2010年阅读3-5.docx

After hydrogen, helium is the second most abundant element in the universe. But how do astronomers know that? It might seem that the philosopher Auguste Comte was on solid ground when he stated in 1844 that, because of the remoteness of the stars, we could never know their chemical composition. Yet only a few years later chemists discovered that under proper circumstances every element gives off a certain combination of colors of light that can identify it, just as your fingerprints can identify you. By analyzing the light coming from stars, astronomers have been able to identify the different chemical elements in the stars and in cosmic space, as well as heir relative quantities. It is an interesting historical note that helium was actually found on the sun, in 1868, before it was found on earth, in the 1890s. (The name helium comes from the Greek word helios, meaning sun.)The central principle of chemistry is thin all matter is composed of atoms. These atoms give off the colors of light that characterize each element. Each atom has a nucleus, or positively charged core (核), and around this nucleus are electrons, which are negatively charged particles. The characteristic light given off by an atom gives us information about the arrangement of electrons about the atomic nucleus. This arrangement determines the chemical properties of the atom.The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of one of its atoms, The atomic number is a fundamental property, because it also equals the number of electrons around the nucleus in the normal (electrically neutral) atom, and these electrons determine the atoms chemical properties. The periodic table of the elements (that is, their arrangement into the rows and columns based on their chemical and physical properties) is a result of the way the electrons are arranged in the atoms, and this arrangement or structure depends on the number of electrons and thus on the atomic structure.11.In this passage, fundamental meansA.first B.heavy C.basic D.early12.The author purpose in this passage is to A.persuade B.inform C.entertain D.tell a story13. Auguste Comte said that we could never know the composition of the stars because they areA.moving away from us B.very far away C.very hot D.made of helium14. According to the passage, a central principle of chemistry is that_.A. different atoms send out different colors of lightB. the sun contains heliumC. the atomic number is a fundamental propertyD. all matter is made up of atoms15. The tone of this passage can best be described asA.objective B.poetic C.hostile D.opinionatedThe radical transformation of the Soviet society had a profound impact on womens lives. Marxists had traditionally believed that both capitalism and the middle-class husbands exploited women. The Russian Revolution of 1917 immediately proclaimed complete equality of rights for women. In the 1920s divorce and abortion were made easily available, and women were urged to work outside the home and liberate themselves sexually. After Stalin came to power, sexual and familial liberation was played down, and the most lasting changes for women involved work and education.These changes were truly revolutionary. Young women were constantly told that they had to be equal to men, that they could and should do everything men could do. Peasant women in Russia had long experienced the equality of backbreaking physical labor in the countryside, and they continued to enjoy that equality on collective farms. With the advent of the five-year-plans, millions of women also began to toil in factories and in heavy construction, building dams, roads and steel mills in summer heat and winter frost. Most of the opportunities open to men through education were also open to women. Determined women pursued their studies and entered the ranks of the better-paid specialists in industry and science. Medicine practically became a womans profession. By 1950, 75 percent of doctors in the Soviet Union were women.Thus Stalinist society gave woman great opportunities but demanded great sacrifices as well. The vast majority of women simply had to work outside the home. Wages were so law that it was almost impossible for a family or couple to live only on the husbands earnings. Moreover, the fun-time working woman had a heavy burden of household tasks in her off hours, for most Soviet men in the 1930s still considered the home and the children the womans responsibility. Men continued to monopolize the best jobs. Finally, rapid change and economic hardship led to many broken families, creating further physical, emotional, and mental strains for women. In any event, the often-neglected human resource of women was mobilized in Stalinist society.18. The main idea of this passage is that women in Stalinist society _.A) had economic opportunities that had never been available beforeB) had difficulty balancing their work and family responsibilitiesC) had new opportunities but also many hardshipsD) moved quickly into the highest levels of government19. In this passage, to monopolize means toA) hold B) earn C) leave D) pay20.In this passage, mobilized means _.A) punished B) paid C) fought D)used21. The authors main purpose in writing this passage is to _.A) compare different systems of governmentB) tell stories about women in Soviet UnionC) amuse the readerD) provide information22.The overall organizational pattern of this passage isA)definition B)example/illustration C)chronological order D)comparison contrast23.How are the ideas within the following sentence related ?“Moreover, the fun-time working woman had a heavy burden of household tasks in her off hours, for most Soviet men in the 1930s still considered the home and the children the womans responsibility.”A) cause/effect B)division/classifcationC)summary D) sequence/process24. The authors tone in this passage can best be described as _.A) disapproving B) emotionalC) objective D) sympatheticBefore, whenever we had wealth, we started discussing poverty. Why not now? Why is the current politics of wealth and poverty seemingly about wealth alone? Eight years ago, when Bill Clinton first ran for president, the Dow Jones average was under 3,500, yearly federal budget deficits were projected at hundreds of billions of dollars forever and beyond, and no one talked about the permanent boom or the new economy. Yet in that more straitened time, Clinton made much of the importance of not leaving a single person behind. It is possible that similar compassionate rhetoric might yet play a role in the general election.But it is striking how much less talk there is about the poor than there was eight years ago, when the country was economically uncertain, or in previous eras, when the country felt flush. Even last summer, when Clinton spent several days on a remarkable, Bobby Kennedy-like pilgrimage through impoverished areas from Indian reservations in South Dakota to ghetto neighborhoods in East St. Louis, the administration decided to refer to the effort not as a poverty tour but as a new market initiative.What is happening is partly a logical, policy-driven reaction. Poverty really is lower than it has been in decades, especially for minority groups. The most attractive solution to it a growing economy is being applied. The people who have been totally left out of this boom often have medical, mental or other problems for which no one has an immediate solution. The economy has sucked in anyone who has any preparation, any ability to cope with modem life, says Franklin D. Raines, the former director of the Office of Management and Budget who is now head of Fannie Mae. When he and other people who specialize in the issue talk about solutions, they talk analytically and on a long-term basis: education, development of work skills, shifts in the labor market, adjustments in welfare reform.But I think there is another force that has made this a rich era with barely visible poor people. It is the unusual social and imaginative separation between prosperous America and those still left, out. Its simple invisibility, because of increasing geographic, occupational, and social barriers that block one group from the others view.25.In this passage, the word straitened underlined in Paragraph 1 means _.Adifficult Bwealthy Cpast Ddistant26.In this passage, the word flush means _.Apoor Bangry Crich Dhard working27. The main idea of the passage is thatA) The country is enjoying economic growthB) The poor are benefiting from todays good economyC) In the past we were more aware of the poor than we are todayD) In the past there were many more poor people than there are today28.Which statement from the passage is an opinion?A.Another force has made this a rich era with barely visible poor peopleB.Clintons tour was called a “new markets initiative.”C.Poverty really is lower than it has been in decadesD.Eight years ago, the Dow Jones average was under 3,500, yearly federal budget deficits were projected at hundreds of billions of dollars.29. After reading this passage, we can conclude thatA) the relationship between the rich and the poor has changedB) the good economy will soon endC) poverty will be obliterated as a result of increased wealthD) all people benefit from good economic conditions30. The author states that one important reason that we do not talk much about poverty is thatA) no one knows what to do about itB) poverty really is lower than in the pastC) no one has been left out of the current boomD) the president is not concerned about the poor 在氢，氦是宇宙中最丰富的元素的第二。但天文学家是如何知道的？看起来，哲学家孔德是坚实的地面上时，他说在1844，因为恒星的距离，我们永远不知道他们的化学成分。然而，仅仅几年之后，化学家们发现，在适当的情况下的每一个元素发出的某种组合的颜色的光可以识别它，就像你的指纹识别你的。通过分析光来自恒星，天文学家已经能够识别在恒星和宇宙空间的不同的化学元素，以及继承人的相对量。这是一个有趣的历史记录，氦是在太阳上发现的，在1868，就在地球上发现的，在19世纪90年代。（这个名字的氦来自希腊字的太阳神，意为“太阳”。）化学的中心原则是薄的一切物质由原子构成。这些原子发出的光的颜色的每个元素的特征。每个原子有一个原子核，或带正电的核心（核），并围绕这个核是电子，这是带负电荷的粒子。给出了由一个原子特性的光让我们对原子核的电子的配置信息。这样的安排决定了该原子的化学性质。一种元素的原子序数是一个原子的原子核的质子数，原子数是一个基本的属性，因为它是在正常的电子围绕原子核数（电中性原子，而这些电子）确定原子的化学性质。元素周期表的（也就是说，他们的安排为基于它们的化学和物理性质的行和列）是由于电子在原子排列方式，这样的安排和结构取决于电子数，从而对原子结构。苏联社会的根本变革对妇女的生活产生深远的影响。马克思主义者历来认为，资本主义和中产阶级剥削妇女的丈夫。1917俄国革命立即宣布争取女性权利完全平等。在20世纪20年代，离婚和堕胎是容易获得的，和女性被要求在外工作，解放自己的