高中英语语态详解+练习.doc

英语语态一、语态概述语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语间的关系。英语动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动词的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如：Many people speak English. English is spoken by many people.二、被动语态的构成被动语态由助动词be及物动词的过去分词构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时am / is / are + P.P.Do they speak French?一般过去时was / were + p.p.The hunter killed a tiger.一般将来时shall / will be + p.p.I shall make a plan. 现在进行时am / is / are +being +p.p.These workers are building a new bridge. 过去进行时was / were + being + p.p.They were discussing the plan at that time.现在完成时have / has + been + p. p.She has learned many English words.过去完成时had + been + p.p.They had solved the problem.过去将来时would be + p.p.was/ were going to be + p.p.They were going to put on a play the next week. 情态动词can / may / must / should + be + p.p.You must answer the question in English.三、被动语态的用法1.不知道或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，要用被动语态。例如：（1）His watch was stolen yesterday. （2）This car is made in Japan.2、 当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。The room hasnt been cleaned yet.房间还没有打扫。The tiger was killed by him.老虎被他杀死了。 3、当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。如：The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。 4、表示客观的说明常用It is + 过去分词.句型。It is said that Lucy has gone abroad.据说露茜已经出国了。It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.)大家相信他是个间谍。其它常见的It is + 过去分词+ that句型还有It is reported that据报道It is said that据说It is hoped that大家希望It is well known that众所周知 As in known to all that .It is believed that大家相信It is suggested that有人建议四、疑难问题1、有些动词如：tell, pay, send, give, buy, show, offer, lend, leave, make, hand, throw, teach等，可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。主动：Jack told us the truth. 被动：We were told the truth by Jack.The truth was told to us by Jack.主动：Mother bought me a new coat. 被动：I was bought a new coat by mother.A new coat was bought for me by mother.2、在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. A stranger was seen to walk into the building.3、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1) 英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。This kind of cloth washes well.These books sell very well. The car drives fast.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。The door wont lock这门关不上。（主语的情况、属性，表示“门出问题了”）The door wont be locked （不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）The sentence reads clearly. The sentence is read clearly.2) 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。An accident happened yesterday.How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何出版的呢？3) 表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, smell, sound, taste, look, prove等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。Your reason sounds reasonable.The flower smells sweet. This dish tastes good.4、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义。在某些句型中可用doing和to do表被动意义 。1) 在need，want，require等少数表示“需要”的动词后，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。These plants want watering every day.This sentence needs explaining (to be explained).2) 形容词worth后面跟动名词用主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；In all, the book is worth reading.This might be worth thinking about.而worthy后接动词不定式的被动形式或of being done。The book is very worthy to be read / of being read3) 不定式用于某些动词（如have, have got, get, want, need等）的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，则要用主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do this afternoonI want something to drink.I want to get something to read.【注】如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则要用被动。I have something to type. 我有些东西要打。（指自己打字）I have something to be typed. 我有些东西要打。（指请人打字）4) 某些“be + 形容词to do”结构中，常用主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。This problem is difficult to work out.Your writing is impossible to read.Do you think the water is safe to drink?5) 在too to和 enough to do sth的结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.These boxes are not strong enough to use as a platform.6) 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）There is too much work to do.There is nothing to see.7) to blame, to rent用作表语时，常用主动形式表示被动意义。Who is to blame for starting the fire?The house is to rent.五、专项练习1. The house _ my parents.A. is belong toB. belong toC. belongs toD. is belonged to2. Great changes _ in our province. Many tall buildings _.A. have been taken place, have been set up B. have taken place, have been set upC. have been taken place, have set up D. were taken place, were set up3. We cant use the bridge now, because it_ .A. has been repaired B. is repairing C. is repaired D. is being repaired4. They _day and night.A. are made work B. are made to workC. made to be worked D. are making to work5. When _ the Peoples Republic of China_ ?A. was, found B. was, founded C. did, found D. does, found6. As soon as we got to the airport, we found that the plane _.A. had already taken off B. already took off C. was already taking off D. was already taken off7. When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother _already _to hospital.A. has; been sent B had; sent C has; sent D had; been sent8. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I _ the cloth _ well.A. have told; washes B. have been told; washesC. was told; washed D. have been told; is washed9. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _.A. catchingB. to be caughtC. being caughtD. to catch10. By the end of last year，another new gymnasium _ in Beijing.A.would be completed B.was being completedC.has been completed D.had been completed11. I feel it is your husband who _for the spoiled child.A.is to blame B.is going to blame C.is to be blame D.should blame12. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.A.are not kept; will have to B.are not kept; have toC.do not keep; will have to D.do not keep; have to13. You cant move in right now. The house _.A.has painted B.is painted C.is being painted D.is painting14. Do I have to take this medicine? It _ so terrible.A.tastes B.is tasting C.is tasted D. has tasted15. A friend of mine returned to his house after a holiday only to find it _.A.to be broken B.had broken into C. was broken D. had been broken into16. .They believed that by using computers the production of their factory _.A.will greatly increase B.would greatly increaseC.would be increased greatly D.will have been greatly increased17. Do you like the new pen?Yes，it _ very well.A.is written B.is writing C.writes D.wrote18. The notice _ “No smoki