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关键词：: 橡胶履带牵引车辆高速行走机构设计汽车课程毕业设计橡胶履带牵引车辆高速行走机构设计

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橡胶履带牵引车辆高速行走机构设计

橡胶履带牵引车辆高速行走机构设计【优秀汽车车辆全套课程毕业设计含2张CAD图纸】

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橡胶履带牵引车辆高速行走机构设计.doc

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橡胶履带牵引车辆高速行走机构设计

前言

拖拉机是用于牵引和驱动各种配套机具，完成农业田间作业、各种土石方工程作业、运输作业和固定作业等的动力机械

经过100多年的演变，拖拉机已成为一种世界的动力机械，并已由原始的牲畜动力替代者发展成为现代的多种用途机械装备：许多新结构、新科技的采用，大大扩展了现代拖拉机得到功用和效率。

拖拉机产品的发展历程已经表明，它在国民经济发展中有着重要的作用。并已在农业、林业、工程建设、交通运输中广泛使用。用拖拉机及其配套机具装备农业是进行农业技术改造的重要手段，也是实现农业现代化的重要保证。拖拉机作为自走式动力机械，可以带动各种农机具完成田间耕作和固定作业，也可以带挂车完成道路与田间运输作业。它已经成为广大农村发展农业生产、农村商品流通和提高劳动生产率必不可少的生产工具。

以工程作业为主的履带式拖拉机，可配带推土铲、松土器、铲运机、平地机等作业机具完成国民经济各种建设项目中的土石方施工作业，它们也有农业变型产品，在恶劣、繁重的田间作业条件下更能发挥其独特的作用。以农业用为主的履带拖拉机，除可完成各种农田作业外，亦可发展工程用变型，如带推土铲、铲运机等作业机具，完成以土方作业为主的工程作业，在农田水利建设和土方为主的工程建设中发挥重要作用。轮式和手扶拖拉机的工程变型也在发展中，并在农业工程、水利施工、机场港口作业、道路建设等方面发挥作用。

总之，世界各国都把拖拉机作为农业机械化和工程建设的重要装备，拖拉机的年产量和拥有量早已成为一个国家农业机械化水平和工程建设水平的重要标志之一。

本次设计有十名同学参与，由张文春老师和曹青梅老师指导，并参阅了大量的文献，资料。在此一并谢过。

鉴于本人水平有限，书中难免有疏漏谬误之处，望读者批评，指正。

中文摘要.......................................................................3

英文摘要 ......................................................................4

第一章橡胶履带行走系的总体设计

§1.1 橡胶履带行走系类型的选择5

§ 1.2 平衡台车行走系的总体设计6

第二章橡胶履带

§2.1 橡胶履带的设计计算8

第三章驱动轮

§3.1 驱动轮的选择10

§3.2驱动轮的设计计算11

第四章支重轮

§4.1 支重轮的选择12

§4.2 支重轮的设计计算13

第五章托轮

§5.1 托轮的选择14

第六章张紧轮和缓冲装置

§6.1张紧轮和缓冲装置的选择15

§6.2 张紧轮和缓冲装置的设计计算16

第7章结论 …………………………………………………………………………………17

参考文献 …………………………………………………………………………………18

附录 ………………………………………………………………………19

致　　谢 ………………………………………………………………………20

摘要

　拖拉机行业发展至今，新产品层出不穷，然而要想设计一类成功的机型也不是运用新技术越多越好，而要考虑自身的生产能力，同类机型的参数，市场的饱和程度等等多方面的因素。而如何在众多的技术中合理的选择搭配，形成一款符合市场需求的机型不是十分容易的事情。

经过我们小组的调查，讨论最终认为设计履带拖拉机最为合适。而我有幸成为本次设计任务的关键部位—履带拖拉机的行走机构。我的首要任务是确定行走机构的各个组成部分的主要参数（包括集合参数和性能参数等）其次，要协调各零部件的外行尺寸，运动空间及相关的联系尺寸，参数等，确保在满足各项性能的前提下达到优化配置。因此，我本次设计过程中所确定的基本的设计方法就是协调配合

　　履带拖拉机行走机构（即履带拖拉机行走系）由履带行走装置和悬架组成。履带行走装置包括履带、驱动轮、支重轮、托轮、张紧轮和张紧装置组成。悬架包括连接拖拉机机架和支重轮的全部构件。

履带行走装置的设计要求主要是保证拖拉机附着性能，降低接地压力，减小滚动阻力，提高零件寿命。悬架设计要求主要是保证拖拉机的行驶平顺性和稳定性。

关键词：拖拉机，行走机构，设计，橡胶履带。

The rubber crawling traction vehicles high speed walk the organization design

Abstract

The tractor profession development until now, the new product emerges one after another incessantly, however must want to design a kind of successful type utilizes the new technology more the better, but must consider own productivity, similar type parameter, market saturated degree and so on various factor. How but the reasonable choice matches in the multitudinous technology, forms section to conform to the market demand type is not the extremely easy matter.

After our group's investigation, the discussion finally thought the design caterpillar tractor is most appropriate. But I become this design duty the essential spot —caterpillar tractor to walk fortunately the organization. My most important task is the determination walks the organization each constituent main parameter (including lumped parameters and performance parameter and so on) next, must coordinate various spare parts the unprofessional size, the movement space and the correlation relation size, the parameter and so on, guarantees is satisfying each performance the premise to issue to the optimized disposition. Therefore, in my this design process determined the basic design method is the sychromesh.

The caterpillar tractor walks the organization (namely caterpillar tractor to walk is) walks the installment by the caterpillar band and the suspension fork is composed. The caterpillar band walks the installment including the caterpillar band, the driving gear, a heavy wheel, holds the wheel, the stretching pulley and the stretching device group: Suspension fork including connection tractor rack and heavy wheel complete component.

The caterpillar band walks the installment design request mainly is guaranteed the tractor adheres to stick cohere the performance, reduces the earth pressure, reduces the rolling resistance, enhances the components life. The suspension fork design request mainly is guarantees the tractor the smooth running and the stability.

Key word: The tractor, Walks the organization, The design，Rubber caterpillar band.

第一章橡胶履带行走系的总体设计

§1.1 橡胶履带行走系类型的选择

履带拖拉机行走系可按台车架的不同型式（即支重轮之间彼此之间不同的接地方式）分为二大类：整体台车行走系和非整体台车

（1）整体台车行走系每侧的支重轮、托轮、张紧轮及缓冲装置都安装在一个整体台车架上。每侧的各支重轮轮轴心线的相对位置固定不变，各支重轮之间的距离较小，因而在平坦松软地面上的接地压力比较均匀，附着性能较好，适用于牵引和推土作业。整体台车架结构坚固，便于安装各种作业机具，是美国、日本和欧洲等国佛年工业用活农业用履带拖拉机行走系的主要型式。中国，俄国等国家重要在工业履带拖拉机及从事开荒和粘重土壤作业的大型农业用履带拖拉机上采用。这种行走系由于长度方向尺寸较短，重心较低，所以稳定性好，也可用于小型履带拖拉机。但整体台车行走系质量较大，约占整个拖拉机质量的40%-50%，因此成本较高，同时行驶平顺性较差，限制了工作速度的提高。即采用弹性悬架，其最高速度通常也不超过12Km/h。整体台车行走系行驶性较差的原因，一方面是台车架上部件多，质量大，在悬架缓冲系统中属于非弹簧支承重量，恶化了系统的缓冲频率特性；另一方面是整体台车行走系每侧的支重轮相对位置相对固定，使履带对地方的包络效应加大了机体的振动。

参考文献

1.刘洪林，拖拉机设计手册。北京：机械工业出版社，1994年

2.机械工程手册，第十二卷。北京：机械工业出版社，1982年

3.拖拉机设计和计算。上海：上海科学技术文献出版社，1982年

4.程悦荪主编，拖拉机设计。北京：中国农业机械出版社，1981年

5.孙长贵主编，橡胶履带。洛阳：中国一拖第一装配厂，2000年

6.拖拉机底盘结构设计图册。北京：机械工业出版社，1974年

7.纪名刚等主编，机械设计。北京：高等教育出版社，2001年

8.王宝玺主编，汽车拖拉机制造工艺学。吉林:机械工业出版社，2005年

9.王昆等主编，机械设计课程设计。北京，高等教育出版社，1995年

10.农业机械学报。北京：中国农业机械学会 1997年。

11.孙恒等主编，机械原理。西安：高等教育出版社。

12.吴宗泽主编，机械设计使用手册。北京：化学工业出版社，1998年

13.甘永立主编，几何量公差与检测。上海：上海科学技术出版社，2001年

14.Introductory bulletin Challenger 65。Caterpilar Incorporation,1987

15.新版机械设计编览，丸善株式会社，1973年。

托轮.gif

内容简介：: Small size tractor tractor First, slightly tows the industrial present situation and the development tendency 1ST 、 industrial conditions analysis and forecast The small tractor including 18.4Kw (25hp) the below small size tractor tractor and the walking tractor, the walking tractor mainly uses in the paddy field job, the arid land universal use small size tractor tractor, this article only conducts the research to the small size tractor tractor. According to in the expert and the profession the person concerned analyzes, our country joins WTO not to be able to have the too tremendous influence to the center four turns of tractors professions, moreover in the long run, favourable factor quite a lot. First, the exportation treatment and the foreign trade conditions greatly for have a new look; Second, is advantageous to extracting the more information paper; Third, is advantageous to stimulating the production technology the improvement and the product quality enhancement; Fourth, is advantageous to the market mechanism further consummation. (1) the next tractor development also will have many favourable factors. The country continues to strengthen the agricultural foundation status, further adds to agricultural and the countryside investment, guarantees the countryside and the agricultural economy development; The country continues to devote to the adjustment agriculture industrial structure, the development characteristic economy, speeds up the traditional agriculture to the modernized agriculture transformation; The government enlarges to the farmland foundation water conservancy facilities transformation, the improvement agricultural production condition. The small size tractor tractor is suits the current countryside purchasing power the main agricultural means of production, also is most suits the current countryside family payment proportional to production contract management system to adapt the current countryside management scale farm machinery. Grows the relative slower influence our country agriculture, the countryside purchasing power extremely is still restricted, adds the farmer to bear in recent years stays at a high level, general farmers although also urgent need large and middle scale tractors, but hopes not to be possible and, only changes for the better purchases the inexpensive small tractor. Simultaneously the small size tractor tractor technology content is not high, has the broad serviceability in the our country general countrysides, conforms to our country general farmers use level. (2) the small size tractor tractor development also faces many questions. (1) This profession ntsenters the barrier to be very low, the enterprise passes in and out the relative freedom. An our country small size tractor tractor several dozens years old face, so-called technical change, also only is the superficial cover and some spare parts changes, its basic principle, configuration certainly not big change, because does not have the high-tech content the limit, greatly reduced entered the profession the difficulty. After several dozens years development, the external cooperation necessary profession has hastened maturely, moreover distributes extremely widely, caused newly to enter the small size tractor tractor profession the enterprise to reduce the extra worries. (2) The small size tractor tractor profession several dozens years development, causes own external cooperation necessary system enormous consummation. The supplier has been through repeatedly many years to discipline has been mature, in the raw material, the spare part and the supply of equipment adoptsm the many kinds of strategies to the host computer factory, originally the relatively main factory passive aspect gradually transforms. (3) The agriculture industrial structure adjustment has restricted the small size tractor tractor development. On the one hand the coastal developed zone scales down the grain sown area, the expansion industrial crop and the development extroversion agriculture; On the other hand the western area implementation takes back from agriculture also the forest, takes back from agriculture also the lake, takes back from agriculture also grasss three to draw back three also work, along with the agriculture industrial structure adjustment to the depth development, says from some kind of angle, this restricted has slightly towed the market the development. (4) Since 1995, the small tractor continuously in the top digit run, the successive years price war has caused the most enterprises all deeply its evil, down to lacks the following development strength, seriously limits the enterprise to develop the new product, to develop the market the ability. (5) The small size tractor profession marketing channel generally all is depends upon each place, the city county farm machinery company, but from looked in recent years, these farm machinery companies generally manage bad, changes the system, the bankruptcy sometimes occurred, is behind in payment phenomenon common occurence and so on factory loans, the channel is not unobstructed and the risk greatly has also affected the small size tractor tractor profession development. (6) The small size tractor tractor both may use in to transport, and may use in the farmland job. Along with the agriculture with transport vehicle starting, the small size tractor tractor has been basically fixed in the farmland job, the market space further withers. 2nd, industrial scale analysis and forecast (1) production and marketing quantity analysis. Is best from the output in 1999 to look that, the Shijiazhuang day with, the Shandong Wei River tows, Hsinhsiang as soon as tows, China as soon as ntstows and so on 4 enterprises to surpass 100,000, Shandong macro strength 94,000, Liaocheng Dongchnag 86,600, country peaceful main plant 60,000, Kaifeng tractor plant nearly 60,000, the Kaifeng machine shop and the Taian special cart yard surpasses 40,000. These 10 output surpass 40,000 enterprises to produce small size tractor 872,700, with compared to grows 21.4%, accounts for the small size tractor production total quantity the proportion 76.2% to enhance from 1998 to 1999 81.5%, the market in the emulation intense situation, concentration enhanced the nearly 4 percentage points. In 1999 slightly towed the market demand with 1,997, in 1998 basically is impartial, certainly not the remarkable growth, in then situation, the very many production enterprise for the implementation program production task, massively used sells goods for the state or the direct sale (sells goods for the state in disguised form), created the massive market conditions stock and the receivable account funds. (2) 2001 annual productions sales volumes analysis. In 2001 national small size tractor tractor profession first 10 production and marketing situation like table 1 shows. In 2001 the timely breeze group attempt involves slightly tows the profession, is catching up with slightly tows the market demand to transfer prosperously, specially the northeast market, the timely breeze relies on its superiority, leads the way with the low end, quickly seizes the market. In 2001 drops under 15% premise in the total productivity same ratio, the first 10 enterprises productivity accounted for 83.9%, the production concentration degree has compared in 1999 further to enhance 2.4 percentage points. This on the one hand is because the market situation turns for the better, some state-owned enterprise just right weight stocks, but on the other hand the timely breeze low price causes some enterprises to organize to produce the difficulty. The quantity productivity produces the ability (according to 2001 the data) (3) next several year tradition state-owned slightly will tow the enterprise because faced with will change the system and reorganizes,therefore it The productivity will receive the restriction, is unable normally to display; But the emerging enterprise regards the market shift situation to resolve whether adds producing energy. Therefore, future several years every year regular production ability will achieve about 1.8 million. From the market demand analysis, slightly tows the market is the mature market, the small tractor has the broader market foundation, the macroscopic conditions hastens, next several year small tractor total quantity still will be able in the top digit run. (4) the small size tractor main market by Henan, Shandong, Hebei Province primarily, next is northeast, northwest zone. Starts from 2000, places market sales volume such as Shandong, Henan, ntsHebei has the drop, places sales volume rise such as northeast, Xinjiang is quicker. 3rd, industrial structure analysis and forecast Looking from the product that, the small size tractor power always is upwardly extends. By 8.82kW small size tractor which as soon as starts primarily, transits 11.03kW, also gradually transits to 12.5, 13.2kW (17, 18hp) is the mainstream. Many enterprises have also developed the 14.7kW type in this foundation, some enterprises have even released 16.2, the 17.6kW small size tractor. At present in the market the small size tractor by 13.2, the 14.7kW primarily,13.2kW above product occupied 50% market share, also the power still possible upwardly to extend. The small size tractor still by the adhesive tape transmission primarily, the price influence, the straight association -like tractor possibly can drop in short period production and marketing. Looking from the use that, the small size tractor tractor gradually exits transports the market, mainly uses in the farmland job. The small size tractor tractor tradition market mainly concentrates in Henan, Hebei, Shandong after, near two year northeast, northwest state-owned farm change the system, the market quite will be active. Second, slightly tows the industrial emulation situation analysis (1) product emulation analysis. The small size tractor tractor has the technical content to be low, the technical mature characteristic, the type primarily has developed from 8.82 11.03kW to the present by 13.2 14.7kW primarily, the engine also primarily develops from the single-cylinder machine to the present by the multi- cylinders computer primarily. The product improvement mainly improves the manufacture quality, the improvement outward appearance primarily, in the performance enhances the margin of power, the improvement harnesses while the condition primarily. Because the structure limits, the small size tractor tractor fundamentals improvement contingency is not big, therefore, various factories product development direction all will be in the existing product foundation, makes the local improvement and the consummation, and unceasingly strengthens with the agricultural machines and tools necessary research work. Along with domestic market emulation intensifying, has the strength the enterprise to increase the exportation dynamics. (2) price emulation. Our country small size tractor tractor at present is the buyer market, the price emulation is wins over the user one fundamental mode, but because the profession overall benefit is not good, the majority enterprise is at the meager profit or the loss state, therefore further drops the space is restricted, the present price already is 10 year ago 60%. 2001 price basic is stable, the numerous factories had realized to simplex depends on reduces prices to carry on the promotion the ntshazardous nature, unceasingly adopts improves synthesis emulation method and so on product quality and improvement performance. Diligently will reduce the cost will be various factories realistic goal, the necessary factory acceptor computer factory will reduce the purchase cost and is behind in payment the loans dual pressure, some fell into the difficult position. (3) Channel emulation analysis. Because ferry tows the sales volume in a big way, the sale on commission condition requirement is not high, therefore, the sales network is developed, has sold by the past by the state-owned farm machinery company primarily, develops the present state-owned, the private sales mesh point coexists; The sale on commission and the direct sale coexist in the sales mode, the brand monopolizes the proportion is enlarging. Emulate concentrates with emphasis in the important market important dealer, wins the factory will hold grasps the initiative. The sales characteristic is the meager profit but high turnover, the dealer depends on the mass and speeds up the turnover of capital to make a profit. The dealer is willing with the name brand factory cooperation which is welcome the user. (4) promotion emulation analysis. Mainly is by reduces prices to promote sales, the personnel promotes sales, the presenting as a gift promotion primarily, some diesel engines factory adopts according to the sale (forms a complete set its production diesel engine) the quantity to give the certain reward the means to carry on the promotion. (5) public relations emulation analysis. The emulation key point lies in strives for all levels of governments the helping the poor project, establishes the good relations with the local traffic control section, strives for in aspect the and so on transportation policy support. The brand image good, produces the sales volume to be big, the prestige good factory in holds the obvious superiority with in the necessary factory cooperation. (6) service emulation analysis. Various factories service network quite is all perfect, serves in the fitting supply also not to have too many questions. Because the product technology mature, the technical content is lower, therefore general breakdown user can repair, the entire service emulation dynamics is not big. (7) future will emulate the pattern analysis. As mature product and mature market, market potential still huge, the year demand total quantity has been relatively stable,the productivity had too much resolved the market competition intensity unceasingly is enlarging, the entire profession profit level reduces year by year, now basically is at suffers no loss of capital the state. Produces the factory multitudinously, the zone is dispersible, some pivotal state-owned enterprises can not but seek its way ntsin addition.Because the profession enters the threshold to be low, therefore unceasingly has the new enterprise to enter, simultaneously because the competitive ability drops or has its way in addition, does not grasp the initiative.The sales characteristic is the meager profit but high turnover, the dealer depends on the mass and speeds up the turnover of capital to make a profit. The dealer is willing with the name brand factory cooperation which is welcome the user. nts 小四轮拖拉机一、小拖产业现状与发展趋势 1、产业环境分析与预测小型拖拉机包括 18.4Kw(25hp) 以下的小四轮拖拉机和手扶拖拉机 , 手扶拖拉机主要用于水田作业 , 旱地普遍使用小四轮拖拉机 , 本文仅对小四轮拖拉机进行研究。据专家及行业内有关人士分析 , 我国加入 WTO 对中四轮拖拉机行业不会有太大的影响 , 而且从长远看 , 有利因素颇多。第一，出口待遇和外贸环境大为改观；第二，有利于获取更多的信息资料；第三，有利于刺激生产技术的改进和产品质量的提高；第四，有利于市场机制的进一步完善。（ 1 ）今后拖拉机的发展还有许多有利因素。国家继续加强农业基础地位，进一步增加对农业和农村的投入，确保农村和农业经济发展；国家继续致力于调整农业产业结构，发展特色经济，加快传统农业向现代化农业的转变；政府加大对农田基础水利设施的改造，改善农业生产条件。小四轮拖拉机是适合当前农村购买力的主要农业生产资料，也是最适合当前农村家庭联产承包经营体制适应当前农村经营规模的农业机械。受我国农业增长相对较慢的影响，农村购买力仍十分有限，加之近几年农民负担居高不下，广大农民虽然也迫切需要大中型拖拉机，但可望不可及，只好转而购买廉价的小型拖拉机。同时小四轮拖拉机技术含量不高，在我国广大农村有着广泛的适用性，符合我国广大农民的使用水平。（ 2 ）小四轮拖拉机发展也面临不少问题。该行业进入壁垒很低，企业进出相对自由。我国的小四轮拖拉机几十年一张老面孔，所谓的技术改进，也只是表面覆盖件及一些零部件的变化，其基本原理、构造并没有多大的变化，因为没有高技术含量的限制，大大降低了进入行业的难度。经过几十年的发展，外协配套行业已趋成熟，而且分布十分广泛，使得新进入小四轮拖拉机行业的企业减少了后顾之忧。小四轮拖拉机行业几十年的发展，使自身外协配套体系极大完善。供应商历经多年的磨练已成熟起来，在原材料、零部件及设备供应上对主机厂家采取多种策略，原先相对主要厂家的被动局面逐渐转变。农业产业结构调整制约了小四轮拖拉机的发展。一方面沿海发达地区调减粮食种植面积，扩大经济作物和发展外向型农业；另一方面西部地区实行退耕还林、退耕还湖、退耕还草的 “ 三退三还 ” 工作，随着农业nts产业结构调整向纵深发展，从某种角度上来讲，这制约了小拖市场的发展。自 1995 年以来，小型拖拉机一直在高位运行，连年的价格大战使多数企业都深受其害，以至缺乏后续发展实力，严重地限制了企业开发新产品、开拓市场的能力。小四轮行业的销售渠道一般都是依靠各地、市县的农机公司，但从近几年看，这些农机公司普遍经营不善，改制、破产时有发生，拖欠厂家货款等现象屡见不鲜，渠道的不通畅和危险性也大大影响了小四轮拖拉机行业的发展。小四轮拖拉机既可用于运输，又可用于农田作业。随着农用运输车的兴起，小四轮拖拉机已基本被固定在农田作业上，市场空间进一步萎缩。 2、产业规模分析与预测（ 1 ）产销量分析。从产量最好的 1999 年看，石家庄天同、山东潍拖、新乡一拖、中国一拖等 4 个企业均超过 10 万台，山东宏力 9.4 万台 , 聊城东昌 8.66 万台 , 国泰总厂 6 万台 , 开封拖拉机厂近 6 万台 , 开封机械厂和泰安特种车厂超过 4 万台。这 10 个产量超过 4 万台的企业生产小四轮87.27万台 , 同比增长 21.4%, 占小四轮生产总量的比例由 1998 年的76.2% 提高到 1999 年的 81.5%, 市场在竞争激烈的情况下 , 集中度提高近 4 个百分点。 1999 年小拖市场需求与 1997 、 1998 年基本持平，并没有显著增长，在当时的情况下，很多生产企业为完成计划生产任务，大量采用代销或者直销（变相代销），造成大量的市面库存和应收账款。（ 2 ） 2001年产销量分析。 2001 年全国小四轮拖拉机行业前 10 名产销情况如表 1 所示。 2001 年时风集团尝试性地介入小拖行业，正赶上小拖市场需求转旺，特别是东北市场，时风凭借其优势，用低价位开路，以迅雷不及掩耳之势抢占市场。 2001 年在总生产量同

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