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轻型载重货车转向系及前桥设计【优秀转向系前桥全套课程毕业设计含3张CAD图纸】

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关键词：: 轻型载重货车转向前桥转向系统设计课程毕业设计轻型载重货车转向系及前桥设计

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轻型载重货车设计(转向系及前桥设计)

轻型载重货车转向系及前桥设计【优秀转向系前桥全套课程毕业设计含3张CAD图纸】

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轻型载重货车转向系及前桥设计.doc

轻型载重货车设计(转向系及前桥设计)

摘要

在本次毕业设计中，是关于轻型载货汽车的前桥及转向系统的设计。本着力争性能可靠，价优，易造的设计构想，同时也主要参照拖厂的同类车型，努力去改造，去创新。

转向从动桥是通过悬架和车相连，两侧安装着从动车轮，用以传递车架与车轮之间的各种力和力矩。汽车的转向系是利用转向节使车轮可以偏转一定角度以实现汽车的转向。汽车的转向系是用来改变或恢复汽车行驶方向的专设机构，在行驶中起到重要作用。主要可分为机械转向系，动力转向系和电动转向系。其中电动转向系是未来汽车转向系的发展方向。

综合各种因素，本次设计采用采用转向梯形机构布置在前轴之后的整体式车桥和采用了正效率很高，操纵方便且使用寿命长的机械式循环球式转向器。本次设计包括对转向从动桥结构形式的选择，主要是计算前轴、转向节、主销、主销上下轴承、转向节推力轴承或止推垫片等在制动和侧滑两种工况下的应力校核。还包括转向器的结构选择及其设计计算并对转向梯形进行优化设计。设计中水平有限，但希望能设计出一辆经济实用的轻型载货汽车。

关键词：运输车，前桥，主销，转向轴

THE DESIGNS OF THE STEERING SYSTEM AND

FRONT AXLE IN OWN UNLOAD AGRICULTURE

TRUCK TO TRANSPORT OF KD1080

ABSTRACT

In this graduated designs, my assignment is the light truck’s front axle and steering system. I shall try my best to design my assignment,I want the light truck’s capacity is secure and the price is low. It is also easy to make,at the same time,I refer to the light truck which made in YT factory.I want to improve and innovate it.

Steering front axle connects the frame by suspension.Driven wheel are installed at the sides of the fore axle,which transmits kinds of forces and torques into the wheels. The steering knuckle link to the front axle causes the front wheels to turn to the right or left .The steering system enables the driver to guide the automobile or wheeled tractor down the road and turn ringht or left.It is very important for the truck.there are mannnual steering,power steering and electric power steering.The electric power steering system will be the direction in the future.

In view of all the factors,I adopt the ladder-shaped organization assigns after the front axle and very efficient that can be handled easily and had long performance life steering box of the circulation ball type. The design includes selection of the structure of the fore axle but most calculate the streys inspection under the break and the second slide of front axle ,steering knuckle inserts, king pin and ball bearing, thrust bearing and stop last spacer. Still include choosing and designing aslo calculating and carrying on optimization design ladder-shapedly of steering. The level is limited in the design, but I hope to design a economical and practical agricultural light truck.

KEY WORDS: transporter, the front axle, king pin, steering shaft

前言3

第一章概述3

第二章从动桥的方案确定6

§2.1 从动桥总体方案确定6

第三章转向系的方案确定8

§3.1 转向系整体方案确定8

§3.2 转向器结构形式及选择8

§3.3 循环球式转向器结构及工作原理9

第四章从动桥的设计计算11

§4.1从动桥主要零件尺寸的确定11

§4.2 从动桥主要零件工作应力的计算11

§4.3 在最大侧向力(侧滑)工况下的前梁应力计算13

§4.4 转向节在制动和侧滑工况下的应力计算15

§4.5 主销与转向节衬套在制动和侧滑工况下的应力计算16

§4.6转向节推力轴承的计算19

第五章转向系统的设计计算20

§5.1 转向系主要性能参数20

§5.1.1转向器的效率20

§5.1.2传动比的变化特性20

§5.2 主要参数的确定21

§5.2.1 给定的主要计算参数21

§5.2.2 选择主要转向参数21

§5.2.3 车轮的左右最大转角确定22

§5.3 转向梯形的选择设计23

§5.4 转向梯形的优化24

§5.5 循环球式转向器的设计27

§5.5.1 转向器（循环球式）的效率27

§5.5.2 主要参数的选择27

§5.5.3 螺杆、钢球和螺母传动副28

§5.5.4 齿条、齿扇传动副设计29

§5.6 转向系主要性能参数确定30

§5.6.1 转向系的角传动比30

§5.5.2 转向盘旋转圈数n30

§5.6 循环球式转向器零件强度的校核31

§5.6.1钢球与滚道间的接触应力31

§5.6.2齿的弯曲应力32

§5.7 转向系其他元件的选择及材料的确定32

第六章转向系主要零件的强度计算34

§6.1 计算载荷的确定34

§6.2 主要零件的强度计算34

总结35

致谢37

参考文献38

前言

在目前金融危机的大环境下，伴随着汽车行业的发展，轻型货运汽车在国民生产中扮演着更重要的角色。

轻型载货汽车各个领域得到了广泛应用，对于它的设计是依据以往理论知识及实践经验，在满足其功用的前提下来进行的。转向系统是用来保持或改变汽车行驶方向的机构，它在整体设计中亦有其重要地位，对转向时车轮正确运动和汽车的安全行驶有重大影响，这就要求其工作可靠、操纵轻便。

在目前的设计和使用方面，转向系统由机械式和动力式两类，由于动力式转向系统能减轻驾驶员的负担，而且操作方便，所以到广泛使用。机械式转向系统由于造价低廉，而且能够满足轻型货车等一大部分汽车的转向需要，固也得到了广泛的使用。机械式转向系由操纵机构、转向器和转向传动机构组成，其重点是转向器和传动机构的设计。现今国内轻型汽车多才用整体式循环球式转向器，整体式后置梯形。

本毕业设计说明书，主要讲述了前桥前悬和转向系统的选择设计和方案分析。对前桥前悬和转向系统的分类和工作原理进行了深入的对比和分析，选出最优方案来进行设计；对于转向系统的重要组成部分转向器和转向传动机构进行分析设计，选择合适的机构和零件。

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内容简介：: 河南科技大学毕业设计（论文）开题报告（学生填表）学院：车辆与动力工程学院 2013 年 4 月 15 日课题名称轻型载货汽车设计（转向系及前桥设计）学生姓名王之伟专业班级车辆 091 课题类型工程设计指导教师薛运起曹艳玲职称高工副教授课题来源组合生产 1. 设计（或研究）的依据与意义汽车在行驶过程中，需按驾驶员的意志经常改变其行驶方向，即所谓汽车转向。就轮式汽车而言，实现汽车转向的方法是，驾驶员通过一套专设的机构，使汽车转向桥（一般是前桥）上的车轮（转向轮）相对于汽车纵轴线偏转一定角度。在汽车直线行驶时，往往转向轮也会受到路面侧向干扰力的作用，自动偏转而改变行驶方向。此时，驾驶员也可以利用这套机构使转向轮向相反方向偏转，从而使汽车恢复原来的行驶方向。这一套用来改变或恢复汽车行驶方向的专设机构，即称为汽车转向系统（俗称汽车转向系）。因此，汽车转向系的功用是，保证汽车能按驾驶员的意志而进行转向行驶。按转向能源的不同，转向系可分为机械转向系和动力转向系。转向系以驾驶员的体力（手）作为转向能源的转向系，叫机械转向系。兼用驾驶员体力和和发动机的动力为转向能源的转向系叫动力转向系。传统的汽车转向系统是机械转向系，汽车的转向运动是由驾驶员操纵方向盘，通过转向器和一系列的杆件传递到转向车轮而实现的。普通的转向系统建立在机械转向的基础上，通常根据机械式转向器形式可以分为：齿轮齿条式、循环球式、蜗杆滚轮式、蜗杆指销式。常用的有两种是齿轮齿条式和循环球式 (用于需要较大的转向力时 )。目前大部分低端轿车采用的就是齿轮齿条式机械转向系统。但是，随着汽车工业的快速发展，轿车的时速也也在快速提升。高速轿车转向时的阻力矩比普通汽车要大得多，单靠选用角传动比较大的转向器来提高机械转向系的传动效率，远不能满足转向轻便和行车安全的要求，机械转向系也很难兼顾操纵省力和灵敏两方面的要求。因此，动力转向系统应运而生，动力转向系的转向加力装置是以发动机输出的动力为能源来增大驾驶员操纵转向轮转向的力量，从而使操纵十分简单，同时选用传动比较小的转向器角传动比，还能满足转向灵敏的要求。动力转向系统分为液压转向系统和电动转向系统 2 种。其中液压转向系统由于工作压力高（可达 10Mp 以上），部件尺寸很小，液压系统工作时无噪声，工作滞后时间短，而且能吸收来自不平路面的冲击与振动，在实际中应用的最多，目前已在和各类各级汽车上获得广泛应用。本课题就以机械转向系为对向，介绍研究轻型车上机械式转向机构的实现方法，以及相关重要参数，总结大学期间学习的各科专业知识，如机械原理、机械设计、机械制造基础以及液压传动等，为以后工作打下实践基础。 nts2. 国内外同类设计（或同类研究）的概况综述转向器是转向系主要构成的关键零件，随着电子技术在汽车中的广泛应用，转向装置的结构也有很大变化。从目前使用的普遍程度来看，主要的转向器类型有 4 种：有蜗杆销式 (WP 型 )、蜗杆滚轮式 (WR 型 )、循环球式 (BS 型 )、齿条齿轮式 (RP 型 )。这四种转向器型式，已经被广泛使用在汽车上。据了解，在世界范围内，汽车循环球式转向器占 45左右，齿条齿轮式转向器占 40左右，蜗杆滚轮式转向器占 10左右，其它型式的转向器占 5。循环球式转向器一直在稳步发展。在西欧小客车中，齿条齿轮式转向器有很大的发展。日本汽车转向器的特点是循环球式转向器占的比重越来越大，日本装备不同类型发动机的各类型汽车，采用不同类型转向器，在公共汽车中使用的循环球式转向器，已由 60年代的 62 5，发展到现今的 100了 (蜗杆滚轮式转向器在公共汽车上已经被淘汰 )。大、小型货车大都采用循环球式转向器，但齿条齿轮式转向器也有所发展。微型货车用循环球式转向器占 65，齿条齿轮式占 35。我国的转向器生产，除早期投产的解放牌汽车用蜗杆滚轮式转向器，东风汽车用蜗杆肖式转向器之外，其它大部分车型都采用循环球式结构，并都具有一定的生产经验。目前解放、东风也都在积极发展循环球式转向器，并已在第二代换型车上普遍采用了循环球式转向器。由此看出，我国的转向器也在向大量生产循环球式转向器发展。在国外，循环球式转向器实现了专业化生产，同时以专业厂为主、大力进行试验和研究，大大提高了产品的产量和质量。在日本“精工” (NSK)公司的循环球式转向器就以成本低、质量好、产量大，逐步占领日本市场，并向全世界销售它的产品。德国 ZF 公司也作为一个大型转向器专业厂著称于世。它从 1948 年开始生产 ZF 型转向器，年产各种转向器 200 多万台。还有一些比较大的转向器生产厂，如美国德尔福公司 SAGINAW 分部；英国 BURM#0； AN 公司都是比较有名的专业厂家，都有很大的产量和销售面。专业化生产已成为一种趋势，只有走这条道路，才能使产品质量高、产量大、成本低，在市场上有竞争力。齿轮齿条式转向器和循环球式转向器，已成为当今世界汽车上主要的两种转向器；而蜗轮蜗杆式转向器和蜗杆肖式转向器，正在逐步被淘汰或保留较小的地位。在小客车上发展转向器的观点各异，美国和日本重点发展循环球式转向器，比率都已达到或超过 90；西欧则重点发展齿轮齿条式转向器，比率超过 50，法国已高达 95。由于齿轮齿条式转向器的种种优点，在小型车上的应用 (包括小客车、小型货车或客货两用车 )得到突飞猛进的发展；而大型车辆则以循环球式转向器为主要结构。循环球式转向器的优点：效率高，操纵轻便，有一条平滑的操纵力特性曲线，布置方便，特别适合大、中型车辆和动力转向系统配合使用；易于传递驾驶员操纵信号；逆效率高、回位好，与液压助力装置的动作配合得好。可以实现变速比的特性，满足了操纵轻便性的要求。中间位置转向力小、且经常使用，要求转向灵敏，因此希望中间位置附近速比小，以提高灵敏性。大角度转向位置转向阻力大，但使用次数少，因此希望大角度位置速比大一些，以减小转向力。由于循环球式转向器可实现变速比，应用正日益广泛。通过大量钢球的滚动接触来传递转向力，具有较大的强度和较好的耐磨性。并且该转向器可以被设计成具有等强度结构，这也是它应用广泛的原因之一。齿轮齿条式转向器的主要优点：结构简单、紧凑；壳体采用铝合金或镁合金压铸而成，转向器的质量比较小；传动效率高达 90%；齿轮与齿条之间因磨损出现间隙后，利用装在齿条背部、靠近主动小齿轮处的压紧力可以调节的弹簧，能nts自动消除间隙，这不仅可以提高转向系统的刚度，还可以防止工作时产生冲击和噪声；转向器占用体积小；制造成本低。基于以上调查和转向器的优点，循环球式转向器和齿轮齿条式转向器将是以后转向器的发展的趋势和潮流。从汽车制造成本和转向的要求分析，本次课程设计的是轻型载货汽车的转向系的设计由于考虑以下因素： a.转向器要提供轻便的方向控制，同时转向盘的转角范围不允许过大。这要求转向器的自由行程尽可能小，传动比适当，驾驶员主动转动转盘时的机械效率高。可能需要动力助力。 b.使地面对前轮的扰动尽可能地被传到转向盘上，同时还要让驾驶员能够感觉到路面状况的变化。这要求在前轮因受到地面干扰而试图转动转向盘时转向器的机械效率适当地低，既逆效率适当地低。 c.不能妨碍汽车完成转向后、返回直线行驶状态时的前轮自动会正，这又要求转向器的逆效率适当地高。 d.停车转向时驾驶员转动转向盘的力应该被减小到最低限度。为了使驾驶员能够比较舒服地进行停车转向，一般要求采用动力助力。停车转向时所需要的转向力一般是最大的。 e.使汽车具有良好的高速操纵稳定性。这一般要求转向器的自由行程、尽可能小，有适当的传动比和动力助力。综上所述，本次课题选取循环球式转向器 nts3. 课题设计（或研究）的内容课题研究的主演内容： 1.轻型汽车转向器的方案论证； 2.转向器的主要性能参数选择； 3.转向器各部件的设计计算； 4.转向器角传动比的变化规律 5.转向梯形的设计 6.转向器的强度校核； 7.绘制零件图及装配图解决方法： 1.查阅资料确定轻型汽车即总质量小于 3500KG的 M型和 N型汽车所使用的转向器的类型。 2.确定转向器的角传动比，转矩传动比。研究转向器的正效率和逆效率。影响转向器效率的因素有转向器类型和转向器的结构参数与效率。 3.查阅资料和学过的知识，根据选择的性能参数设计计算。 4.通过网络和查阅资料研究转向器角传动比的变化规律 5.通过学过的知识完成转向梯形的设计并进行校核。 6.研究在 EPS 和非 EPS 两种状态下转向器的受力情况，并对其进行强度校核。 7.用 CAD 绘图软件绘制所设计的零件图和装配图。 4. 设计（或研究）方法 1.查阅资料确定轻型汽车即总质量小于 3500KG的 M型和 N型汽车所使用的转向器的类型。 2.确定转向器的角传动比，转矩传动比。研究转向器的正效率和逆效率。影响转向器效率的因素有转向器类型和转向器的结构参数与效率。 3.查阅资料和学过的知识，根据选择的性能参数设计计算。 4.通过网络和查阅资料研究转向器角传动比的变化规律 5.通过学过的知识完成转向梯形的设计并进行校核。 6.研究在 EPS 和非 EPS 两种状态下转向器的受力情况，并对其进行强度校核。 7.用 CAD 绘图软件绘制所设计的零件图和装配图。 nts5. 实施计划 5 6 周调研，查阅资料，明确具体任务。 7 8 周讨论，设计总体方案。 9 10 周完成主要总装图设计。 11 12 周完成零、部件图设计，并完成机绘图。 13 14 周编写设计说明书。 15 周整理图纸及全部设计文件，最后交卷。指导教师意见指导教师签字：年月日教研室意见教研室主任签字：年月日 nts I 轻型载重货车设计 (转向系及前桥设计 ) 摘要在本次毕业设计中，是关于轻型载货汽车的前桥及转向系统的设计。本着力争性能可靠，价优，易造的设计构想，同时也主要参照拖厂的同类车型，努力去改造，去创新。转向从动桥是通过悬架和车相连，两侧安装着从动车轮，用以传递车架与车轮之间的各种力和力矩。汽车的转向系是利用转向节使车轮可以偏转一定角度以实现汽车的转向。汽车的转向系是用来改变或恢复汽车行驶方向的专设机构，在行驶中起到重要作用。主要可分为机械转向系，动力转向系和电动转向系。其中电动转向系是未来汽车转向系的发展方向。综合各种因素，本次设计采用采用转向梯形机构布置在前轴之后的整体式车桥和采用了正效率很高，操纵方便且使用寿命长的机械式循环球式转向器。本次设计包括对转向从动桥结构形式的选择，主要是计算前轴、转向节、主销、主销上下轴承、转向节推力轴承或止推垫片等在制动和侧滑两种工况下的应力校核。还包括转向器的结构选择及其设计计算并对转向梯形进行优化设计。设计中水平有限，但希望能设计出一辆经济实用的轻型载货汽车。关键词：运输车，前桥，主销，转向轴 nts II THE DESIGNS OF THE STEERING SYSTEM AND FRONT AXLE IN OWN UNLOAD AGRICULTURE TRUCK TO TRANSPORT OF KD1080 ABSTRACT In this graduated designs, my assignment is the light trucks front axle and steering system. I shall try my best to design my assignment,I want the light trucks capacity is secure and the price is low. It is also easy to make,at the same time,I refer to the light truck which made in YT factory.I want to improve and innovate it. Steering front axle connects the frame by suspension.Driven wheel are installed at the sides of the fore axle,which transmits kinds of forces and torques into the wheels. The steering knuckle link to the front axle causes the front wheels to turn to the right or left .The steering system enables the driver to guide the automobile or wheeled tractor down the road and turn ringht or left.It is very important for the truck.there are mannnual steering,power steering and electric power steering.The electric power steering system will be the direction in the future. In view of all the factors,I adopt the ladder-shaped organization assigns after the front axle and very efficient that can be handled easily and had long performance life steering box of the circulation ball type. The design includes selection of the structure of the fore axle but most calculate the streys inspection under the break and the second slide of front axle ,steering knuckle inserts, king pin and ball bearing, thrust bearing and stop last spacer. Still include choosing and designing aslo calculating and carrying on optimization design ladder-shapedly of steering. The level is limited in the design, but I hope to design a economical and practical agricultural light truck. KEY WORDS: transporter, the front axle, king pin, steering shaft nts III 主要符号表量的名称量的符号单位汽车前轴静载荷 G1N 汽车质心高度 hg mm 转向阻力矩 Mr N.mm 接触应力 MPa 前轮承受的制动力 pN 前轮承受的垂直力 Z1 N 垂向弯矩 M N.mm 水平弯矩 MhN.mm 车轮所受的重力 gwN 前轮轮距 B mm 两钢板弹簧座中心距 S mm 转矩 T N.mm 轮胎的滚动半径 rrmm 地面垂向反力 Z N 地面侧向反力 Y N 力偶矩 Q N.mm 轴承的轴向载荷 FaN 轴承静承载容量 Cr0KN 轴承当量静载荷 P0KN 转向轴输入功率 p1Kw 转向器中的摩擦功率 p2Kw 效率导程角 0rad 附着系数 nts 车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 1 外文资料及翻译 Steering system (1)To change the control mechanism basically mainly by the steering wheel, the steering axle, the steering tube column and so on to be composed. (2) Diverter becomes steering wheels rotation steering arms swinging or the rack axis straight reciprocating motion, and to changes the control force to carry on the enlargement the organization. The diverter fixes generally on the automobile frame or the automobile body, changes the control force after the diverter generally will also change the transmission direction. (3) Steering transmission system the strength which and the movement outputs the diverter passes to the wheel (knuckle), about and causes the wheel to carry on the deflection according to certain relations the organization. Type Crooked to energy difference, the steering system may divide into the machinery steering system and the power steering system two broad headings crooked. Mechanical steering system: And changes the transmission system by the diverter to be composed. Diverter: By the steering wheel, the steering wheel steering axle, changes meshing to pay (diverter) to be composed. Steering transmission system: By drop arm (drop arm), drag link, drag link arm, about trapezoidal arm, steering knuckle tie rod, if a dry bulb joint composes. Power steering system: Changes the augmenter constitution by mechanical steering system Canada. 1.Mechanical steering system The mechanical steering system changes the energy by pilots physical strength achievement, all power transmission are the machinery. The mechanical steering system by changes the control mechanism, the diverter and changes the transmission system three major part to be composed. (1) steering control mechanism Changes the control mechanism by the steering wheel, the steering axle, the steering tube column and so on to be composed, its function is rotates the pilot steering wheels control force to pass to the divertor. (2) Divertor The diverter (also often is called steering unit) is completes from the rotary motion to the translation (or approximate straightline motion) a group of gear mechanism, simultaneously is also in the steering system speed reducer drive. At present the commonly used toothed wheel rack type, follows round the world the crank to refer to sells the type, the worm bearing adjuster crank to refer to sells the type, to follow round the world - the tooth rack tooth fan type, the worm bearing adjuster hoop type and so on. We mainly introduce the first several kinds. nts 车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 2 1) Gear rack type divertor The gear rack type diverter divides the both sides output type and among (or single end) the output type two kinds .The both sides outputs gear rack type diverter, changes the gear shaft as the transmission vice-host moving parts and installs through the bearing in the diverter shell, its upper extreme through spline and universal joint sliding yoke and steering axle connection. With the steering gear meshing steering rack level arrangement, the both sides with change the steering knuckle tie rod through a ball place to be connected. The spring presses through the briquetting the rack depending in the gear, guarantees ceaseless meshing. Springs pretightening up force available adjustment thread plug adjustment. When rotates the steering wheel, the diverter gear-driven, causes with it meshing rack along the end motion, thus about causes the steering knuckle tie rod to lead about the knuckle to rotate, causes to change the wheel deflection, thus realizes motor turning. Middle output gear rack type diverter, its structure and principle of work and both sides output gear rack type diverter basic same, the difference lies in it to change the steering knuckle tie rod in steering racks middle with the bolt with about to be connected. On single-ended outputs gear rack type diverter, a racks end with changes the steering knuckle tie rod through the inside and outside bracket to be connected. 2) Follows round the world-like the divertor Follows round the world-like the diverter is one of present domestic and foreign application most widespread structure patterns, generally has two-stage drive, the first level is screw rod nut transmission, the second level is tooth rack tooth fan transmission. In order to reduce between the steering screw steering nuts friction, the twos thread immediate contact, during is loaded with many steel balls, realizes the rolling friction. On the steering screw and the nut processes the profiled outline is two section or three section of not concentric circular arc composition approximate semicircle spiral groove. The twos spiral groove can coordinate to form the approximate circular cross section the spiral tubular channel. The nut side has two pair of through holes, may henceforth the vent plug enter the steel ball in the helix channel. Outside the steering nut has two steel ball drive pipes, each drive pipes both sides insert the nut side separately in a pair of through hole. In the drive pipe has also packed the steel ball. Thus, in two drive pipes and nuts spiral tubular channels combine two respectively independent seals the steel ball the flow channel . When the steering screw rotates, passes to the steering nut through the steel ball the strength, the nut namely along the end motion. At the same time, friction couple function between the screw rod and the nut and under the steel ball, all steel balls then rolls in the spiral tubular channel, formation ball class . When the diverter works, two rows steel balls are only in the respective seal flow channel internal recycling, will leave. 3) The worm bearing adjuster crank refers to sells the type diverter The worm bearing adjuster crank refers to sells the type diverters transmissionvice-(by the steering worm primarily moving parts, it is installs from the nts 车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 3 moving parts in the rocker arm shaft crank nose refers to sells. When the steering worm rotates, refers to with it meshing sells namely circles the rocker arm shaft spool thread along the circular, and leads the rocker arm shaft rotation. (3) Steering transmission system Steering transmission system the function is the strength which and the movement outputs the diverter passes to the steering axle both sides the knuckle, causes the both sides wheering wheel deflection, and causes two wheering wheel deflection angles according to certain relational change, guarantees when motor turning the wheel and the ground relative sliding is as far as possible small. 1) Uses for parts with the non-independent suspension fork changes the transmission system mainly to include the steering arm, to change the drag link, the steering, and the steering trapezium. In the front axle is only in the steering axle situation, by changes the steering trapezium general arrangement which the steering knuckle tie rod and the left and right trapezoidal arm are composed after the front axle, when the wheering wheel is in with the automobile straight line travel corresponding neutral point, trapezoidal arm and steering knuckle tie rod in and path parallel plane (horizontal plane) in angle of intersection 90.In the engine position is low or in the steering axle concurrently sufficient driving axles situation, to avoid the movement interference, often steering trapezium arrangement before the front axle, this time above angle of intersection 90, if the steering arm is not around swings in the automobile fore-and-aft plane, but is shaking right toward left with the path parallel plane, then may change the drag link horizontal, and sells taking advantage of ball leads directly changes the steering knuckle tie rod, thus pushes somebody into doing something the both sides trapezoidal arm rotation. 2) Uses for parts with the independent suspension fork changes the transmission systemWhen wheering wheel independent suspension, each wheering wheel needs to be opposite in the frame makes the independence movement, thus the steering axle must be the separation type. With this corresponding, changes in the transmission system the steering trapezium also to be the separation type. , As shown in Figure 9 b. If Pitman is not in the vehicle longitudinal plane backwards and forwards, but is in the plane parallel to the road to shake, you can bring the steering linkage 3 exhaust, and ball head pin directly driven steering tie rod 6, thus pushing the sides of a trapezoid arm. 2) and independent suspension with the steering linkage when steering wheel independent suspension, each steering wheel needs relative to the frame for independence movement, thereby steering bridge must be disconnected. And accordingly, steering linkage of steering or must be disconnected. The role of steering lever is passed from the Pitman force and motion to steering arm (or steering). It force existing tension and pressure, so direct lever is is the use of high-quality special steel manufacturing, in order to ensure nts 车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 4 reliable operation. Linkage of typical structure as shown in Figure 11. In the steering wheel to deflect or elastic deformation due to the suspension and relative to the frame beats, steering lever and Pitman and steering relative movements are spatial movement, in order not to occur, the interference of the three connections takes the ball PIN. 4) Steering damper as speed increases, the modern automobile steering wheel sometimes generate shimmy (steering wheel around the kingpin axis reciprocating swing, even whole body vibration), which not only affect vehicle stability, but also affected comfort, aggravate the nose wheel wear and tear. In the steering linkage in setting steering damper is to overcome the steering wheel shimmy of effective measures. Steering damper side of the body (or front axle) articulated, the other end and steering lever (or articulated steering). Use mechanical steering can implement steering, when steering axle load larger that the pilots manual as steering energy is difficult to turn smoothly. Power steering system is in mechanical steering system on the basis of a set of steering device. Steering device reduces driver operated steering wheel. Steering energy from the drivers physical strength and motor (or motors), engine (or motors) accounted for the major part, through the steering device. Normally, pilots can easily control the steering. But in the steering device failure, I went back to mechanical steering system state, in general but also by the drivers steering tasks independently. (1) hydraulic power steering systems-which belongs to the steering device part is: steering pump 7, steering tubing 8, steering, and is located in the integral oil tank 6 EPS 4 internal steering control valve and steering power cylinder 5, etc. When the pilot turned the steering wheel 1 by mechanical steering makes steering tie rod 9 mobile, and driven steering, the steering wheel deflection, thus changing the car driving direction. At the same time, the steering shaft also driven steering internal rotation of the steering control valve, the hydraulic steering power cylinder produces helps the drivers steering forces. Because of the role of the steering device, the driver simply than mechanical steering system is much smaller, steering torque of the steering wheel deflection. Advantages and disadvantages: high energy consumption, especially when slow turning, think the comparison engine driving direction also relatively easy. And because the hydraulic pump pressure, is also easier to damage to the power system. nts 车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 5 (2) electric power steering system, referred to as EPS or EPS (electric, Electronic Power Steering system) in mechanical steering mechanism, increase signal sensor, electronic control unit and the Steering Body. EPS is the use of electric motor as a power source, depending on the speed of help and steering parameters, and other factors, by the electronic control unit to complete the power-assisted control, its principles can be summarized as follows: when handling and steering wheel, mounted on the steering wheel shaft torque sensor constantly measured steering shaft torque signal, the signal and the vehicle speed signal input to the electronic control unit. The electronic control unit according to the input signal, determine power torque in magnitude and direction, which is the selected motor currents and rotation direction, adjusting the size of the auxiliary power steering. Motor torque by electromagnetic clutch by gear reducer by moments later, the cars steering mechanism, to achieve a vehicle condition of steering forces. For example, Foxs EHPAS e hydraulic system from a computer according to engine speed and vehicle speed and steering angle and other signal, drive e pump to deliver power steering system. Power feel very natural. So many people on Fox in the direction of the feeling is quite good, feeling of steering control can be as long as you want. Some vehicles also claims the use of electronic power, but just motor po wer, no hydraulic aided, prone to noise. Power effects are far behind Fox this type of electronic power. nts 车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 6 转向

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