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HKD260混合动力自卸汽车离合器设计【优秀含7张CAD图纸汽车离合器全套课程毕业设计】

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分离轴承.exb

压盘.exb

压盘【副本】.exb

摩擦片.exb

操纵机构a0.exb

离合器.exb

离合器装配图【副本】.exb

膜片弹簧.exb

传动轴.dwg

分离轴承.dwg

压盘【副本】.dwg

压盘.dwg

摩擦片.dwg

操纵机构a0.dwg

离合器.dwg

离合器装配图【副本】.dwg

膜片弹簧.dwg

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关键词：: 混合动力汽车离合器离合器设计课程毕业设计 HKD260混合动力自卸汽车离合器设计

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HKD260混合动力自卸汽车设计(离合器设计)

HKD260混合动力自卸汽车离合器设计【优秀含7张CAD图纸汽车离合器全套课程毕业设计】

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HKD260混合动力自卸汽车离合器设计.doc

【CAXA制图】

传动轴.dwg

分离轴承.dwg

压盘【副本】.dwg

压盘.dwg

外文翻译.doc

开题报告.doc

摘要及目录.doc

摩擦片.dwg

操纵机构a0.dwg

离合器.dwg

离合器装配图【副本】.dwg

膜片弹簧.dwg

HKD260混合动力自卸汽车设计(离合器设计)

摘要

离合器作为直接连接发动机和传动系统一个独立存在的总成.他主要包含主动部分,从动部分,压紧机构和操纵机构等四部分.。

主动部分,从动部分和压紧机构是保证离合器处于接合状态并能传递动力的基本结构.操作机构是使离合器分离的机构.正是这四部分机构之间相互协调配合,已达到汽车起步时将发动机与传动系平顺地接合,换档式将发动机与传动系分离,减少变速箱内齿轮的冲击。

本文介绍了近年来发展的新型拉式膜片弹簧离合器的结构特点和工作原理，并与传统的推式膜片弹簧离合器进行了对比。在相同的约束条件下，优化后的拉式膜片弹簧，无论是在后备系数的稳定性、膜片的最大当量应力方面，还是在分离力的大小方面，均优于推式膜片弹簧。然后，对于拉式膜片弹簧的载荷-变形特性和应力-变形特性作了详细分析。在分析的基础上，阐述了拉式膜片弹簧基本参数的选择和设计。由于拉式膜片弹簧离合器具有许多优点，故拉式膜片弹簧离合器是一种很有发展前途的汽车离合器。

关键词：压紧机构，离合器，膜片弹簧，新型。

HKD260 HYBRID DUMP TRUCK DESIGN(CLUTCH DESIGN)

ABSTRACT

The clutch is the lug connection engine and the transmission systems an exist independently total to become.He mainly includes the active division, follower division, compress tightly the mechanism and maneuvering gear etc. four-part cent.

Active division, the follower division and compress tightly the mechanism is basic structure that guarantees that the clutch is placed in to join together the condition and can deliver the power also.Operate the mechanism is a mechanism that makes clutch separate.Exactly of this four-part cent mechanism moderates the fit mutually, joining together engine and transmissions fasten going smoothly while arriving the start of autocar already, the shift gear type fasten engine and transmissions separation, reduce the impact of the speed change case annular gear.

In this paper,the constructional features and principles of operation of recently developed new style pull-type diaphragm spring clutch are described in contrast with the traditional push-type diaphragm spring clutch.In the same dimension,pull-type diaphragm spring by optimum design is better than push-type,in respect of stability of reservation coefficient maximum equivalent stress of diaphragm and magnitude of declutching force.Then,the load-deflection characteristics and stress-deflection characteristics of pull-type diaphragm spring are analysis in detail.Base on these analyses,the selection of main parameters and design of this spring are discussed.The pull-type diaphragm spring clutch possesses many advantages,therefore pull-type diaphragm spring clutch is a very prospective motor vehicle clutch.

KEY WORDS: hold-down, clutch, diaphragm spring，new style.

前言1

第一章离合器概述3

§1.1 离合器的主要结构3

§1.2离合器机构的选择5

§1.3离合器的工作原理7

第二章离合器的设计计算9

§2.1离合器设计要求9

§2.2离合器参数的选择9

§2.3从动盘总成13

§2.4压盘和离合器设计计算15

§2.5膜片弹簧的设计计算16

§2.6扭转减震器设计计算19

§2.7离合器操纵设计20

第三章传动轴的设计21

§3.1万向传动的设计计算21

§3.2十字轴设计计算22

§3.3十字轴滚针轴承计算23

§3.4万向节叉的设计计算24

§3.5传动轴临界转速计算27

§3.6轴管强度设计计算29

§3.7传动花键轴计算29

结论31

参考文献32

致谢33

前言

改革开放以来，随着国家经济的迅猛发展，汽车工业也在慢慢崛起，汽车在我们日常生活中占据了越来越重要的地位，车辆给人们出行带来了极大地方便，因此汽车工业也被国家放在了极其重要的地位，像吉利收购沃尔沃表明了我们国内企业正在逐步强大，因此能够选择车辆工程专业也是我认为一个非常正确的选择，而汽车设计室我们车辆工程专业学生毕业时的一个重要实践环节。

随着汽车工业的发展,离合器也在原有的基础上不断改进和提高,以适应新的使用条件。从国外的发展动向来看,汽车的性能在向高速发展,发动机的功率和转速不断提高,载重汽车趋于大型化,国内情况也类似于此。另外,离合器的使用条件也日酷一日。因此,增加离合器的传扭能力,提高其使用寿命,简化操作已成为离合器目前发展的趋势。

离合器的结构形式虽然可以各不相同,但在使用中对它们的基本要求却是一致的。对汽车离合器的基本要求有以下几点: ①能可靠地传递发动机的最大扭矩; ②接合时要平顺、柔和,使汽车起步时没有抖动和冲击; ③分离时要迅速彻底; ④离合器从动部分的转动惯量要小,以减轻汽车起步和换档时变速器齿轮轮齿间的冲击,方便换档; ⑤离合器的通风散热应良好; ⑥高速回转时要具有可靠的强度,应注意平衡问题和离心力的影响; ⑦应使汽车传动系避免共振,并具有吸收振动,缓和冲击和减少噪音的能力; ⑧操纵轻便; ⑨离合器的工作性能应保持稳定,这就要求作用在摩擦片上的总压力要不因摩擦表面的磨损而变化,或者变化较小; ⑩要求使用寿命长。此外,离合器也要尽量做到结构简单,紧凑,制造工艺性好,维修方便,重量轻等等。

基于上述要求,离合器的压紧弹簧从普遍采用的圆柱螺旋弹簧改为膜片弹簧,其利甚多。首先,膜片弹簧本身兼起压紧弹簧和分离杠杆的作用,使零件数量减少,重量减轻,离合器结构大为简化,并显著地缩短了离合器的轴向尺寸。其次,由于膜片弹簧与压盘以整个圆周接触,使压力分布均匀,摩擦片的接触良好,磨损均匀,再者,由于膜片弹簧具有非线性的特性,因此,可设计成当摩擦片磨损后,弹簧压力几乎可以保护不变,且可减轻分离离合器时的踏板力,使操纵轻便。另外,膜片弹簧的安装集团对离合器轴的中心线来说是对称的,因此它的压紧力实际上不受离心力的影响。

参考文献

[1]余志生，赵六奇，夏群生.汽车理论（第三版）.北京：机械工业出版社，2000

[2]刘茂光.汽车轮胎手册.北京：人民交通出版社，1987

[3]诸文农.底盘设计（上册）北京：机械工业出版社，1981

[4]徐灏,邱可谦,蔡春源.机械设计手册（第四卷）.北京：机械工业出版社，1991

[5]陈家瑞.汽车构造（第三版）.北京：人民交通出版社，2000

[6]王望予,林逸,张建文.汽车设计（第三版）.北京：机械工业出版社，2000

[7]夏俊博.欧阳胜.张连友.国家微型汽车车型及配件目录.北京：中国物资出版社，1989

[8]刘小年.机械制图（第二版）.北京：机械工业出版社，1999

[9]刘惟信.机械最优化设计（第二版）.北京：清华大学出版社，1994

[10] 刘惟信.机械可靠性设计.北京：清华大学出版社，1996

[11] 阎荫棠.几何量精度设计与检测.北京：机械工业出版社，1995

[12] 吴宗泽.机械设计使用手册.北京：化学工业出版社，1998

[13] 徐石安，江发潮.汽车离合器.北京：清华大学出版社，2005

[14] 彭文生，李志明，黄华梁.机械设计.北京：高等教育出版社，2002

[15] 小林明（日）.汽车工程手册（第一版）.北京：机械工业出版社，1986

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内容简介：: 车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 1 外文资料翻译 THE RESEARCH AND DESIGN USING CAD SYSTEM FOR THE CLUTCH OF AUTOMOBILE Clutch is used to transfer and switch of the powers which are coming from the engine. In automobile, clutch is connected with engine and derailleur. It can shut of and stably transfer the power between them. How to reasonably, effectively and speedily design clutch always is the pursuing destination of all clutch factories. The appearance of CAD which is the abbreviation of computer aided design make it possible. Automobile CAD is the forerunner of CAD all the times. CAD is fist used in automotive industry and become more and more indivisible with CAM, CAE and CAP furthermore, integration is becoming to reality. Researching how to use computer to aid us design the automobile clutch and how to develop a useful and advanced automobile clutch computer aided design system-abbreviation is ACCAD that can make a steady system framework for automobile cultch integrated design and manufacture system. are the destination of this thesis. ACCAD system should firstly be able to aid engineer design clutch, secondly to aid engineer analyze the designed clutch, finally to organize and manage the data of design. From the long-term consideration it should also be able to aid workshop manufacture clutch and help manager supervise all the life cycle of clutch. So it should have a core which can integrate all these subsystem. Engineering database (EDB) is just for this use and Using EDB to construct CIMS become an inevitable current. In order to expand ACCAD and realize clutch CIMS in the future ACCAD system also need EDB as the core to integrate each design and management subsystem into a whole system. At the third chapter of this thesis the technology of EDB and how to design automobile clutch EDB are researched and automobile clutch EDB is set up according to the framework of entire database, project database and design database. nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 2 The traditional procedures of the design of automobile clutch are: selecting storing confident, designing clutch structure type, friction flat, clutch sketch, assembled module and each part of clutch. In our country, all these procedure are handmade, but in the coming years with the application of computer aided drawing software such as Auto CAD of Auto Desk corp. engineering drawing can basically be done by computer. But the depicting capability of this two-dimension engineering drawing module is so deficient that it can only be used as drawings and cant be used to analyze by computer. Along with the appearance of B-P modeling and curve-based or solid-based modeling, mechanic parts are denoted by three-dimension module which can better aid engineer design and analyze them. But this module loses parts of the whole information of them, so it results in much difficulty to integrate aided design subsystem, aided manufacture subsystem and computer analyzing subsystem. Feature-based modeling can just make up this shortcoming, and also if it combines with parameter design technology it can enhance the capability not only of depicting but also of fast amending. At the forth chapter of this thesis the technology of feature-based is researched and the parametric feature-based solid models are created upon MDT that is belonging to Auto Desk corporation. In order to aided engineers to design clutch faster computer is used to simulate engineers to use variant design technology to design clutch products that are based on original models. Variant design technology has some intelligence. Intelligent CAD is a direction of developing CAD. At the fifth chapter of this thesis the technology of variant design is researched and variant design of automobile clutch is achieved on MDT by the technology of parameter table-driven and feature restrained Besides some degree of integrity and intelligence ACCAD system should have some degree of automation, that is to say that ACCAD can automatically design clutch according to primitive design requests, analyze, check and optimize some basic parameters of clutch. At the sixth chapter of this thesis the combining model of clutch is analyzed, some formulas of designing and calculating basic parameter are deduced, the working instances of diaphragm nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 3 spring are analyzed and the characters of load-distortion and stress-strain are calculated simulatively by the formulas of A-L which are approbatory internationally nowadays. The optimizations of some basic parameters and diaphragm spring are carried out by muti-body arithmetic in which design destinations, design restrictions and the primitive value of design variables can be changed according to real demands. Instances deduction and design templates are used to design the model of each part of clutch and all these models are assembled automatically after that basic parameters and structure type are completed according to primitive design demands. The design templates are deduced in existing design instance of clutch product by inter gent instance-deducing technology. Then designers can mend and to-and-fro design them till they can meet the design demands. So computer aided function and mans initiative can be fully enlarged, automatic design and mutual design are combined indeed . It needs not only much knowledge of automobile clutch design and CAD but also much high lever of software design and computer application to really realize such a complicate and advanced ACCAD system. So I also researched the method of object-oriented and the operation system of Windows and study many sorts of program design language. The theory of software engineering is used to analyze ACCAD system in requirement, function structure, flow chart, project design and module design. The software developing tools of Visual Basic and Visual C+ are used to design and implement the ACCAD system. Yi-Dong clutch corporation have applied it to design clutch. Practice proves that the ACCAD system can aid designers to design clutch well, remarkably improve the ability of clutch product design, greatly shorten the design cycle and also it has very high stability and extensibility. INVESTIGATION TO DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF VEHICLE AMT CLUTCHES DURING ENGAGEMENT nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 4 China Automotive Parts enterprises face more and more pressure and challenge with China joining WTO.The global Automotive and Parts MNC are gradually entering the lastly and largest potential market of the world.The local automotive industry especially parts is not so good as MNC no matter in scale, capital capacity, products technical level and marketing level.So in order the to exist,the local automotive parts enterprises must improve themselves as quickly as possible in some the fields. One of the important reasons for this risk is the slow Product Engineering with low technical content.It is caused by several reasons that are outdated engineering method， insufficient working experiences，low quality of the working people and the outdated methodology of product Engineering， and the last one is the most important reason. In comparison with hydraulic Automatic Transmission (AT) and Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT), Automatic Mechanical Transmission (AMT) has advantages of much lower cost in manufacturing and easier installation in driveline system .This means that there exists a vast potential market for development of such a mechanical technology. As an important functional module in AMT vehicles, however, the automatic clutches developed by far still have some shortcomings, for example, of road startup failure, considerable shock, unstable shifting, friction-caused service life reduction, and time-delay response. The key concern is therefore concentrated in this dissertation on real implementation of optimal transient responses and control laws during engagement of the clutches, and detailed investigations are made both in theory and experiment. Strong nonlinearities exist in such component systems as engine, clutch membrane spring and servo actuator and consequently difficulties are encountered in design of the optimal control for improving transient responses of the automatic clutch. A system synthesis is proposed herein for the study of nonlinear dynamics and control of AMT automatic clutches. Based on principles of automotive powertrain systems, the main system under consideration can be decomposed into two sub-systems, engine and transmission systems. The Popov super stability theory has adopted for the first time in association with reference, nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 5 model following adaptive control for the engine. monitoring. The engine monitor requires accurate predictions of rational velocities. A prediction model is constructed on the basis of flat neural network A fast recursive algorithm is used to improve the learning speed by forgetting factor. Accordingly, the present neural network algorithm leads to considerable reduction of effort in network weighting matrix as well as increase of self-learning and adaptability of neural network algorithms to nonlinear and nonstationary systems. It has been shown by comparison of the numerical results with experiments that the modified algorithm is proved to be reliable and effective in the engine condition monitoring. In modeling the system, the load-deflection relationship of the clutch membrane spring is generally treated as a black box, and as a result many advanced control methods can not be applied. A new approach for the black box is required nevertheless in development of the accurate model. The nonlinear relationship is mathematically derived out for the clutch system during engagement and a further progress is thus made to certain extent for the Almen-Lazslo method. By matching control inputs of the two subsystems, a synthetically optimal performance of the system can be achieved. It can be seen that by the system synthesis, not only the design of a feedback controller is accommodated according to longitudinal dynamic requirements of the whole vehicle, but an effective procedure is established for solving problems of time-delay and inaccuracy due to the use of the analysis method of upper-lower layers. Differential geometry provides a powerful tool for the analysis of nonlinear dynamic systems. With consideration of the automatic clutch which is a typical a fine nonlinear system, the differential manifold and corresponding a companion form to the original system with nonlinearities can be constructed by using feedback linearization approach. It is demonstrated by simulations and experiments that this method simplifies the design of the controller, and is of practical significance for real engineering applications. In this dissertation, operator and its transform in frequency domain are introduced for the first time into the field of automotive electronics technology. In comparison with the nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 6 conventional z operator, digital iterations of operator are featured by higher precision and more stability while sample time T -4 0.The nonlinear sliding mode controller is taken as an example, the implementation form of operator discretion control, the error analysis and the algorithms stability are studied both theory and engineering application. In high frequency sampling systems the approach has advantages in industrial applications and enriches its new fields of application, especially in vehicle electronics. Based upon the minimum value principle, a muti-objective optimal control is applied to derive out for the first time the optimal response in analytic form by compromising longitudinal shock and plane slippage of the automatic clutch related with each other in the transmission sub-systems. The real significance of the synthetic optimal control lies in expression of the theoretical optimal performance. For preventing the control system from system uncertainties and external perturbations the robust sliding mode controller is designed to guarantee the system to trace the optimal trajectory. Since dynamic properties of the sliding mode is invariant to extraneous disturbance, the SMC method may apply for a kind of complicated systems with nonlinearities and uncertainties like the automatic clutch. It is shown through numerical simulations that errors of the SMC in reference model following are far less than the PID control whenever the damping orifice flux coefficient of an on-of solenoid, the frictional plate wear quality, friction coefficient and the driveline elastic coefficient may be deviated in a permissible range, respectively. Hence, the present work possesses of significant value in engineering application. As an important part of the dissertation, the virtual mechanical prototyping and real on-vehicle experiments for the automatic clutch system are made, respectively. The virtual machine is modeled in ADAMS software and verified by real vehicle experiments. Therefore, through comparison of the virtual experiments within ADAMS environment with theoretical predictions for transient responses of the clutch during engagement, reliable and effective instructions are provided for design of the hydraulic actuator and PC controller required in real vehicle experiments. The control apparatus for automatic clutch nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 7 include sensors, microcomputer and their interfaces. All experiments are carried out on the Santana LX car, and much attention is focused to typical difficult working conditions, such as small through angle, heavy load, high gear and steep ramp. It is shown by the results obtained from the experiments that fairly good transient responses during the clutch engagement are achieved. By the control strategies presented in this dissertation, the engine is prevented from flameout, moreover, vehicle startup and gear shift smoothly can be adjusted with short friction duration and quick response of the actuator. All these mean that the adaptability for subjective will, time varying driving conditions of vehicle and complicated surroundings. In a word, on the basic of theoretical research and control technology, the performance of AMT automatic clutch is improved markedly, moreover, the apparatus for experiments establishes a massy foundation for future product development. nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 8 汽车离合器 CAD 系统的研究与设计离合器是用来传递和切断从发动机传来的动力的一种机构。在汽车上，它和发动机的飞轮相连接，切断和平稳地实现发动机和变速器之间的动力传递。如何合理、高效、快捷地设计离合器一直是国内外离合器厂家追求的目标， CAD (Computer Aided Design)的诞生将此希望变为可能。汽车 CAD 一直是 CAD 技术的先驱， CAD 技术最先是应用在汽车工业上，而且与 CAM. CAE 和CAPP 越来越不可分割，集成化正成为现实。研究如何应用计算机来辅助设计汽车离合器，以及如何设计开发出一个实用的、先进的汽车离合器 CAD 系统简称 ACCAD (Automotive Clutch CAD)，为实现汽车离合器集成设计制造系统打下一个坚实的系统框架，正是本文的目的。汽车离合器 CAD 系统首先必须能够辅助工程设计人员设计离合器、其次能够辅助设计人员分析设计的离合器、最后还能够很好的组织和管理设计过程中的数据。从长远考虑它还应该能够辅助生产车间制造新产品、管理人员管理整个产品的生命周期，所以必须有一个核心能够将这些子系统集成在一起。工程数据库正是在这种需求下诞生的，以工程数据库为核心构建 CIMS 已成了必然的趋势。为今后汽车离合器 CAD 系统的扩充和发展，以及逐步实现CIMS 创建一个坚实的框架， ACCAD 系统同样也需要以工程数据库为核心将个设计和管理子系统集成为一个整体。本文第三章对工程数据库技术进行研究，并对汽车离合器 CAD 系统的工程数据库设计进行了讨论，按全局库、项目库和设计库的组织结构创建了汽车离合器工程数据库。传统的汽车离合器设计基本上是选择后备系数、离合器型式、设计摩擦片、设计草图、设计装配总成、设计各零件。在国内，这些过程基本上都是人工进行的，但近些年来，随着计算机辅助绘图软件如 Auto Desk 公司的 Auto CAD 的应用，工程图的绘制基本上可在计算机上进行。用这种二维工程图的模型，计算机只能辅助工程设计人员绘制工程图纸，无法对零部件进行分析，这种模型描述能力低下。随着线框建模技术、基于曲面或实体建模技术的出现，零部件在计算机中将以三维的方式表示，它能够很好地辅助工程设计人员设计和分析零部件。但这种模型缺乏对产品零部件信息的完整描述，从而导致计算机辅助设计系统、制造系统和分析系统集成困难。特征建模技术正nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 9 好能够弥补这种缺陷，而将特征建模技术和参数化建模技术结合起来则既能提高产品模型的描述能力又能够提高产品模型的快速修改能力。本文第四章对参数化特征建模技术进行研究，并用参数化特征建模技术在 Auto Desk 公司的 Mechanical Desktop(简称 MDT)软件上对汽车离合器零部件建立了产品模型。为使汽车离合器 CAD 系统辅助设计人员更快地开发离合器新产品，让计算机模拟工程设计人员根据原有的产品模型进行变型设计是 CAD 系统智能化的一个表现。智能 CAD 是 CAD 的一个发展方向。本文的第五章对变型设计技术进行了研究，并应用参数表驱动和特征抑制技术在 MDT 上实现了汽车离合器零部件的智能化变型设计。汽车离合器 CAD 系统除了具有一定的集成化和智能化之外还应该具有一定的自动化，也就是说系统能够根据设计要求自动地设计离合器、并对离合器的一些基本参数和零部件进行校核分析和优化。本文的第六章对离合器的结合模型进行了分析，推导出了一些基本参数设计计算公式 ;对膜片弹簧的工作情况进行了分析，运用当前国际上比较认可的 A-L 法对膜片弹簧的载荷变形特性和应力应变特性进行了仿真计算。汽车离合器基本参数优化和膜片弹簧的优化均采用复合形优化算法，其中设计目标、设计约束和设计变量的初始值，设计人员可以根据实际要求改变。根据设计和优化了的离合器的基本参数、离合器的型式、初始条件，采用实例推理法和设计模板法初步设计离合器的各零部件，并自动将其装配起来，形成离合器零部件及装配模型的设计模板。设计模板是通过智能化实例推理技术从现有的实例中推理而来，然后用户则在此基础上采用交互的方式逐步改进、往复设计，直到满足设计要求为止。因此这样既发挥了计算机的辅助作用，也充分地扩展了人的主动地位，真正地实现了自动化设计和交互式设计相结合。如何真正地实现如此复杂和先进的汽车离合器 CAD 系统，这不仅需要许多的汽车离合器设计和 CAD 方面的专业知识，更需要很高的计算机软件设计和计算机应用水平。本人还对面向对象的程序设计方法和当前的 Windows 操作系统进行了研究，学习了多种程序设计语言和一些软件开发工具。运用软件工程的理论对 ACCAD 系统进行了需求分析、功能结构分析、流程图分析、nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 10 方案设计、模块设计。运用面向对象的程序设计方法、多种程序设计语言，用 Visual Basic 和 Visual C+开发工具设计并实现了汽车离合器 CAD 系统。一汽东光离合器厂已经大量应用该系统，实践证明 ACCAD 系统能够很好的辅助设计人员设计离合器、能显著地提高离合器产品的设计能力、大大缩短离合器产品的开发周期，而且系统具有很高的稳定性和可扩充性。汽车 AMT 自动离合器接合过程的动力学与控制研究随着中国加入 WTO，中国汽车零部件企业面临着越来越大的压力和挑战，全球性的跨国汽车及零部件公司正逐渐地入侵中国这一个世界上最大也是最后一个潜在汽车市场。国内汽车行业尤其

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