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中型客车的总布置设计【4张CAD图纸+WORD毕业论文】【车辆专业】

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目     录

第一章  设计原则及设计依据

1.1设计依据………………………………………………………………(1)

1.2  设计原则…………………………………………………………   (1)

第二章  国内外客车行业现状及形势分析

2.1国外大中型客车行业技术特点………………………………………(2)

2.2我国客车行业的现状…………………………………………………(2)

2.3现代客车行业的未来发展趋势………………………………………(4)

2.4我国客车行业近两年产销状况 …………………………………… (5)

2.5大中型客车行业的发展中的问题 ………………………………… (6)

2.5.1大中客车类上市公司透视…………………………………………(7)

2.5.2大中型客车市场分析………………………………………………(9)

2.6大中型客车上市公司现状分析………………………………………(10)

第三章:总布置设计

3.1车身总体尺寸及车身结构确定………………………………………(13)

3.1.1车身总体尺寸………………………………………………………(13)

3.1.2车身结构确定………………………………………………………(13)

3.2车身内部尺寸确定……………………………………………………(16)

3.2.1驾驶区布置及尺寸确定……………………………………………(16)

3.2.2乘客区布置及尺寸确定……………………………………………(17)

3.3主要总成及附件………………………………………………………(17)

3.4总体特点………………………………………………………………(18)

第四章  整车性能计算

4.1整车整备质量、满载质量、重心位置及轴荷分配计算………………(19)

4.2整车参数………………………………………………………………(23)

第五章  动力性和燃油经济性的计算

5.1动力性计算

5.11汽车驱动力……………………………………………………………(24)

5.12汽车行驶阻力…………………………………………………………(25)

5.13汽车行驶加速度………………………………………………………(26)

5.14汽车行驶坡度角………………………………………………………(26)

5.2燃油经济性的计算………………………………………………………(28)

第六章  驾驶员视野校核计算

6.1概论……………………………………………………………………(29)

6.2眼椭圆样板的制作……………………………………………………(29)

6.3眼椭圆样板在车身视图上的位置的确定……………………………(29)

6.4校核结果………………………………………………………………(30)

第七章车轮跳动校核……………………………………………………………(31)

第八章  存在的问题与解决的途径………………………………………    (32)

结论…………………………………………………………………………   (33)

致谢…………………………………………………………………………(34)

主要参考文献……………………………………………………………………(35)

附录…………………………………………………………………………(36)



摘 要


随着国民经济快速增长,人民物质生活水平的不断提高,国内公路网络越来越发达,人们出行对安全、舒适的高性能客车需求日益增长。但我国的大多数人都住在农村,经济发展水平很不平衡,随着城市化进程的加快,以及我国逐步步入老龄化社会,这些事实都预示着这样一个结果:发展中低档城乡间的中型客车在我国有很大的优势。为满足国内市场的需要,适应用户对经济、环保客车的需求,并在对国内市场进行调研的基础上,设计和开发出这款中型客车。

中型客车按中型中级标准设计,主要用于城乡之间公路客运。设计为36+1座,最大满足第三类车型的座椅要求,提高客车营运的经济性。中型客车的开发思路是侧重于经济性、实用性和可靠性,利用S5B底盘进行设计,设置大容量油箱及规格行李仓(3.30立方米),车内采用软装饰减震消音材料,实现车内空间宽敞。在适应用户需要及法规要求的前提下,合理选择各总成配置及结构设计,尽量采用通用结构,通过降低成本和提高客车经济性增加市场竞争力。本论文简要地介绍了此中型客车的设计目的,主要的结构特点、参数和技术参数。


关键词 长途汽车,结构参数,技术参数

ABSTRACT



Nowadays our China has a very quick increasing of economy and the quality of life of we Chinese has improved   rapidly,  and the net of highway is forming day by day, thus the traveling people’ requirements of safe and comfortable coach is also  increasing day by day. But the truth is that the majority of people live in countryside, the economic level is imbalance. For another, there is a trend of forming city in China and our society will have more and more old people. All these facts predict that semi-low coach will have a superiority in domestic market. In order to meet the demand of economic and ‘green’ coach in our market, we design EQS5B coach in terms of study domestic market.

We design EQS5Bby the standard of middle-class  and aiming to travel these people from city to country. The coach has 36+1 seats and trys to satisfy the demand of class 3 style’ requirements for its seats and hit the target of ‘low price’. The principle of design this coach is to have more economic and practicality and reliable characters. Our chassis is EQS5Band we try to equip fitting gasoline tank and baggage box (nearly 3 stere). We have flexible material to decorate the inner of coach body and try to achieve an abundant space inside the coach. We make great effort to use current configuration and enhance our competitive ability by the way of decreasing price and making more economic character of the coach. This paper briefly introduces the design purposes, main structure characteristics and technical parameters about EQS5B coach.


KEY WORDS   coach, structure parameters, technical parameters


绪论

随着国民经济快速增长,人民物质生活水平的不断提高,国内公路网络越来越丰富,人民出行对安全、舒适的高性能客车需求日益增长。但我国的大多数人都住在农村,经济发展水平很不平衡,随着城市化进程的加快,以及我国逐步步入老龄化社会,这些事实都预示着这样一个结果:发展中低档大型客车在我国有很大的优势。为满足国内市场的需要,适应用户对经济、环保客车的需求,并在对国内市场进行调研的基础上,设计和开发出EQS5B中型客车。

国外企业十分看好我国中高档大中型客车市场,是因为国内客车行业合资和引进的产品现在已基本和国外原装产品处于同一档次,且价格具有明显优势,这迫使以赚取利润为目的的国外企业更加在中国积极寻找合资、合作的机会。这也将给我国客车生产企业带来参加国际合作、参与国际竞争的机遇。

中国入世,在对我国大中型客车行业增加竞争压力的同时,必然也对外国企业进入中国市场参与竞争增大了压力。入世前,外国整车和零部件公司被高关税等保护措施挡在国门之外,入世后,他们将会涌入我国市场寻求合作伙伴和发展空间。他们中有的已经成立合资企业,或以技术合作方式在华建立起了桥头堡、大本营。我国入世后将在项目投资、技术转让、市场营销、售后服务体系等方面的政策变得更灵活。这无疑给我国大中型客车企业提供了与国外跨国公司再次联系的机遇,并借用外方国际贸易的关系,进入国际市场,从而增加步入国际大循环的机会,提升出口的能力,增融入全球化体系的可能,为我国客车工业的健康发展提供了更大的空间。

我们因该有自己的特点,设计开发出有自己特色的汽车,这样才会在全球市场一体化中有自己的优势。目前国内外各大汽车公司都忽略了中型中低端客车这一块,这正好为我们提供了机会;另一方面,对于我们这样的经济上不发达国家来说,开发这样中型客车也是社会公益事业的一部分。

本中型客车按中型中级标准设计,主要用于城乡之间公路客运。设计为36+1座,最大满足第三类车型的座椅要求,提高客车营运的经济性。本中型客车的开发思路是侧重舒适性、实用性和可靠性,利用S5B底盘进行设计,设置大容量油箱,车内采用软装消音减震饰材料,实现车内空间宽敞。在适应用户需要及法规要求的前提下,合理选择配置及结构设计,尽量采用大曲面圆弧结构,是整车曲线流畅,美观大方,动感效果好。通过降低成本和提高客车经济性增加市场竞争力。


内容简介:
Development of CAD models from sketches: a case study for automotive applications R Vignesh,R Suganthan, and K Prakasan* Department of Production Engineering, PSG College of Technology ,Peelamedu,Coimbatore,India The manuscript was received on 6 April 2006 and was accepted after revision for publication on 2 August 2006. DOI:10.1243/09544070JAUTO331 Abstract: Today products are designed not only for their functional requirements but also for aesthetics. In the automotive industries, styling has become a major part of the design process with class-A surfaces Class-A surfaces are freeform surfaces with a continuous curvature。 The process of engineering any component or system begins by generating a concept that actually describes the product in terms of its form, function, and fit. Concept sketches help the designers to arrive quickly and easily at a stage where a satisfactory design can be specified for detailed design. These concept sketches can be used for development of the digital concept design and analysis of the curves and surfaces. Software such as Alias exists and thus can be used with writable hardware for sketching the concept of the car body on a computer screen. In this paper a systematic procedure is discussed for generating class-A surfaces from the images of concept sketches which are manually prepared on paper. These images are imported into the sketch tracer module of CATIA V5.A designer can use the image as the reference and produce a digital sketch by tracing the image using CATIA V5 software without adding any special hardware. Later, interrogation of these surfaces for improved aesthetics can be attempted。 This method will be useful for the users of CATIA V5 to improve their design practices and skills. Keywords: concept sketches, clay modeling, class-A surface, reflection lines, 1 INTRODUCTION Product styling is carried out to create visual attractiveness in products. Styling is widely accepted as an important way to add value to a product without changing its technical performance. As new product quality rankings converge, styling is emerging as a key differentiator for consumers。 The role of styling is to create fresh and exciting design concepts that are not just contemporary but trend setting as well. Styling enhances the visual appeal of the vehicles and at the same time develops innovative designs and components for customers. Today, not only are products designed considering the functionality but also special considerations are given to their aesthetics which can produce a desire in a persons mind to own that product。 This is the reason for the evolution of class-A surfaces and their importance。 Class-A surfaces are those aesthetic freeform surfaces that are visible to us and that have an optimal aesthetic shape and high surface quality . Restyling of existing products ids frequently performed in the automotive industries, since engineers usually prefer the evolution of product to a complete redesign. Customer feedback, client assistance suggestions, and market directives usually influence the decision on redesign or restyling of a product. A traditional car development process involves the development of many handmade rendering sketches in order to offer a vision of the models look. From these sketches, a few are selected and, by pasting the four views of a constrained drawing on the wall. Which are made on a 1:10 scale-down clay model is developed. One scaled-down clay model is finalized and the model is scanned using three-dimensional scanners. Then a 1:1clay model of the finalized sketch is ntsdeveloped. In this phase all the changes require much time. A comparison between concept development and styling by the conventional method and the approach based on computer aided design (CAD) is provided in Fig. 1. The objective of this work is to present a case in which the images of manually prepared conceptual sketches are used in CATIA V5softwareto trace the curves for developing CAD models and surface interrogation. An attempt is also made to compare a surface that is not checked for curvature continuity for their aesthetics and appearance. The approach used here can reveal the discontinuity in the surface which is difficult to notice otherwise although both are created in the same software The procedure adopted here can be practiced by the users of CATIA V5 to improve their innovations. A sketch on paper by an artist is made use of in this procedure. This appears to be a novel approach. From the experience of the present authors it was found that awareness of the capability of CATIA V5 for surface interrogation is limited among users. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW To determine the industry practices and surface interrogation techniques for styling, a literature review was carried out and relevant observations are presented here. Tovey 1 discussed sketching and its role in the concept design of automotives. automotive designers use sketches to support the styling activity through its two phases of concept design and design development before handing over to the downstream development processes. The importance of computer aided styling over CAD is highlighted. Tovey 2 described the work on sketch mapping as a usable tool and contrasted it with the more conventional direct modeling approach which is seen to have limitations. He also gave a brief description of work in progress on deriving forms directly from sketches. The concept design methodology was also discussed. Sunner et al.3 discussed the use of reflection lines and specular highlights for the quality control of car body surfaces. A prototype with a highly reflective surface was built and viewed in a cubing room, which has many parallel arranged lights. The reflections of the lights are a good measure for surface quality, i.e. for detecting surface curvature discontinuities and for discussing the character of the shape. Hagen et al.4presented a detailed survey of surface interrogation methods. Orthotomics are used for convexity tests. Focal surfaces, a new tool for analyzing freeform curves and surface, are special line congruences that are used to analyse the quality of the surface before sending the data to CNC machines. Hahmann 5 gave a general method for surface interrogation which includes reflection lines, isophotes, curvature plots, highlight lines, and isolines. These tools are mainly used in computer graphics and found application in analyzing freeform surfaces in CAD. Theisel 6 showed that isophotes and reflection lines are different tools for surface interrogation Isophotes were used to identify curvature discontinuities between surfaces, and reflection lines were used to measure the quality of the surface. Monacelli7 discussed the virtual reality (VR) applications for reducing the time and cost involved in the vehicle development process. VR can help to change the initial concept sketching from a manual method to a digital environment. VR has applications in styling and the designer can visualize the digital model in a better way. Barone 8explained the need for renovating the traditional styling process to a CAD-based ntsstyling process and addressed the difficulties faced during the traditional styling process. 3 STYLING OF A CAR BODY A study was carried out on the styling of automotive exteriors because the first impression that a customer has of a car is the design of the car body. To be competitive in the market, not only is it necessary to have a good design but also it is crucial that the stylists guidelines will be accurately implemented when building the car. The disadvantages with the traditional car development process are the time taken to make changes and the inability of the clay model to create variants of the new product。 As the concept model can be seen only at the final stage of the design process, making changes to the concept model in the final stages is difficult. The methodology adopted and the step-by-step procedures of the CAD-based development process for the car body using CATIA V5 are explained in Fig.2. 3.1 Importing concept sketches The input for concept development is sketches. Concept sketches help the designers to arrive quickly and easily at a stage where a satisfactory design can be specified for development of detailed design. The sketches are imported into the sketch tracer module of CATIA V5. They are aligned such that the front view of the car will lie on the front plane. Similarly all the views of the car are aligned to lie on the corresponding plane. The sketches will form a bounding box and the model will form a bounding box. Figure 3 show the aligned concept sketches imported into CATIA V5 using the images (scanned) of manually prepared concept sketches. 3.2 Tracing and translating curves Two sketches that will best represent the curve to be generated are selected and curves are traced above the sketch. Both curves will lie on the corresponding plane of sketch.。 To generate a single curve from the curves traced, an intersection technique is used; the curves traced are extruded and intersected so that the resulting curve will be the required curve for surface generation. If all three sketches represent a curve, then points are plotted in one view and with the other two sketches as references the points are translated such that the points will appear to lie on all three sketches. The generated sketches are mirrored to generate a grout of curves as shown in Fig.4, which are suitable for generating patches. 3.3 Curve interrogation Good curves will result in good surfaces. Therefore, before generating surfaces the curves are analysed。 for their quality. Porcupine curvature analysis in CATIA V5 checks for a smooth variation in curvature (plots) throughout the curve. If the curves will result in smooth surfaces. If it is not smooth, then the control points representing the curves are translated so that a smooth variation in curvature is obtained. Figure 5 represents an irregular variation in curvature and Gig.6 shows a smooth variation in curvature. The curvature comb plot will show variation in the magnitude of the radius of curvature. When the magnitude of the spikes is small, this indicates a flat region on the curve. The magnitude must vary smoothly, or also useful in analyzing the continuity between the curves. For curvature continuity it is necessary that there is no step in the curvature comb. 3.4 Generating surfaces and variants Surfaces are generated from the curves as patches. Figure 7 show s the concept model generated in CATIA V5.The surfaces representing a particular component in a car (e.g. the hood and the top ntsare separate components )are placed in separate open bodies because of the ease in restyling. Figures 8 and 9 show some of the variants generated during the present study. 3.5 Surface interrogation Surfaces are interrogated for class-A quality. Isophotes and reflection lines are the most commonly used tools for surface interrogation. Isophotes are used to identify the discontinuity between surfaces. They highlight the behaviour of the form or shape of a surface when light reflects from the surface. This reflection of light gives the user an understanding about the curvature discontinuity. This reflection should be natural and streamlined and should have uniformity. It is used to identify curvature discontinuities and to locate the dents in surfaces. Curvature discontinuities are represented by discontinuous highlight plots. Figure 10 shows the isophote plot of one of the models.Dents are represented by convergence of the highlight plot at the point of dent. Figure11 shows the isophote plot at on a dent on the surface. Reflection lines are used to a family of parallel lines on the light plane on the surface. Figure 12 shows the reflection line plot on the car surface. 3.6 Rendering Rendering of the models is carred out to improve the visualization aspects of the model. Real-life rendering is mainly performed to make the customers appreciate the look of the final models. A VR environment is used for visualization and real-life rendering. Figure13 shows the rendered model generated in CATIA V5. 4 CONCLUSIONS This paper tries to provide a systematic approach in developing styles from the images of the manually prepared concept sketches made by an artist with the aid of CATIA V5 software .It also interrogated two surfaces specifically to reveal the discontinuities that satisfied while designing a surface conventionally,the surface may have discontinuities and aesthetics will have to be improved.This approach is useful for any product development that needs class-A surfacing . The users of CATIA V5 can implement the same technique in their practice without adding any costly hardware. REFERENCES 1 Tovey, M.I., Newman, R.M., and Porter, S. Skeching, concept development and automotive design 。 Des. Stud.,2003,24,135-153. 2 Tovey,M.I., Concept design CAD for the automotive Industry.。 J.Engng Des.,2002,13,5-13 3 Sunner, G., Greiner, G., and Augustiniack, S. Interactive examination of surface quality on cau bodies. Computer Aided Des., 2004,36,425-436 4 Hagen,H., Hahmann, S., Schreiber, T., Nakajima, Y., Wordenweber, B., and Hollemann-Grundstedt, P. Surface interrogation algorithma. IEEE Computer Graphics Applic.,1992,12(5),53-60 5 Hahmann, S. Visualization techniques for surface analysis. In Advanced visualization techniques (EDC. Bajaj), 1999,pp.1-26(John Wiley, New York). 6 Theisel, H. Are isophotes and reflection lines the same? Computer Aided Geometric Des., 2001,18,711-722 7 Monacellli, G. VR applications for reducing time and cost of veicle developmet process. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference ATA on Vehicle Architectures: Products, Processes and Future Developments, Florence, Italy, May 2003(Eurographics Assoceation, Switzerland). nts1. Brake dynamometer model predicting brake torque variation due to disc thickness variation Jaeyoung Kang and Sungjin Choi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Body and Chassis Engineering Centre, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Chonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea The manuscript was received on 11 May 2005 and was accepted after revision for publication on 5 June 2006. DOI: 10.1243/09544070JAUT091 Abstract: In this study, the mathematical model for a brake system in a dynamometer is proposed to identify brake torque variation (BTV), and correlations between the dynamo test and simulation are determined. The interaction between the pads and the disc on the contact patch is simply modeled as a point-contact element and the transient response analysis in the time domain is introduced. The model indicates that the amount of BTV is linearly proportional to the pad stiffness, the friction coefficient, the disc thickness variation, and the effective radius of the brake pads. To verify the analytical model. A brake dynamometer is used and additional material tests are carried out. The dynamo test shows that the suggested model has reasonable accuracy in predicting the BTV of a brake system. Keywords: brake dynamometer model, brake torque variation, disc thickness variation 1INTRODUCTION The brake torque variation (BTV) induced by the disc thickness variation (DTV) and thermal distortion is well known as the excitation source of brake judder. Since it is hard to predict the quantitative thermal effect due to frictional forces(摩擦力) , thermal distortion will not be covered here. Instead , this paper considers the relatively low-temperature test condition of a brake dynamometer to reduce the thermal effect. The dynamometer is to reduce the thermal effect. The dynamic characteristics of brake motion during brake dynamometer operation are sought and any vibration analysis is omitted because the modes of the brake component and the brake dynamometer are too high to be excited by rotation of the brake disc. Time-domain analysis itself can effectively uncover the mechanism of the low-frequency excitation induced by brake engagement. The dynamic model includes the normal load variation 1 on the contact between the pads and the disc and allows the BTV to be expressed in an analytical form. Some papers 2 have shown through experiment that the BTV depends on several factors such as the temperature, the number of revolutions, and the DTV. In this paper, the DTV is assumed to be time invariant and the friction coefficient is simplified as a given function of only the angular velocity of the disc. The braking test in the brake dynamometer and some mechanical tests are conducted to verify the dynamic model. 2 BRAKE DYNAMIC FORMULATION The braking-mode test of the brake dynamometer is used to measure the BTV level of the brake system; this is called the BTV test. The braking-mode dynamo test consists of the inertia equivalent to the quarter weight of the vehicle and brake system. When the inertia reaches a certain angular velocity, the driving force is stopped and then the brake system is engaged. During ntsengagement(约束) of the brake system, several dynamic parameters are measured
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本文标题:中型客车的总布置设计【4张CAD图纸+WORD毕业论文】【车辆专业】
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