(指读的人读得好)另外，以上用法有时也可能用于进行时态：The vegetables are cooking. 蔬菜正在煮着。Is the book selling well? 这书销售情况如何?4. 某些表示开始和结束的动词(begin, start, finish, end等)，当主语为事物且不强调动作的执行者时，可用主动语态表示被动意义：When does the concert begin? 音乐会什么时候开始？The play ended at ten oclock. 戏10点钟结束。5. 有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义：My skirt caught on a nail. 我的裙子被钉子钩住了。Soon the house filled with people. 很快房子就挤满了人。第二类：非谓语动词用主动表被动的五种情形1. 某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义：The question is difficult to answer. 这问题很难回答。Your writing is impossible to read. 你的书法没法认。Do you think the water is safe to drink? 你认为这水喝起来安全吗?【注】这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语，按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式，但习惯上却要用主动表被动。这类形容词常见的有dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe等。2. 不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，则要用主动形式表示被动意义：I have some letters to write. 我有一些信要写。I want something to drink. 我想喝点什么。I want to get something to read. 我想找点东西阅读。【注】如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则应用被动式，比较：I have something to type. 我有些东西要打(字)。(指自己打字)I have something to be typed. 我有些东西要打(字)。(指请人打字)3. 不定式用于修饰“there be+名词”中的名词时，可用主动式，也可用被动式：There is too much work to do to be done. 要做的工作太多了。有时虽两者均可用，但含义有差别：There is nothing to do. 无事可做。(含有无聊之意)There is nothing to be done. 不能做什么了。(指没有办法了)4. be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动：The film is worth seeing. 这部电影值得看。The machine is not worth repairing. 这台机器不值得修理了。5. 在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表被动意义：The child needs looking after. 这小孩需要照看。My hair wants cutting. 我的头发要理了。【注】以上结构中的动名词改用不定式则要用被动式表示被动意义：The child needs to be looked after. 这小孩需要照看。My hair wants to be cut. 我的头发要理了。不用于被动语态的三种情形1. 不及物动词没有被动语态因为不及物动词没有宾语，所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。但是值得注意的是，有些英语中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的，很容易出错，这类动词如：take place(发生)，happen(发生)，break out(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续)等：A fire broke out during the night. 夜间发生了火灾。(不能说was broken out)Soon it disappeared. 它很快就消失了。(不能说was disappeared)2. 某些静态动词不用于被动语态英语有些静态动词(如have, hold, suit等)通常不用于被动语态，如以下各句均不能变为被动语态：My shoes dont fit me. 我的鞋不合适。The hall holds 1000 people. 大厅可容纳1000人。That dress suits you. 那套衣服你穿起来挺合适。3. 宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态由于相互代词和反身代词通常不能用作主语，所以当它们用作动词宾语时，句子不能转换成被动语态：We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。He could see himself in the mirror. 他在镜子中可以看到自己。谈谈非谓语动词的被动语态1. 不定式的被动语态：由“to be+过去分词”构成。如：He needs to be taken care of. 他需要人照顾。There are a lot of things to be done. 有很多事要做。2. 现在分词的被动语态：由“being+过去分词”构成。如：I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。The building being repaired is our library. 正在维修的那座楼是我们的图书馆。3. 动名词的被动语态：由“being+过去分词”构成。如：She doesnt like being kept waiting. 她不喜欢人家让她久等。He was afraid of being laughed at. 他担心备人嘲笑。(from )【注意】过去分词本身可以表示被动意义，所以没有相应的被动语态形式：The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。四不用被动语态的情况1. 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand，break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.After the fire, very little remained of my house.比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。(错) The price has been risen.(对) The price has risen.(错) The accident was happened last week.(对) The accident happened last week.(错) The price has raised.(对) The price has been raised.(错) Please seat.(对) Please be seated.要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2. 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong toThis key just fits the lock.Your story agrees with what had already been heard.3. 系动词无被动语态：appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turnIt sounds good.4.带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：die, death, dream, live, lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last night.5. 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。(对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her.但总结一点要学好被动语态需要足够的练习，so.将下列句子改成被动语态1. He often helps his brother.2. People all over the world know the Great Wall.3. They founded that hospital in 1996.4. He was doing his homework at this time yesterday.5. They should do it at once. 6.They always clean their classroom after class.7.Grandfather will send me a present for my birthday.8.Tom would look up the word in this dictionary.9.We will take some photos on the Great Wall.19.We were going to water the trees soon. 单项选择（ ）1The Olympic Games _every four years. A are held B were held Care holding Dwill ho1d（ ）2. In the art show，a lot of enjoyment _ _to foreign friends by the Chinese paintings A is giving B is given C will give D has given（ ）3. Today Chinese is becoming more and more popular. It _in. many schools around the world. A. teaches B. is teaching C. has taught D. is taught（ ）4. Ba Jin, one of the greatest writers in China, _as Peoples Writer. A. is regarded B. has regarded C. is regarding D. regards（ ）5. Usually computers _to search the Internet. A. use B. are using C. are used D. used（ ）6. -Do you often clean your classroom? -Yes. Our classroom _every day. A. clean B. cleans C. is cleaned（ ）7.一Did you hear that water in Tai Lake smelt terrible? 一YesIn fact，it _.Thats all because of the people and the factories around A polluted B was polluted C has polluted Dwas po11ute（ ）8. -Our environment is getting worse than before. -Youre right. But thanks to Earth Day_, people have done more and more useful things to protect(保护)the earth since Earth Day.A. is started B. was started C. has started（ ）9. -I feel very happy that I _to be the host. -Congratulations!A. choose B. am chosen C. was chosen D. haven chosen（ ）10. Many trees and flowers _ in our school last year，and they made our school a beautiful garden Aplant Bplanted Chave planted Dwere planted（ ）11.Some famous paintings _in the hall next week. A. will show B. were shown C. is shown D. will be shown（ ）12. A talk on developments in science and technology in the school hall next week . A. given B. will be given C. has been given D. gives（ ）13.-Great changes have taken place in this city. -Right. Many modern tall buildings have been _ these days. A. turned upB. put up C. shown up D. fixed up（ ）14.Twelve-year-olds should not to drive in China. A. allow B. be allow C. allowed D. be allowed（ ）15.Do you often clean your classroom? Yes, our classroom _ every day.A. clean B. cleans C. is cleaned D. Cleaned（ ）16Susan, why are you still here? They are all ready to start. Im sorry, but I _ when to meet. A. dont tell B. didnt tell C. havent told D. wasnt told（ ）17Many old houses around our school _ next year and a large green area will appear. A. pull downB. will be pulled downC. will pull downD.are pulled down（ ）18- My watch _. - Dont worry. Lets go to the Lost & Found. A. is lost B. is broken C. has found D. has stopped（ ）19-Did you go to Sams weekend party? -No, I_. A. am not invitedB. wasnt invitedC. havent invitedD. didnt invite（ ）20- How often _ your school sports meeting _? - Once a year.A. does; hold B. was; hold C. is; held D. did; hold详解1A 。解析考查被动语态，根据句意，“奥运会每四年举行一次”可见须用一般现在时的被动语态，故排除了B、C、D。2答案B。解析本题考查被动语态，句中a lot of enjoyment是动作的承受者。“在这次艺术展中，一些有趣的东西通过中国国画展示给外国朋友。”3答案D。解析考查被动语态。物作主语，一般要考虑被动语态。但如果动词指的是物的特性，不能用被动语态。4答案A。解析 选用一般现在时态的被动语态，表示人们对这位伟大作家的爱戴。5答案C 。解析从句子看，电脑作主语，是动作的承受者，所以用被动语态，故选C。6. 答案C。解析考查被动语态物作主语，一般要考虑被动语态。但如果动词指的是物的特性，不能用被动语态。 一般过去时7答案B。考查被动语态。物作主语，一般要考虑被动语态。但如果动词指的是物的特性，不能用被动语态。 8答案B。 解析从句意：“自从地球日开始以来，人们已做了一些越来越有用的事保护环境。”可知，“地球日”的开始，要用一般过去时的被动语态，其构成为was started故选B。 9. 答案C。解析本题主要考查被动语态的用法。根据句意及语境可推知空格处应用被动语态的形式。由后一句We did many things”可推断，时态应该是一般过去时。因此选C。10C 11D一般将来过去12答案D。解析 本题综合考查时态和语态。主语为“一些名画”，在此为动作“展出”的承受者，故应用被动语态，时间状语为next week，是表示将来的时间状语，所以句子时态是一般将来时，所以D项正确。13B 答案B14答案：D。情态动词用于被动结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词。15答案为C。句中有every day，主语为our classroom，故要用一般现在时的被动语态。【参考答案】16答案D 解析：依据句意：对不起，但我不知道什么时候见面。强调动作发生在过去，I 和tell之间是被动关系。17答案B 解析：由题干时间next year 科知识将来时态，句子主语是old houses ,应用被动语态。故选B。18答案A 解析：由Lets go to the Lost & Found.可知，说明表丢失了。故选19答案B 解析：由Did you go to Sams weekend party?可知陈述过去的动作的发生，I 和invite之间存在着被动关系。故选B。20答案C 解析：How often+一般疑问句？此句型用来提问在某一特定时间内进行某个动作的次数，表示“多长时间一次”。往往针对频度副词如：always, seldom, usually, once a month, sometimes, every five minutes.等提问，常用于现在时或过去时。由题干your school sports meeting 作主语，谓语应用被动语态。故选C。1._ a new library _ in our school last year?A. Is ; built B. Was ; builtC. Does ; build D .Did ; build2.An accident _ on this road last week.A. has been happened B. was happenedC. is happened D. happened3.Cotton _ in the southeast of China.A. is grown B. are grownC .grows D. grow4.So far, the moon _ by man already.A. is visited B. will be visitedC. has been visited D. was visited5.A talk on Chinese history _ in the school hall next week.A. is given B. has been given C. will be given D. gives6.A lot of things _ by people to save the little girl now.A. are doing B. are being doneC. has been done D. will be done7.The doctor _ for yet.A. isnt sent B. hasnt been sentC. wont be sent D. wasnt sent8.-When _ this kind of computer_?-Last year.A. did; use B. was; usedC. is; used D. are; used9.Who _ this book _?A. did; written B. was; written byC. did; written D .was; written10.Mary _ show me her new dictionary.A. has asked to B. was asked toC. is asked D .asks to11.A story _ by Granny yesterday.A. was told us B. was told to usC. is told us D .told us12.The monkey was seen _ off the tree.A. jump B. jumps C. jumped D. to jump13.Older people _ well.A. looks after B .must be looked afterC. must look after D .looked after14.Our teacher _ carefully.A. should be listened to B. should be listenC. be listened D. is listened15. In some part of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar.A. is serving B. is servedC. serves D. served16. It was reported that the murderer _ arrested.A. has been B. had beenC. has D. had17. Do you think that the bridge _ in a year?A. would be completed B. will be completedC. had been completed D. is being completed18. Great changes _ in China since the Peoples Republic of China _ in 1949.A. have taken place; was foundedB. has taken place; was foundedC. have been taken place; foundedD. took place; founded19.Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy?She has _ by her classmates.A. laughed B. laughed atC. been laughed D. been laughed at20. Doctors _ in every part of the world.A. need B. are needingC. are needed D. will need21. I promise that matter will _.A. be taken care B. be taken care ofC. take care D. take care of22. No permission has _ for anybody to enter thebuilding.A. been given B. given.C. to give D. be given23. I _ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.A. gave B. was givenC. was giving D. had given24. Can such a thing _ happening again?A. prevent from B. prevented fromC. be prevented from D. to prevent from25. A new house _ at the corner of the road.A. is building B. is being builtC. been built D. be building26. This bike _ last year.A. bought B. has been boughtC. was bought D. had been bought27. Did you see the house that _ by fire last year?A. was destroying B. destroyedC. would destroy D. was destroyed28. It _ whether she will get her work in the hospital.A. hasnt been decided B. isnt decidingC. doesnt decide D. hasnt decided29. The pen _ me. It is hers.A. isnt belong to B. wasnt belong toC. doesnt belong to D. didnt belong to30. I cant use my bike because it _.A. is repairing B. is being repairedC. will repair D. was repairing31. The chairman told the speaker that she _ to speak a little louder so as to make her