倒装句型讲解.doc

倒装句子的正常语序是主语在前，接着是谓语，再后是宾语、状语。有时为了强调句子的某一部分（主要是标语、宾语和状语），或出于语体方面的考虑，将被强调部分全部或部分移到主语前，称为倒装（Inversion）。以下例句中的斜体表示被倒装的部分。 Traitor he has become and traitor we shall call him. . ( 表语和宾语前移) 他已经成了叛徒，于是我们叫他叛徒。Away ran the schoolboys.（状语前移，主谓倒装） 小学生们跑掉了。 全部倒装和部分倒装1） 全部倒装(Full Inversion)，又称主谓倒装（Subject-verb Inversion）例如：Here is the receipt for you . 这是你的发票。Down poured the torrential rain. 哗啦啦地下起了倾盆大雨。主语为人称代词时，动词不能前移。例如：Away they go. 他们走了。（不能说：Away go they.）Here we are. 我们到了。（不能说：Here are we.）2） 部分倒装（ Partial Inversion），又称主语与助动词/情态动词倒装（Subject-operator Inversion）.例如：Never have I see anything so beautiful. 我从来也没见过这么美得东西。On no account must we give them the secret recipe. 说什么我们也不能把秘方交给他们。 倒装的使用1）用于疑问句Has she left the contract with the secretary? 她把合同留给秘书了么？What is he? 他是做什么工作的？疑问句作主语或修饰主语时，句子不必倒装。例如：Who laughed at them? 谁笑他们了？What makes them think so? 什么事情使他们这样想的？How many people took part in the general debate at the U.N.? 多少人参加了联合国的一般性辩论？2）用于附加疑问句（Tag Question）附加疑问句是疑问句的一种，旨在询问对方是肯定还是否定。对于附加疑问句，英语与汉语的回答是不一样的。例如： -Hes going back home in New Zealand via Hong Kong, isnt he? 他打算经香港回新西兰的家，是吧？ - Yes, he is. 是的，他打算（这样做）。 -She does not have any appointment this evening, does she? 今天晚上她没有约，是吧？ -No, she doesnt. 是，（她）没有约。 -You wont raise many questions at the press conference, will you ?你不会再几折招待会上提许多问题吧？ -No, I wont. 对，我不会。（不能说：Yes, I wont.） -You dont plan to be an astronaut in the future, do you? （你不打算将来成为一名宇航员，是吧？ -No, I dont. Its too difficult. 对，我不打算。（这）太难了。（不能说：Yes, I dont.） -The dean hasnt got any new idea about our enrollment, has he? 教务长对我们招生没有什么新的见地，是吧？ Yes, he has. 不，有。（不能说：No, he has.）注：如果句子的第一部分（即陈述部分）包含hardly, never, no ,seldom, scarcely 等含否定意义的词，后面的附加疑问只能用肯定形式。例如： You have never left your home village since you were a child, have you? 你从小没有离开过家乡，对吧？She has nothing to declare, has she? 她没有要申报的，对吧？George has never been in China, has he?乔治从来没有到过中国，是吧？3）用于直接引语句后面表示该话出自何处。例如： “Let me have a try,” said the pedicab-man. “让我试一试吧，”三轮车夫说。 “Just wait and see,” shouted the young man. “那就等着瞧吧，”年轻人喊道。上述两句也可以不用倒装：“Let me have a try,” the pedicab-man said. “Just wait and see,” the young man shouted.4）用于there be句型 “There is nothing left in the bowl, is there?” said the criminal policewomen. “碗里没有留下什么，是吧？”女刑警说。 There were four basic causes of the Civil War. 这场内战有四个根本原因。5）用于下列表示祝愿的句子 May you have a happy long life! 祝你幸福长寿！Long live the people! 人民万岁！6）用于here, there, now, then, soon, thus等副词引导的句子，其位于动词通常不带助动词/情态动词。例如： Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 There goes the bell for assembly. 集合铃响了。 Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。 Then followed days of bitter struggle. 接着是艰苦斗争的岁月。 Then came the schoolday I had been looking forward to. 然后，我一直盼望的开学日来临了。7）用于以neither nor 开始的简短反应，表示“也不”；用于以so开始的简短反应，表示“也如此”。 -She doesnt care much for such video games. 她并不很喜欢这样的电子游戏。 -Neither do I. / I dont either. 我也是。 -Im not interested in mahjong. 我对麻将不感兴趣。 -Nor is she. /He is not either. 她也是/他也不。 I enjoyed the spring excursion very much and so did my children .我很喜欢这次春游，我的孩子们也很喜欢。注：下面以so开始的简短反应，表示对别人所说的情况加以肯定，不必倒装。例如： -Its very dark along the street. 街上很黑。 -So it is. 确实如此。 -The workers are mowing the lawn outside.工人们在外面修草坪。 -So they are. 确实如此。8）在比较和方式状语从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常在主语前添加助动词do/does/did，以代替前面已出现过的动词。 The extravagant girl spends much more than do the other family members.那个奢侈的女孩比其他的家庭成员花费多得多。 She traveled extensively as did most of her friends. 她和她的大部分友人一样，到过很多地方。9）在非真实条件句中，当条件从句中的if 省略时，had, were, should 需要与主语倒装。例如： Had I been there that evening, I should have prevented him from doing so. 要是我晚上在那里的话，（我）就会阻止他这样做了。 Should the weather have been fine the next day, we should have climbed the mountain with her. 要是第二天天气好的话，我们就会和她一起登山了。 倒装用于以下一些词语开始的句子中1）句首为否定结构或带有否定意义的词语，句子用部分倒装。例如： Under no circumstance shall we cancel the long-term contract. 在任何情况下我们都不能取消那个长期的合同。 “Half an hour has passed, yet not a single problem have I solved,” said the examinee, scratching his head. “半个小时过去了，可我连一道题都没解出，”那考生抓耳挠腮地说。常用于这一结构的词语有：at no/other time, by no means, in/under no circumstances, few, hardly, scarcely, hardly/scarcelywhen, in no way, in vain, little, much/even/still less, neither, never, nor, no longer, no soonerthan, nowhere, not a single word, not a soul, not often, not onlybut (also), not until, rarely, seldom等。 注：上述中的few, little, less, neither, nor等作主语或修饰主语，或not a (single) word, not a soul等作主语时，主谓不倒装，而是采用正常语序。例如： Little can be achieved under such circumstances. 在这种情况下几乎做不成什么。 The busy engineer-in-chief for rockets said that little time could be spared for us this week. 那位忙碌的火箭总工程师说，本星期没有余暇时间可顾及我们。2) 句首为 “only + 状语”的句子，常用部分倒装。例如： Only later did we realize what a terrible thing it was. 只是后来我们才明白那是多么可怕的事。 Only by good luck did the mountain climbers escape from death.只是籍着好运气那些登山者才幸免一死。常用的这一结构有：only by chance, only by luck, only then, only today/yesterday, only on rare occasion, only with difficulty等。3）“so.that”结构中的so置于句首时，句子需要部分倒装。例如： So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him. 他看上去是如此荒唐，以致人人都目不转睛地瞧着他。 So wonderfully did she ding that the audience burst into warm applause. 她唱的这么棒，听众都热烈鼓掌。4）句首为many a time, to such an extent, to such a degree, to such extremes, to such lengths, to such a point, with every justification, with food reason等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。例如： Many a time had the mountain climbers tried; yet each time they failed. 登山者试了很多次，但是每次（他们）都失败了。5）表语置于句首时，需要全部倒装。 Best of all was the Christmas puddings. 最好吃的是圣诞补丁。 Most superb was the circus performance, far better than others! 最棒的是那场马戏表演，比其他的都精彩得多！ 倒装结构的作用1）为了强调，常要把强调的部分放于句首。例如： Very well do I remember the day when I arrived in such a metropolis. 我很清楚地记得（自己）到达这样一个大城市的那一天。 Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay. 快乐童年，如今一去不复返。2）为了使描写的情景更生动，常把拟声词或away, in out, up等状语放在句首，构成主谓全部倒装。例如： The sheep-pen door opened, and out rushed the sheep. 羊圈门开了，羊奔了出来。 Creaking half-open was the center door. 正中的门呀地开了一半。 Rap, rap, rap, came the knocks on the door.