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重型自卸车底盘设计【优秀含7张CAD图纸+汽车车辆全套毕业设计】

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关键词：: 重型卸车底盘设计优秀优良 cad 图纸汽车车辆全套毕业设计

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!【详情如下】【汽车车辆工程类课题】CAD图纸+word设计说明书.doc[15000字，43页]【需要咨询购买全套设计请加QQ97666224】.bat

制动系统总成1.dwg

底盘主视图.dwg

底盘俯视图.dwg

底盘俯视图1.dwg

底盘总成俯视图.dwg

自卸车底盘总成正视图.dwg

草图 (1).dwg

草图 (2).dwg

草图 (3).dwg

货箱( 举升视图).dwg

参数

设计说明书.doc[15000字，43页]

摘要

此次设计的非公路自卸车适应于多种特定用途，是土方运输和各种露天矿剥岩、沙土运输的经济、高效、低耗的运输设备。该车具有为适应重载工况而特殊设计的悬挂系统、加强型宽体驱动桥、14.00-20型宽大工程轮胎，使该车具有超强承载能力，同时提供了超强的附着能力，保证了车辆的制动稳定性和良好的通过性，采用了大速比工程驱动桥，其输出转矩比同功率公路车大30%以上，爬坡能力强劲，重载起步顺畅。

本说明书主要是对KD3400整车总体布置做了一个详细的说明，其中包括整车主要尺寸（长*宽*高），前后轴距，轮距，轴荷分配的选择和计算以及各总成（发动机，传动系）的主要参数的选择。

特别对整车的动力性和经济性做了比较全面而细致的分析和计算，对动力性分析时，分别作出了驱动力—行驶阻力平衡图，动力特性图，功率平衡图。求出汽车的最大速度，另外也对汽车在不同的路面上行驶时，分别计算出了其最大爬坡度，并根据加速度倒数曲线求出汽车的加速时间，估算了该车的加速性能。在计算汽车的经济性时，根据发动机万有特性曲线，作出了9挡时的燃油消耗曲线，同时计算得整车的百公里燃油消耗量。通过计算结果显示，此汽车在动力性和经济性方面满足了设计任务书的要求。

另外本文也对汽车的稳定性和最小转弯半径做了计算和分析，并根据经验估算出了空载和满载时汽车的质心位置以及轴荷分配。

关键词：承载能力，附着能力，制动稳定性，通过性，动力性，经济性

DESIGN OF HEAVE –DUTY DUMP (CHASSIS DESIGN)

ABSTRAC

The non –highway heavy-duty dump truck of this design can adapt many kinds of given purpose.It is an economical,efficient and low useful conveyance for hillock transport,sand transport and all kind of outdoor mineral.It has especially desingned suspension system,strengthen widen project driving axle and 14-20type big wide project tales,this cause the truck possess preeminent bearing,at the same time ,this kind of tale can cause big climbing force,assuring the truck has brake stability and good transition.It is counted high rate riving axle,its output torque is 30 point bigger than the road vehicle which are at the same power.

This book mainly give an expatiation about the vehicle general layout of the heavy dumper KD3400,including the vehicle dimensions(long*wide*high),the distribution of axle load in front and back ,the choice and calculation about the main parameter of the vehicle’s main components(engine,transmission)and so on.

Especially in the dynamic property and economic performance,we give an overall and meticulo us analysis and calculation .In the dynamic property ,we made the driving force-road resistance equilibrium diagram,the dynamic factor diagram and the power balance diagram.From those diagram,we can get the maximum speed.We also calculated the maximum grade ability at different road ,according the acceleration curve:we can get the accelerating ability.According to the engine-cross sectional characteristic diagram,we made the fule consumption of 100km. In fact,the vehicle’s main parameters all come to the misson book ‘request.

Morever ,we made an anlysis and calculation of the stability and minimum turning radius and estimated the distribution of axle load when there is no load and full load and the position of the vehicle’s center of mass.

Key words:carrying capacity, adhesive ability, braking stability, trafficability characteristic, power performance, economical efficiency.

第一章前言……………………………………………………………………………….4

第二章参考车型技术数据……………………………………………………………6

第三章汽车主要技术参数的确定………………………………………….7

§3.1 汽车主要尺寸的确定……………………………………………………………7

§3.2 汽车质量参数的确定……………………………………………………………8

§3.3 发动机主要参数…………………………………………………………………9

§3.4 轮胎的选择………………………………………………………………………10

§3.5 传动比的选取……………………………………………………………………10

§3.6 最大传动比的选取………………………………………………………………11

§3.7 变速器各挡传动比………………………………………………………………12

第四章轴荷分配及质心位置的计算………………………………………………13

第五章稳定性计算………………………………………………………….15

§5.1 纵向稳定性………………………………………………………………………15

§5.2 横向稳定性………………………………………………………………………15

§5.3 最小转弯半径的计算……………………………………………………………16

§5.4 在横向坡上转向时的稳定性……………………………………………………16

第六章汽车动力性计算…………………………………………………….17

§6.1 汽车各挡速度的计算……………………………………………………………17

§6.2 汽车各挡驱动力的计算…………………………………………………………17

§6.3 汽车空气阻力的计算……………………………………………………………18

§6.4 滚动阻力系数的计算……………………………………………………………19.

§6.5 汽车行驶时动力因数D的计算………………………………………………...19

§6.6 各挡牵引功率Pe的计算………………………………………………………..20

§6.7 阻力功率的计算…………………………………………………………………21

§6.8 汽车加速度的计算………………………………………………………………21

§6.9 加速度倒数的计算………………………………………………………………22

§6.10 汽车爬坡度的计算………………………………………………………………23

第七章汽车的燃油经济性……………………………………………………………24

第八章结论……………………………………………………………………………….26

参考文献……………………………………………………………………………………27

致谢………………………………………………………………………………………….28

内容简介：: 产品编号： 10241211316 产品名称：非公路重型自卸车产品备注：产品类别：专用车系列产品说明整车型号 NXG5640DT 驱动形式 64 性能参数最高车速（ km/h） 47/56 最大爬坡度 (%) 48 最小转弯直径 (m) 10.5 油箱容积 (L) 400 最小离地距离满载 (mm) 400 电气系统 (v) 24 重量整备质量 (kg) 23000 额定载质量 (kg) 41000 最大总质量 (kg) 64000 尺寸参数总长 (mm) 8700 总宽 (mm) 3275 nts总高空载 (mm) 3740 轴距 (mm) 3800+1560 车架 (mm) 450mm箱型梁板簧 14/14 主要部件驾驶室单侧偏置驾驶室发动机 WD12.375 变速箱 9JSD180/Allison 4430 前桥美驰 13t/蓬翔 13t 后桥美驰 25t/蓬翔 25t 轮胎 14.00-24 车厢内部尺寸长宽高 (mm) 58003001600 点击数： 20854 录入时间： 2011-10-24 【打印此页】【关闭】 nts 产品说明整车型号 NXG5640DT 驱动形式 64 性能参数最高车速（ km/h） 47/56 最大爬坡度 (%) 48 最小转弯直径 (m) 10.5 油箱容积 (L) 400 最小离地距离满载 (mm) 400 电气系统 (v) 24 重量整备质量 (kg) 23000 额定载质量 (kg) 41000 最大总质量 (kg) 64000 尺寸参数总长 (mm) 8700 总宽 (mm) 3275 总高空载 (mm) 3740 轴距 (mm) 3800+1560 车架 (mm) 450mm 箱型梁板簧 14/14 主要部件 nts驾驶室单侧偏置驾驶室发动机 WD12.375 变速箱 9JSD180/Allison 4430 前桥美驰 13t/蓬翔 13t 后桥美驰 25t/蓬翔 25t 轮胎 14.00-24 车厢内部尺寸长宽高 (mm) 58003001600 nts轮式 “ 坦克 ” 试驾徐工 NXG5640DT 非公路重型自卸车 2012-4-19 11:36:41 商用汽车肖雄建【字体：大中小】我要评论 (1) 徐工 NXG5640DT 非公路重型自卸车是一款专为露天采矿开发的非公路运输车。本文通过品鉴、试驾、测量等方式介绍该车在设计、制造、性能上的一些突出表现。近年来，基于普通自卸车发展起来的作为非公路使用的 “矿用宽体自卸车 ”发展十分迅速，国内已有许多重卡、专用汽车乃至工程机械企业推出了自己的矿用宽体自卸车产品 (非公路使用 )，究其原因，用一句话来说就是 “比它大的不如它便宜，比它便宜的不如它大 ”。的确，由于结构、设计吨位上的差别，矿用宽体自卸车的单车制造成本和价格比俗称 “电动轮 ”的传统专业矿用自卸车要低很多，而其超过 40 t 的净载质量则是普通自卸车无法企及的，正因填补了这一空白，矿用宽体自卸车的发展近年来犹如雨后春笋。不过，由于生产背景和综合实力的差别，各个生产厂家为用户所提供产品也有一定的差别。相比于其他企业，徐工汽车因兼有汽车制造和工程机械制造的双重背景，在矿用车研发制造上有着较为独到的优势。日前记者有机会到徐工汽车，通过品鉴、试驾、测试，对其宽体矿用自卸车有了更深入的了解，可谓百闻不如一试。大车之 “大 ” 第一眼看到徐工汽车的宽体矿用自卸车时，一切都可以用 “大 ”来形容，最上面的登车踏板差不多到了记者肩膀的位置，整车宽度达到 3275mm，硕大的车身看上去更像是一辆装着车轮的坦克而不是一辆汽车。感受了大气的外形之后，记者仔细打量了这个大家伙。偏置的驾驶室让它更像是 “电动轮 ”与普通自卸车的 “混血儿 ”，右侧空余出来的空间正好用来安放复杂的空气滤清器及其他附件，并改善了视野，提高了维护便捷性，同时降低了车辆自身质量。在尘土飞扬的矿场上，空气滤清器的效率与可靠性决定着车辆的出勤率与使用寿命，所以将空滤置于这么大的空间中可以说适得其所。 nts 接着往车下打量，传统卡车上的车架大梁意料之中地出现在眼前，但是其厚度与比传统卡车要大很多，大梁由 10mm 厚的钢板冲压而成，且其截面并非常见的 “半工字 ”型，而是呈矩形的箱型，想要对 10mm 厚的钢板完成如此复杂的 “冲压 +焊接 ”工艺，没有几十年的重型机械制造经验是很难完成的。在大梁的后半部，一块厚重的工字型横梁成为后桥的支撑点，之所以说它厚重，是因为这块横梁的垂直厚度接近 70 cm，与纵梁牢固地连接为一体。如此为该车的承载性能与爬坡性能提供了强力保障，而连接各个车桥的纵向推力杆与拉杆也都可以得到有力的支撑，大梁的抗扭与抗弯性能大大强化。在大梁的末端，我们看到的是自卸车上的一个关键细节部位货箱铰链。不同于普通自卸车上常见的铰链，徐工宽体矿用自卸车的铰链粗重而厚实，转销直径大约为 10cm，看上去就像是一根钢棒横穿在大梁之间，与大梁连接处还经过多层腹板加强。可以想象到，因为自卸车在举升货箱卸货时，大部分的承载质量都将转移到铰链上，结实可靠的铰链是自卸车安全工作的重要保障之一。独特的箱型大梁、厚重的横梁加上尾部坚固的铰链设计，如此专业的工程底盘让徐工宽体矿用自卸车无需安装副车架。这种先进的箱式大梁和无副梁车架结构，在提高通过性的同时使整车设计重心降低 17cm，安全稳定性大大提高。大车不难驾驭登上驾驶室，坐进气囊减振座椅，久违的熟悉感又回到了身边，从室内布局与操控习惯上来看，这辆大家伙并没有什么陌生感，各个仪表与按键的位置都与普通卡车类似，车虽然很大，但转向盘的直径却没有因此放大，且该车具备随动液压助力转向系统，油门与制动踏nts板的操纵力度也适中。开车上路，一开始所担心的视野盲区问题基本不存在，车身两侧丰富的后视镜与扫盲镜很到位，除了车尾正后方无法直接看到以外，车前、车身两侧、前轮两侧等位置都能直接观察到，很方便。当然，虽然视野明晰，但是宽大的车身尺寸毕竟是摆在那的，行驶时占据的车道宽度很大， 3m 多的车宽远远超过了普通路面上规划的车道宽度，在转弯时需要多观察两侧后视镜。在动力性方面，该车装配的 275kW 潍柴发动机属于成熟产品，可靠性与动力性都有良好的口碑，且由于配备了艾里逊液力自动变速器，该车的起步转矩得到了进一步提升。据介绍，该车满载 40t 工况下的爬坡度达到 48%，应付矿区恶劣路况游刃有余。实际试驾中记者发现，该车的液力自动变速器设置的换挡转速较高，柴油机轰鸣到 2000 r/min 时都不会主动升挡，一定要全油门踩到 2200 r/min 以上才会果断升挡，而在升挡的瞬间，液力变矩器的耦合便会瞬间让车辆产生一股加速动力。据记者猜测，这样的变速器设定或许是为了应付矿场作业时恶劣的爬坡工况。满载数十吨矿石加速爬坡，车辆需要极大的转nts矩储备，延迟换挡可以让发动机尽量在高转矩时输出动力 (即使在升挡后的瞬间，发动机依然有充沛的转矩储备 )，虽然这样会导致油耗增大，但是重载时的爬坡效率能得到保证。在驾驶中记者也体会到，该车虽然不会有很明显的 “持续加速感 ”，但是其强大的牵引力是可以感受到的，一旦踩下加速踏板，不论前方是坡道还是平地，车辆都会以不可抗拒的力量向前行驶，行驶阻力的变化几乎完全被液力变矩器与轮减桥的转矩放大作用所淹没，其转矩储备系数之大可见一斑。细节之处更显专业虽然粗犷厚实是徐工宽体矿用自卸车的显著特点，但仔细体会下来，这辆硕大的车辆在细节方面其实一点也不含糊。徐工汽车把自身在工程机械制造领域多年积累的经验很好地结合到了专用车辆制造上。首当其冲的就是货箱底板加热系统，该系统利用发动机排出的尾气热量来给货箱底板加热，从而防止冬季时物料凝结在货箱内，提高了卸料率，同时减少了工作人员刮除箱内残余物料的麻烦。据技术人员介绍，这一改进技术在北方寒冷地区很受欢迎，然而要做好这个技术，也需要对车厢底板的制造工艺有一定的掌握，铺设的尾气流道要合理通畅。在车辆前部，记者发现徐工宽体矿用自卸车对发动机的保护也很到位，在前保险杠的后下部，一块用 10 cm 钢板冲压而成的水箱护板显得很坚固。由于常年在复杂的非铺装路面上车辆瘫痪。现在有了这一层厚实的 “铁甲 ”，车辆的防护能力得到了很大提高，撞破水箱的可能性几乎是没有了。自卸车的另一个重要部件就是液压举升油缸了，在这方面，徐工汽车也是毫不含糊，配备了在业内以可靠、耐用著名的海沃液压油缸，前顶式布局，可谓 “好马配好鞍 ”。 nts坚固、实用、专业，一天的试驾过程中，徐工打造的这辆宽体矿用自卸车给记者带来了较为深刻的印象，这份印象不止于它的 “大 ”，而是渗透在这款工程专用车上的制造工艺与技术经验。其独特的大梁构造与车架布局都显示出了徐工汽车在重型车辆制造方面的坚实底蕴。法士特 9JSD180 变速箱车型参数变速箱参数变速箱参数变速箱品牌：法士特变速箱型号：法士特 9JSD180 变速箱系列：法士特 9档系列 9JSD 变速箱档位数： 9个变速箱形式：手动产品特点：匹配范围：该系列变速器适用于各种公路运输车、长途客车、公共汽车等。前进档档位数： 9个倒档档位数： 1个是否有同步器：最大输入扭矩： 1800N.m 额定转速： 2600rpm 换挡方式：手动主箱中心距： mm 副箱中心距： mm 1档传动比： 12.65 2档传动比： 8.38 3档传动比： 6.22 4档传动比： 4.57 5档传动比： 3.4 6档传动比： 2.46 7档传动比： 1.83 8档传动比： 1.34 9档传动比： 1 10档传动比： 11档传动比： 12档传动比： 13档传动比： 14档传动比： 15档传动比： 16档传动比： 17档传动比： 18档传动比： 19档传动比： 0 20档传动比： 0 倒档 1传动比： 13.22 倒档 2传动比：倒档 3传动比：倒档 4传动比：里程表传动比：变速箱重量：纠错 315Kg 变速箱油容量： 13/13.5L 操纵形式： nts 后桥参数产品特点： KZ2500前桥为整体焊接加强结构，采用加大盘式制动器，具有承载能力大，抗冲击能力强、可靠性高，制动性能好等优点，可匹配无轮辐轮辋。主要技术参数项目参数额定载荷（ kg） 25000 板簧中心距（ mm） 1260 主销中心距（ mm） 2150 前轴落差（ mm） 0 主销内倾角 8 车轮外倾角 2 主销后倾角 0 最大转角 38 制动器形式单钳盘式制动力矩（ Nm） 50000 适用轮辋形式 11.25/2-25（无轮辐）适用轮胎规格 16.0-25 最大外宽（ mm） 3164 前桥参数 nts 产品特点： KZ1200前桥适用于非公路用宽体自卸车，可装配助力转向系统，具有承载能力强、疲劳寿命高等优点。主要技术参数项目参数额定载荷（ kg） 12000 最大转角 40 轮辋安装面距 2768/2876 板簧中心距（ mm） 1090 注销中心距（ mm） 2018/2128 前轴落差（ mm） 80 轮毂螺栓分布圆直径（ mm） 425 制动器规格 5002 00 主销内倾角 8 车轮外倾角 2 主销后倾角 2.5/0 前轮前束 2月 3日 nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 1 The English Instruction Dump Truck A dump truck or production truck is a truck used for transporting loose material(such as sand,gravel or dirt)for construction.A typical dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged at the rear,the front of which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be deposited on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery.In the UK the term applies to off-road construction plant only and the road vehicle is known as a tipper. A standard dump truck is a full truck chassis with a dump body mounted to the frame.The dump body is raised by a hydraulic ram mounted forward of the front bulkhead,between the truck cab(traction unit)and the dump body (semi-trailer).The tailgate can be configured to swing on hinges or it can be configured in the “ High Lift Tailgate” format where in pneumatic rams lift the gate open and up above the dump body. A standard dump truck has one front axle and one or more rear axles which typically have dual wheels on each side.Common configuration for a standard dump truck include the six wheeler which has one rear axle,the ten wheeler with two rear axles and the tri-axle with three rear axles.These are mainly found in inner cities and in the Deep South. The short wheelbase of a standard dump truck makes it more maneuverable than the higher capacity semi-trailer dump trucks. Off-road dump trucks more closely resemble heavy construction equipment or engineering vehicles than they do highway dump trucks.They are used strictly off-road for mining and heavy dirt hauling jobs. The term Dump Truck is not generally used by the mining industry or by the manufactures that build these machines.The more appropriate US term for this strictly off road vehicle is Haul truck.The classification bottom and nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 2 side for example,describing how the loaded material is discharged once loaded.In the case of the Haul truck illustrated,a Liebherr T 282B the load is discharged to the rear,designing this particular vehicle as an end dump.Bottom dump normally describes a trailer that discharges its load by opening two clam shell doors under the load space,in some examples several trailers(road train)are pulled by one truck mainly these are on road machines.The only remaining example of what is described as a unitized bottom dump coal hauler is manufactured by Kress Corporation.This large capacity truck is used for the transportation of coal from a loading device directly to a power station or bulk storage area. Many winter service vehicle units are based on dump trucks to allow the placement of ballast to weigh the truck down or to hold salt for spreading on the road. A semi end dump is a tractor-trailer combination where in the trailer itself contains the hydraulic hoist.A typical semi end dump has a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle semi-trailer.The key advantage of a semi end dump is rapid unloading.A key disadvantage is that they are very unstable when raised in the dumping position limiting their use in many applications where the dumping location is uneven or off level. Both the tractor and the automobile are complex self-propelled machines consisting of separate interacting machanisms and units that can be combined into certain groups. The arrangement of the main component parts of the tractor is shown in Fig.2.Irrespective of particular design features,all tractors consist of engine,drive line,running gear,steering mechanism,working attachments and auxiliary equipment. The drive line comprise a set of mechanisms which transmit the torque developed by the engine to the driving wheels or tracks and change the driving torque both in magnitude and direction,The drive line includes the cluth,flexible coupling,transmission and rear axle. The cluth serves to disconnect the engine shaft from the transmission for nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 3 a short period of time while the drivers is shifting gears and also to connect smoothly the flow of power from the engine to the driving wheels or tracks when starting the tractor from rest. The flexible coupling incorporates elastic elements allowing connecting the cluth shaft and the transmission drive shaft with a slight misalignment The transmission makes it possible to change the tractor by engaging different pairs of gears.With the direction of rotation of the engine shaft remaining the same,the transmission enables the tractor to be put in reverse. The rear-axle mechanisms increase the driving torque and transmit it to the driving wheel or tracks at right angles to the drive shaft.In most tractors,the rear also comprises brakes. In the wheeled tractor,as distinct from its crawler counterpart,the drive line includes the differential which enzbles the wheels to revolve with different speeds when making turns or running over ragged terrain at which time the lefthand and righthand wheels must travel different distance during one and the same time. The steering mechanism serves to change the direction of movement of the tractor by turing its front wheels of by varying the speed of one of the tracks. The working attachment of the tractor are used to utilize the useful power of the tractor engine for various farm tasks.They include the power take off shaft,drawbar,implement-attaching system and belt pulley. The tractor auxiliaries include the driver s cab with a spring-mounted seat and heating and ventilation equipment,hood,lighting equipment,tell tales horns etc. The arrangement and purpose of the main component parts of the automobile are in principle the same as those of the wheeled tractor.In the automobile,the drive line,running gear,steering mechanism and brakeing system are referred to collectively as the chasis.The steering mechanism serves to change the direction of traveled the braking system to slow down the running speed of the automobile or to stop it. The auxiliaries of the automobile include winch,cab heating and ventilation nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 4 equipment,hitch bar,etc. The automobile and its engine are controlled and the operation of their mechanisms monitored by means of controls and instrucments located in the cab fort of the driver s seat. To start the engine and control its operation,use is made of throttle pedal,radiator shutter control handle,choke button,ignition/starter switch and throttle hand lever.The ignition/start switch is operated by a key which may be placed in one of the following four positions:central position-all current consumers are switched off:first position clockwise-ignition is switched on;first position counter clock wise it is possible to actuate the horn,windshield wiper and heater blower with the ignition circuit switched off. Before starting the engine,it is necessary to check the radiator coolant level,the engine crankcase oil level and the fule level in the fuel tank. To start a warm engine,place gear shift lever in neutral and switch on ignition and the starter motor by turning the ignition key clockwise as far as it will go. To start a cold engine,it is recommended to do the following.Pump up gasoline by using the fule pump hand primer,Close the carburetor choke by pulling chock button outward full distance,Place the gear shift lever in neutral.Disengage the floor,which will decrease drag on the engine and thus ease the operation of the starter motor for in this case the transmission gears will not revolve in thickensed oil during starting.Switch on ignition and the starter motor by turning the ignition key fully clockwise;limit the time the start motor is energized to 5 second.Once the engine has started,switch off the starter motor by releasing the ignition key,open the chock by pushing its button inward one-half its full stroke,increase some what the speed by slightly depressing accelerator pedal and then engage the clutch by releasing its pedal.An engine in good rapair usually can be easily started,if the engine has first or second attempt.In the case of a false start,wait at least 30 second before attempting another start.If the engine has failed to start after the third attempt,check nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 5 the ignition and fule systems.If the trouble is with the start motor or if the battery is discharged,the engine can be cranked up by your hand.When cranking up ,don t grasp the crank handle,but keep your fingers on its one side only,so that the hand may not get hurt if the wngine kicks back. Before starting the engine in low-temperature conditions,shut off the oil cooler,fill the cooling system with hot water and the engine crankcase with hot oil or use the starting preheated.Prior to turning on the ignition switch,close the radiator shutter by pulling handle out ward full distance and crank the engine three to five revolutions with the crank handle.Then perform all the rest operations as recommended for starting the cold engine. Automobile controls include clutch pedal,brake pedal,throttle pedal,steering wheel,gear shift lever and parking brake lever. Before starting to drive,warm up the engine at a moderate speed until the coolant temperature reachs 60 .As the engine gets warmer,gradually open the choke and decrease the engine speed with the choke fully open.Read the dashboard instruments to check on the operation of the engine. To monitor the operation of engine and the automobile itself,use is made of the following instruments and indicator mounted on the instrument panel in front of the driver s seat:temperature gauge and temperature warning lamp and oil pressure gauge. Signaling is effected by means of horn button and turn signal switch handle downwards causes the left-hand side of the steering column.Turning the directional signal switch handle downwards causes the left-hand side and tail lights to flash,thus gibing indication of a left turn and turning it upwards actuates the right-hand side and tail lights to indicate a right turns.Whenever either of the turn signal light is switch on turn signal indicator lamp on the instrucment panel starts flashing.The turn signal lights are switched off automatically when the automobile is straightened after turning. On the left-hand side of the cab floor there is dimmer switch which is used to switch over the head lights from high to low beam and vice versa.Main nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 6 light switch has three position:1.all lights are off;2.side lights,license plate light,tail maker lights and instrument panel light are switched on;3.side lights,head lights,tail mark lights,instrument panel light and license plate light and license plate lights are switched on. Mounted on the instrument panel are windshield wiper and heater blower switches blower are switched on by turning their respective switches clockwise.The wiper switch has three positions;off,slow and fast.That of the heater blower also has three position:off ,low air delivery and high air delivery. Mounted under the instrucment panel are radiation shutter control handle and hood catch handle.Pulling back on handle will close the radiator shutter and pulling back on handle will release the hood catch.There are also two circuits.Breaker button,cowl ventilator handle and ventilator air intake control handle.With handle in the extreme left-hand position,the cowl ventilator is fully open and with the handle in the extreme right-hand position,the air intake door is fully open and when the handle is in the extreme right-hand position,it is fully closed. 1 The last component in the drive train is the axle in a rear wheel drive car axle is in the rear.Engine power is transmitted from the transmission to the axle via the drive shaft.The drive shaft is basically a metal tuber with joints on each end called universal joints.These joints allow the tube to move in relation to the suspension and keep powers flowing to the real.In front wheel drive cars the axle is integrated into the transmission thus the term transaxle. 2. The drive shaft or propeller shaft,connects the transmission output shaft to the differential pinion shaft.Since all roads are not perfectly smooth and the transmission is fixed,the drive shaft has to be flexible to absorb the shock of bumps on the road.Universal or “ U-joints” allow the drive shaft to flex(and stop it from breaking)when the drive angle changes. 3. Drive shafts are usually hollow in order to weigh less,but of a large diameter nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 7 so that they are strong.High quality steel and sometimes aluminum are used in the manufacture of the drive shaft.The shaft must be quite straight and balanced to avoid vibrating.Since it usually turns at engine speeds,a lot of damage can be caused if the shaft is unbalanaced or bent.Damage can also be caused if the U-joints are worn out. Most power steering systems work by using a hydraulic system to rotate the vehicle s wheel.The hydraulic pressure is usually provided by a gerotor or rotary vane pump driven by the vehicle s engine.A double-acting hydraulic cylinder applies a force to the steering mechanism,which in turn applies a torque to the wheels.The flow to the cylinder is countrolled by valves by the steering wheel.There are several common valve.This is done so that the position of the steering wheel corresponds to the position of the vehicle s wheels.As the pumps employed are of the positive displacement type,the flow rate they deliver is directly proportional to the speed of the engine. This means that at high engine speeds the steering would naturally operate faster than at low engine speeds .Because this would be undersirable,a restricting orifice and flow control valve are used to direct some of the pump s output back to the hydraulic reservoir at high engine speeds.A pressure when the hydraulic cylinder s piston reaches the end of the cylinder. Some modern implementations also include an electronic pressure relief valve which can reduce the hydraulic pressure in the power steering lines as the vehicle s speed increase(this is known as variable assist power steering). nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 8 英文翻译自卸汽车一辆自卸车或者生产用自卸车是用来运输建筑用的散料（例如：沙、砾石和垃圾）的汽车。专用自卸车要求后面有液压倾斜的货箱，它的前部可以被举起让货物堆放在送货的汽车后面。在英国，这种汽车只允许在非公路场地用，并且公路车被认为是自卸车。标准自卸车是在车架上安装了自卸车箱的整车底盘。车厢被安装在舱壁前面的液压缸举起，液压缸位于驾驶室（牵引单元）和车厢（挂车）之间。标准的自卸车有一个前桥、一个或者更多每边都有双后轮的典型后桥，两个后桥十个车轮，并且四车轴有三个后桥。这些主要在中部城市和南方见到。短轴距的标准自卸车比更高的储存容量半挂车自卸车更具机动性。非公路自卸车比公路用车更接近与建设设备或工程汽车。它们被严格要求运用于采矿和非公路的重型场合。自卸车并不经常被用于采矿业和建筑业。在大部分的美国，这种严格意义上的非公路汽车是转运卡车，例如它典型的地步和侧面，介绍了当被装上后的材料是如何被卸载的。在转运卡车的车厢的说明里，利勃海尔 T282b 货车货物时卸载到后方的，指定这个特别的车辆作为年转运卡车。有一些例子，几个拖车（公路列车）是由一辆在道路上行走的卡车牵引。剩下的唯一的例子是被形容为组合煤车 hauler 是由 kress 公司制造的。这个大容量的卡车是用来从一个加载装置直接向电力站或散装储存区运输煤炭的。许多冬季服务车辆单位的基础是自卸卡车，通过布置压载物来增加卡车的重量或将盐散布在道路上。一个半挂自卸车是一个拖拉机与挂车的组合，其中拖车本身包含液压启闭机。一个典型的半挂自卸车有一个 3 轴拖拉机牵引 2 轴半挂车。关键的优势是一个半挂自卸车可快速的卸载。一个关键的缺点是它们在倾卸货物时很不稳定，这限制了它在许多场合的应用，如倾卸的场地是不平的。拖拉机和汽车都是复杂的自动行走机器，它由不同的相互作用的机械装置和设备组成，从而形成一定的组合，拖拉机主要由以下部分组成，不考虑专门的设计特征，所有的拖拉机是由发动机，驱动机构，汽车传动，转向和悬架装置机构，转向装置，工作附件，辅助设备。 nts车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书 9 发动机使热能转变为机械能。驱动机构由一套机械装置组成，它们能传递由发动机曲轴输出的扭矩并能在大小和方向上改变转动扭矩。驱动机构包括离合器、柔性连机器、变速器和后轮轴。离合器的作用是使当司机换挡时使发动机曲轴短时间内脱离变速器，同时也是在启动拖拉机是自如的将能量从发动机传到驱动轮上。柔性联轴节把弹性元件离合器轴和功率传动轴连接在一起，并允许它们有轻微的同轴度。变速器通过啮合多对齿轮来改变驱动扭矩和拖拉机的行驶速度，为了发动机曲轴方向自动保持一致，变速器能帮助拖拉机倒车。后轮装置可以提高行驶扭矩并能以合适的角度改变扭矩，在大多数的拖拉机中，后驱动桥由制动器组成，高速拖拉机与低速拖拉机的区别是驱动机构，包括差速器，能使车轮在转弯时或崎岖的山路上以不同的角速度转动。在一定的时间或相同的时间内左右车轮可以行驶不同的距离。汽车的运转，转向和悬架机构是拖拉机行走的需要，车轮的转动与地面有关。转向装置用于通过转变前轮或改变速度从而改变拖拉机的转动方向。工作附件是利用拖拉机的发动机的可用能量来完成不同的农业工作，它们包括动力输出轴、拉杆、推动装置和皮带轮。拖拉机的辅助系统包括驾驶室的弹性座椅和加热通风装置、发动机罩、点火装置、方向指示器、喇叭等。汽车主要组成部分的布置和目的在理论上与转动拖拉机的安排在道理上是一样的，在汽车上，汽车的传动机构，驱动机构，汽车的传动，转向，悬架机构是用于改变行驶和制动的方向，放慢行驶中的汽车速度直至汽车停下为止。汽车的

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