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目 录1 英文文献翻译 11.1英文文献原文 21.2中文翻译32 专业阅读书目 42.1 机械设计 52.2 机械原理62.3 机电一体化系统设计 52.4 Creo2.0机械设计教程62.5 单片机原理及接口技术 52.6 机械设计课程设计62.7 现代工程制图 52.8 机械零部件选用与设计62.9 材料力学 52.10 理论力学61 英文文献翻译1.1 Modern PackagingAuthor： Abstract 1.Changing Needs and New RolesLooking back, historical changes are understandable and obvious. That all of them have had an impact on the way products are brought, consumed and packaged is also obvious. What is not so obvious is what tomorrow will bring. Yet, it is to the needs, markets, and conditions of tomorrow that packaging professionals must always turn their attention.The forces that drove packaging during the Industry Revolution continue to operate today. The consumer society continues to grow and is possibly best described by a 1988s bumper sticker, “Born to Shop”. We consume goods today at a rate 4 to 5 times greater than we did as recently as 1935.Most of these goods are not essential to survival; they constitute what we may call “the good life”.In the second half of the 20th century， the proliferation of goods was so high that packaging was forced into an entirely new role, that of providing the motivation rather than presenting the goods itself. On a shelf of 10 competing products, all of them similar in performance and quality, the only method of differentiating became the package itself.Marketer aimed at lifestyles, emotional values, subliminal images, features, and advantages beyond the basic product rather than the competitors. In some in instances, the package has become the product, and occasionally packaging has become entertainment.A brand product to carry the product manufacturer or product sales of the retailers label, usually by the buyer as a quality assessment guidance. In some cases, competing brands of product quality is almost no difference, a difference is the sale of its packaging. An interesting visually attractive packaging can give a key marketing advantage and convince impulse spending. However, the packaging should accurately reflect the quality of products/brand value in order to avoid the disappointment of consumers, encourage repeat purchases and build brand loyalty. Ideally, the product should exceed customer expectations.2.Packaging and the Modern Industrial SocietyThe importance of packaging to a modern industrial society is most evident when we examine the food-packaging sector. Food is organic in nature, having an animal or plant source. One characteristic of such organic matter is that, by and large, it has a limited natural biological life. A cut of meat, left to itself, might be unfit for human consumption by the next day. Some animal protein products, such as seafood, can deteriorate within hours.The natural shelf life of plant-based food depends on the species and plant involved. Pulpy fruit portions tend to have a short life span, while seed parts, which in nature have to survive at least separated from the living plant are usually short-lived.In addition to having a limited natural shelf life, most food is geographically and season-ally specific. Thus, potatoes and apples are grown in a few North American geographical regions and harvest during a short maturation period. In a world without packaging，we would need to live at the point of harvest to enjoy these products, and our enjoyment of them would be restricted to the natural biological life span of each.It is by proper storage, packaging and transport techniques that we are able to deliver fresh potatoes and apples, or the products derived from them, throughout the year and throughout the country. Potato-whole, canned, powdered, flaked, chipped, frozen, and instant is available, anytime, anywhere. This ability gives a society great freedom and mobility. Unlike less-developed societies, we are no longer restricted in our choice of where to live, since we are no longer tied to the food-producing ability of an area. Food production becomes more specialized and efficient with the growth of packaging. Crops and animal husbandry are moved to where their production is most economical, without regard to the proximity of a market. Most important, we are free of the natural cycles of feast and famine that are typical of societies dependent on natural regional food-producing cycles.Central processing allows value recovery from what would normally be waste by products of the processed food industry from the basis of other sub-industries. Chicken feathers are high in protein and, properly mill and treated, can be fed back to the next generation of chickens. Vegetable waste is fed to cattle or pigs. Bagasse, the waste cane from sugar pressing, is a source of fiber for papermaking. Fish scales are refined to make additives for paints and nail polish.The economical manufacture of durable goods also depends on good packaging. A products cost is directly related to production volume. The business drive to reduce costs in the supply chain must be carefully balanced against the fundamental technical requirements for food safety and product integrity, as well as the need to ensure an. efficient logistics service. In addition, there is a requirement to meet the aims of marketing to protect and project brand image through value-added pack design. The latter may involve design inputs that communicate distinctive, aesthetically pleasing, ergonomic, functional and/or environmentally aware attributes. But for a national or international bicycle producer to succeed, it must be a way of getting the product to a market, which may be half a world away. Again, sound packaging, in this case distribution packaging, is a key part of the system.Some industries could not exist without an international market. For example, Canada is a manufacturer of irradiation equipment, but the Canadian market (which would account for perhaps one unit every several years) could not possibly support such a manufacturing capability. However, by selling to the world, a manufacturing facility becomes viable. In addition to needing packaging for the irradiation machinery and instrumentation, the sale of irradiation equipment requires the sale packaging and transport of radioactive isotopes, a separate challenge in itself. In response to changing consumer lifestyles, the large retail groups and the food service industry development. Their success has been involved in a competition fierce hybrid logistics, trade, marketing and customer service expertise, all of which is dependent on the quality of packaging. They have in part led to the expansion of the dramatic range of products offered, technology innovation, including those in the packaging. Supply retail, food processing and packaging industry will continue to expand its international operations. Sourcing products around the world more and more to assist in reducing trade barriers. The impact of the decline has been increased competition and price pressure. Increased competition led to the rationalization of industrial structure, often in the form of mergers and acquisitions. Packaging, it means that new materials and shapes, increased automation, packaging, size range extension of lower unit cost. Another manufacturer and mergers and acquisitions, the Groups brand of retail packaging and packaging design re-evaluation of the growing development of market segmentation and global food supply chain to promote the use of advanced logistics and packaging systems packaging logistics system is an integral part of, and played an important role in prevention in the food supply or reduce waste generation.3. World Packaging.This discussion has referred to primitive packaging and the evolution of packaging functions. However, humankinds global progress is such that virtually every stage in the development of society and packaging is present somewhere in the world today. Thus, a packager in a highly developed country will agonize over choice of package type, hire expensive marketing groups to develop images to entice the targeted buyer and spend lavishly on graphics. In less-developed countries, consumers are happy to have food, regardless of the package. At the extreme, consumers will bring their own packages or will consume food on the spot, just as they did 2000 years ago.Packagers from the more developed countries sometimes have difficulty working with less-developed nations, for the simple reason that they fail to understand that their respective packaging priorities are completely different. Similarly, developing nations trying to sell goods to North American markets cannot understand our preoccupation with package and graphics.The significant difference is that packaging plays a different role in a market where rice will sell solely because it is available. In the North American market, the consumer may be confronted by five different companies offering rice in 30 or so variations. If all the rice is good and none is inferior, how does a seller create a preference for his particular rice? How does he differentiate? The package plays a large role in this process.The package-intensive developed countries are sometimes criticized for over packaging, and certainly over-packaging does exist. However, North Americans also enjoy the worlds cheapest food, requiring only about 11 to 14% of our disposable income. European food costs are about 20% of disposable income, and in the less-developed countries food can take 95% of family income.4. The status and development trend of domestic and international packaging machineryWorldwide, the history of the development of the packaging machinery industry is relatively short, science and technology developed in Europe and America in general started in the 20th century until the 1950s the pace greatly accelerated.From the early 20th century, before the end of World War II World War II，medicine，food, cigarettes，matches，household chemicals and other industrial sectors, the mechanization of the packaging operations; the 1950s, the packaging machine widely used common electric switches and tube for the main components of the control system to achieve the primary automation; 1960s, Electrical and optical liquid-gas technology is significantly increased in the packaging machine, machines to further expand on this basis a dedicated automated packaging line; the 1970s, the micro- electronic technology into the automation of packaging machines and packaging lines, computer control packing production process; from the 1980s to the early 1990s, in some field of packaging, computer, robot application for service, testing and management, in preparation for the over-flexible automatic packaging lines and no automatic packaging workshop.Actively promoted and strong co-ordination of all aspects of society, and gradually establish a packaging material, packaging, printing, packaging machinery and other production sectors, and corresponding to the research, design, education, academic, management and organization, and thus the formation of independent and complete. The packaging of light industrial system, and occupies an important place in the national economy as a whole. Based on recent years data that members of the World Packaging Alliance output value of the packaging industry accounts for about 2% of the total output value of the national economy; in which the proportion of packaging machinery, though not large, but the rapid development of an annual average of almost growing at a rate of about 10%. Put into use at the packaging machine is now more than thousand species of packaging joint machines and automated equipment has been stand-alone equate. According to the new technological revolution in the world development trend is expected to packaging materials and packaging process and packaging machinery will be closely related to obtain the breakthrough of a new step, and bring more sectors into the packaging industry.China Packaging Technology Association was established in 1980. Soon, the China National Packaging Corporation have been born. Since then, one after another in the country organized a national and international packaging machinery exhibition, seminars, also published I had the first ever China Packaging Yearbook and other packaging technology books. All this indicates that China is creating a new packaging historical period.1.2中文翻译现代包装1、不断变化的需求和新的角色,回顾以往,包装所带来明显的历史性变化是可以理解的, 一个产品包装方式的给他们的销量带来的影响也是显而易见的。包装会给明天带来什么样的影响是难以预料的。然而,包装专业人员是未来市场的需求,必须始终注意力放在他们身上。包装是工业革命的动力,继续经营的必须品。随着社会消费的持续增长,20世纪80年代的包装可能是销量最好的保证。今天我们消费的商品率大于我们在 1935年4至5倍。这些货物大多是没有生存的必要条件;他们构成什么,我们可以称之为“美化生活”.在下半年的20世纪,商品的扩散是如此之高,包装,被迫进入一个全新的角色,它已经成为主要的购买动机而不是只靠提供货物本身的价值。货架上的竞争产品,包装本身成为区分所有这些类似商品的性能和质量的唯一方法。生活方式,情感价值,潜意识的图像,功能,优势超出基本产品本身的东西,成为营销的方式,将使他们的产品比竞争对手更容易获得消费者的青睐。在一些实例中,包装已成为产品,和偶尔的包装已成为娱乐。一个产品的品牌标签携带该产品的制造商或产品销售零售商,一般是买方作为质量评估的指导。有时,竞争品牌的产品品质是几乎没有区别,有区别的是它,的包装销售。包装可以给消费者一个有趣的视觉吸引力,这个关键的营销优势可以说服消费者有消费的冲动。然而,为了避免消费者失望,鼓励消费者重复购买和建设品牌的忠诚度,包装应准确地反映产品质量和品牌价值。理想的情况下,产品应超越客户的期望。2、 包装和现代工业社会我们检查食品部门时,表现得最为明显包装对现代社会工业的重要性。所有食物在本质上是有机的,包括动物或植物。总的来说,它有有限的自然生物生命是这种有机物质的特点之一。切下的肉,留到第二天,可能已经不适合人类食用了。一些动物性蛋白质的产品,如海鲜,可以在数小时内坏掉。天然的植物为基础的食品货架寿命取决于涉及的品种和植物。水果部分往往有一个很短的寿命而变腐烂,种子部分,有更长的寿命,在自然界生存直到下一个生长季节。从活体植物分开的茎和叶保质期通常也是短暂的。除了有一个有限的自然保质期,大多数食品保质同地理和季节是息息相关的。例如,生长在北美一些地区土豆和苹果的成熟期很短造成收获时间也很短。在一个没有包装的世界里,收获的时候和我们享受他们的时候将会受到每个生物本身寿命的限制。通过适当的储存、包装和运输的技术,使我们能够在一年四季向全国各地提供新鲜的土豆和苹果,从中获得更好的产品,例如马铃薯有整体、罐头、粉状、片状、芯片,冰冻各种方式的包装,让我们在任何时候、任何地方都,可以随时食用。这种能力使社会具有极大的自由和机动性。与欠发达的社会相比,我们不再受到在哪里居住的局限性,因为我们不再依赖于一个地区的粮食生产的能力。随着包装的快速发展,粮食生产变得更加专业化和高效化。他们可以生产最 经济的作物和畜牧业,而不用考虑附近有没有市场。最重要的是,我们不再靠自然循环来决定饥荒还是丰收,是典型的社会依赖天然食品生产的区域。食品加工行业的产品从其他子行业的基础上,通过控制处理可以获得废物的回,收的价值。鸡毛是高蛋白,适当的加工和处理,做成饲料,可以反馈到鸡的下一代。废弃的蔬菜可以喂养牛或猪。甘蔗糖的废物甘蔗渣,是用于造纸的纤维来源。鱼鳞可以提炼出涂料和指甲油的添加剂。一个产品的成本直接关系到生产量,减少供应链中的成本一定要仔细,它是驱动业务拓展的动力,反对对食品安全的基本技术要求和平衡产品的完整性,以及需要确保一个高效的物流服务。 此外,经济耐用物品的制造还取决于良好的包装。还有一个要求,品牌形象包装设计要保护项目通过和增值,以满足市场营销的目标。后者可能涉及鲜明,美观,符合人性化要求,同时要附带沟通功能和环保意识的属性。但是,对于一个国家或国际自动包装生产产品的成功,它必须获得市场,这可能是一种方式。再次要塑造完善的包装,在这种情况下选择分销包装是一个系统的关键部分。有些行业可能没有国际市场的存在。例如,加拿大是一个辐射设备的制造商,但在加拿大市场(这或许一个单位占每隔几年)不可能支持这样的制造能力。然而,一个包装制造工厂的产生成功使其产品畅销世界。除了需要照射机械和仪器仪表的包装,放射性同位素辐照设备的销售也需要销售包装和运输的,这是一个挑战,需要安全的包装和运输放射性同位素,这本身就是一个特殊的挑战。在回应消费者不断变化的生活方式,大型零售集团和食品服务行业发展。他们的成功已经成为一个竞争激烈的混合后勤,贸易、市场营销和客户服务, 所有的这些依赖于高质量的包装。他们已经戏剧性的带动了提供的部分产品范围的扩大,使技术创新,包括那些包装。供应的零售,食品加工和包装行业将继续以扩大其国际业务。采购世界各地产品越来越多的协助下,在不断减少贸易壁垒。随着竞争越来越激烈价格的影响一直在不断下降。竞争的加剧导致了产业结构的合理化,往往以兼并和收购的形式。包装,它意味着通过新材料和形状, 自动化程度的提高,包装尺寸范围的延伸,使单位成本降低。另一个制造商和兼并和收购,本集团的零售包装和包装设计的市场分割和全球食品供应链的推广使用先进包装系统和包装物流系统的日益发展是重新评估的品牌不可分割的一部分,并在食品供应和预防或减少废物的产生中发挥重要作用,。3、世界包装这个讨论已经提到原始包装和包装功能的演变。然而,人类的全球性进展是,几乎是在世界每一个地方社会发展都有包装发展的阶段。因此,包装机在高度发达的国家,选择合适耐用的封装类型,雇佣高价的设计团队开发华丽的包装外形吸引有针对性的买家,在欠发达国家,消费者很高兴有食物,不管包装。在极端情况下,就像他们在2000年前消费者将自己带来的食品包装当成消耗。较发达的国家的包装与欠发达的国家起着不同的作用,原因很简单,他们不明白,各自包装的重点是完全不同的,有时有困难。同样,解决发展中国家试图向北美市场出售令他们无法理解图形的商品包装是我们的当务之急。显著的区别是,包装在市场中起着不同的作用,产品价值将单独出售,因为它是可用的。在北美市场上,消费者可能会面临由五个不同的公司提供各种不同范围的选择。如果所有的产品是好的,都不逊色,卖家如何让消费者产生对自己产品的偏好?他是如何区分的?包装在这一过程中起着很大的作用。包密集型发达国家有时也批评了包装,当然不存在过度包装。然而,北美也享有世界上最便宜的食品,要求我们的可支配收入仅约11至14%。欧洲食品成本是可支配收入的约20%,而在欠发达国家的食品可以支配家庭收入的95%。4、国内外包装机械现状及发展趋势在世界范围内,包装机械工业的发展历史比较短些,科学技术发达的欧美各国大体上是在20世纪起步的,及至50年代步伐才开始大为加快。从20世纪初到第二次世界大战大战结束前,在医药、食品、卷烟、火柴、日用化工等工业部门实现了包装作业的机械化; 50年代,包装机的广泛采用以普通电开关和电子管为主要元件的控制系统,实现了初级自动化; 60年代,包装机中采用,机电光液气综合技术明显增多,机种进一步扩大,在此基础上实现了专用的自动包装线: 70年代,将微电子技术引入自动化包装机和包装线,实现了有电子计算机控制的包装生产过程;从80年代到90年代初开始,在某些包装领域里将微机、机器人更多地应用到供送、检测、管理等方面,准备向柔性自动包装线和“无人化”自动包装车间过度。由于社会上各方面的积极推动和有力配合,逐步建立起包装材料、包装印刷、包装机械等生产部门和与之相适应的科研、设计、教育、学术、管理等组织机构, 进而形成了独立完整的包装轻工业体系,且在整个国民经济中占据着重要地位。根据近几年的资料得知,世界包装联盟成员国包装工业的总产值大约占国民经济总产值的2%左右;其中包装机械所占的比重虽然不算大,但发展迅猛,平均每年几乎以10%左右的速率增长。现在投产使用的包装机已超过了千余种，同时包装联合机及自动化的配套设备已于单机等量齐观了。根据世界新技术革命的发展趋势，预料包装材料以及与此紧密相关的包装工艺和包装机械将会取得新一步的突破,并且带动更多产业部门进入包装行业。中国包装技术协会于1980年成立。不久,中国包装总公司也相继诞生。此后,在国内陆续地举办了全国性和国际性的包装机械展览会、学术研讨会,还出版了我过有史以来第一部 中国包装年鉴 及其他包装技术书刊。这一切都标志着中国正在开创一个崭新的包装历史时期。2 专业阅读书目2.1 机械设计内容摘要： 蜗杆传动是在空间交错的两轴间传递运动和动力的一种传动机构，两轴线交错的夹角可为任意值，常用的为90。这种传动由于具有结构紧凑、传动比大（在动力传动中，一般传动比i=10-80；在分度机构中，i可以达到1000）、传动平稳以及在一定的条件下具有可靠地自锁性等优点，应用较广泛。其传递的最大功率可达1000kw，最大圆周速度可以达到69m/s之多。不足之处是传动效率低，摩擦发热大，常需耗用有色金属，故不宜用于长期连续工作的传动。蜗杆传动通常用于减速装置，也有个别机器用作增速装置。 随着机器功率的不断提高，近年来陆续出现了多种新型的蜗杆传动，效率低的缺点正在逐步改善。按照蜗杆形状的不同，蜗杆传动可以分为圆柱蜗杆传动、环面蜗杆传动和锥蜗杆传动等。（王为，汪建晓.机械设计M.武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2011）2.2 机械原理内容摘要： 实际机构往往是由外形和机构都很负载的构件和运动副所组成的。但从运动的观点来看，构件的运动取决于运动副的类型和机构的运动尺寸（确定个运动副的相对位置的尺寸），而与构件的外形、断面尺寸、组成构件的零件数目、固联方式及运动副的具体结构等无关。因此，为了便于研究机构的运动，可以撇开构件、运动副的外形和具体构造，而只用简单的线条和符号代表构件和运动副，并按比例定出各运动副的位置，表示机构的组成和传动情况。这种能够准确表达机构运动特性的简明图形就称为机构运动简图。机构运动简图与原机构具有完全相同的运动特性，因此，可以根据运动简图对机构进行结构分析、运动分析和力分析。有时，只为了表明机构的运动状态或各构件的相互关系，也可以不按比例来绘制运动简图，这样的简图称为机构示意图。国家标准（GB/T4460-1984）规定了机构运动简图的符号，表2-2所示的常用构件和运动副的表示方法摘自该标准。（魏兵，喻全余，孙未.机械原理M.武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2007）2.3 机电一体化系统设计内容摘要：机电一体化是在微电子技术、计算机技术、信息技术向机械工业渗透过程中逐渐形成并发展起来的一门新兴的综合性技术学科。目前，机电一体化技术已受到普遍重视，并广泛应用于机械制造、仪器仪表、电气信息、医疗设备、交通运输、航空航天等行业，已成为现代技术和经济发展中不可缺少的一种高新技术；机电一体化技术应用生产的机电一体化产品已遍及人们日常生活和国民经济的各个领域。为了在当今国际范围内激烈的技术、经济竞争中占据优势，世界各国纷纷将机电一体化的研究和发展作为一项重要内容而列入本国的发展计划。21世纪我国将成为世界制造业的重要基地，因此机电一体化系统设计成为机械、自动控制等专业较重要的一门专业课程。机电一体化是一门实践性非常强的综合性技术学科，所涉及的知识领域非常广泛，现代各种先进技术构成了机电一体化的技术基础。但机电一体化并非是这些技术的简单叠加，它的灵魂是突出强调这些技术的相互渗透和有机结合，从而形成某一单项技术所无法达到的优势，并将这种优势通过性能优异的机电一体化产品而体现出来，转化成强大的生产力。（冯浩，汪建新，赵书尚，杨威.机电一体化系统设计M.华中科技大学出版社， 2016）2.4 Creo2.0机械设计教程内容摘要：定义拉伸特征类型 在选择命令后，绘图区上方会出现“拉伸”操控板。在操控板中，按下“实体特征类型”按钮（默认情况下，此按钮为按下状态）。 说明：利用拉伸工具，可以创建如下几种类型的特征。 实体类型：按下操控板中的“实体特征类型”按钮，可以创建实体类型的特征。在由截面草图生成实体时，实体特征的截面草图完全由材料填充，并沿草图平面的法向伸展来生成实体，如图3.1.7所示。 曲面类型：按下操控板中的“曲面特征类型”按钮，可以创建一个拉伸曲面。在Creo 2.0中，曲面是一种没有厚度和重量的片体几何，但通过相关命令操作可变成带厚度的实体，如图3.1.8所示。 薄壁类型：按下“薄壁特征类型”按钮，可以创建薄壁类型的特征。在由截面草图生成实体时，薄壁特征的截面草图则由材料填充成均厚的环，环的内侧、外侧或中心轮廓线是截面草图，如图3.1.9所示。（詹友刚.Creo2.0机械设计教程M，机械工业出版社， 2013）2.5 单片机原理及接口技术内容摘要：计算机由运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备5个部分组成，如图所示。迄今为止，计算机的发展经历了电子管、晶体管、集成电路、大规模及超大规模集成电路等几个阶段。随着微电子技术的发展，运算器和控制器被集成到一块芯片上，形成了微处理器（Microprocessor）或称为CPU，20世纪70年代出现了以CPU为核心的微型计算机（Microcomputer），它是大规模及超大规模集成电路的产物。目前，计算机正在向巨型化、单片化、网络化3个方向发展。巨型化的目的在于不断提高计算机的运算速度和处理能力，以解决复杂系统计算和高速数据处理的问题，比如系统仿真和模拟、实时运算和处理。单片化就是把计算机系统尽可能集成在一块半导体芯片上，其目的在于计算机微型化和提高系统的可靠性，通常把这种单片计算机简称单片机。 计算机是如何工作的呢?计算机是一台机器，它不可能主动地、自觉地完成某项指定的任务。当使用计算机解决某个具体问题时，并不是把问题直接交给计算机去解决，而是采用以下方法：首先，根据解决问题的方案，用计算机可以“理解”的语言，编写出一系列解决这个问题的步骤（即程序）；然后，将这些步骤输入到计算机中，命令计算机按照这些事先拟定的步骤顺序执行，从而使问题得以解决。编写解决问题步骤的工作就是程序设计或软件开发。（张毅刚，刘旺，邓立宝.单片机原理及接口技术M，人民邮电出版社， 2016）2.6 机械设计课程设计内容摘要：机器通常由原动机、传动装置和工作机三部分组成。传动装置将原动机的动力和运动传递给工作机，合理拟定传动方案是保证传动装置设计质量的基础。在课程设计中，学生应根据设计任务书，拟定传动方案。合理的传动系统方案，除了应满足工作机性能要求、适合工况条件及工作可靠外，还应使传动系统结构简单、尺寸紧凑、加工方便、成本低廉、效率高及便于使用和维护等。要同时满足这许多要求常常是困难的，在进行传动系统方案设计时应统筹兼顾、保证重点。当采用几种传动形式组成多级传动时，拟定运动方案要合理布置其传动顺序，重点要注意以下几点。（1）带传动承载能力较低，在传递相同转矩时结构尺寸较啮合传动大；但带传动平稳，能吸振缓冲，应尽量置于传动系统的高速级；这样，转速较高，传递相同功率时的扭矩较小。（2）滚子链传动运转不均匀有冲击时，套筒滚子链不适于高速传动，宜布置在传动系统的低速级。（3）圆锥齿轮的模数增大后加工更为困难，一般应将其置于传动系统的高速级，且对其传动比加以限制；但需注意当锥齿轮的速度过高时，其精度也需相应地提高，因此会增加制造精度要求和成本。（4）斜齿轮传动的传动平稳性较直齿轮好，相对地可用于高速级；开式齿轮传动一般，