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PE250×400复摆颚式破碎机设计【14张CAD图纸和毕业论文】【答辩优秀】

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目录

第一章概述1

1.1物料的粉碎1

1.1.1粉碎的目的与意义1

1.1.2破碎比与粉碎流程2

1.1.3物料破碎力学分析4

1.2破碎理论与破碎机类型6

1.2.1破碎理论6

1.2.2破碎机类型7

1.3颚式破碎机的发展7

第二章破碎机的设计方案(专题部分)9

2.1复摆颚式破碎机工作原理9

2.2两颚板的布置方式的设计10

2.3破碎机的结构设计10

2.4调整装置的设计11

第三章复摆颚式破碎机的主参数设计13

3.1颚式破碎机动颚运动轨迹13

3.1.1描绘动颚运动轨迹方法13

3.1.2对运动轨迹的分析14

3.2复摆颚式破碎机主要参数的确定15

3.2.1已知条件15

3.2.2 钳角15

3.2.3 动颚水平行程16

3.2.4  传动角16

3.2.5  偏心距e17

3.3电动机的选择17

3.3.1电动机的容量17

3.3.2选择电动机的型号17

3.4主轴转速的计算18

3.5生产率的计算19

第四章结构尺寸参数的确定(专题部分)21

4.1皮带轮的设计21

4.1.1求计算功率21

4.1.2选择V带的带型21

4.1.3求小、大带轮基准直径21

4.1.4大轮计算直径21

4.1.5确定V带的中心距a和基准长度Ld22

4.1.6验算小带轮上的包角22

4.1.7验算带速23

4.1.8带的根数z23

4.1.9求V带根数24

4.1.10单根V带的初拉力24

4.2 偏心轴的设计25

4.2.1轴径的确定25

4.2.2偏心轴强度计算25

4.3飞轮重量的设计27

4.4破碎力的计算30

4.5肘板的设计30

4.6动颚的结构设计32

第五章复摆颚式破碎机的腔形与机架设计35

5.1机架结构形式35

5.2机架结构设计35

5.3机架前壁结构设计35

5.4机架侧壁结构设计35

5.5机架后壁结构设计38

5.6颚式破碎机的腔形设计39

5.6.1分层破碎假说39

5.6.2直线腔形的分析40

第六章复摆颚式破碎机齿板磨损的分析与设计41

6.1复摆颚式破碎机齿板磨损的分析41

6.2 颚板磨损机制43

6.3对颚板材质的选择45

第七章复摆颚式破碎机的三维建模46

7.1 分析实体46

7.2 创建基本特征46

7.3 添加新特征47

7.4 装配设计48

7.5 三维动态运动检查48

7.6生成二维工程图48

7.7 本章小结48

第八章结论49

第九章谢  辞50

参考文献........................................................51

附录A The Effect of a Viscous Coupling Used as a Front-Wheel Drive Limited-Slip Differential on Vehicle Traction and Handling53

附录B 黏性连接器用作前轮驱动限制滑移差速器对汽车牵引和操纵的影响55


PE250×400复摆颚式破碎机的设计

摘要

本文设计的PE250×400复摆颚式破碎机，其工作原理是通过偏心轴使动颚上下运动，当动颚上升时，肘板和动颚间夹角变大，从而推动动动颚板向定颚板接近，与此同时物料被挤压、搓、碾等多重破碎。当动颚下行时，肘板和动颚间夹角变小，动颚板在拉杆、弹簧的作用下离开定颚板，此时已破碎物料从破碎腔下口排出，随着电动机连续转动破碎机动颚作用周期性的压碎和排料；本文主要有复摆颚式破碎机的方案设计，设计方案主要有三大部分：1.破碎机悬挂方式的设计，其中包括正悬挂，零悬挂，负悬挂；2.两颚板的布置方式的设计，其中包括a-动颚板倾斜、定颚板垂直，b-板都倾斜， c-颚板垂直、定颚板倾斜；3.出料口调整装置的设计，其中包括楔铁调整装置，液压调整装置，垫片调整装置；复摆颚式破碎机的主参数的确定；复摆颚式破碎机机构尺寸参数的确定,主要有偏心轴、动颚、皮带轮、飞轮等；复摆颚式破碎机的腔形与机架设计；复摆颚式破碎机齿板磨损的分析与设计；复摆颚式破碎机的三维建模。



关键词：复摆颚式破碎机 ；动颚；齿板；机架设计。


PE250 × 400 Compound Pendulum Jaw Crusher Design

ABSTRACT

In this paper, the design of PE250 × 400 Jaw Crusher, its working principle is that through the eccentric shaft so that the jaw moving up and down movement, when the moving jaw to rise, the toggle plate and moving jaw angle between the larger, so as to promote action to move the jaw plate set close to the jaw plate, at the same time material was extruded, molded, milled, such as multiple broken. When moving down the jaw, the toggle plate and moving jaw angle between the smaller, fixed jaw plate in the bar, under the action of the spring jaw is scheduled to leave the board, at this time has been broken material from the mouth from under the crushing chamber, with continuous rotation motor broken cyclical role of mobile jaw crushing and nesting; In this paper, the main compound pendulum jaw crusher of the program design,There are three main designs most: 1. The design of jaw crusher’s hoisting type, including being hoisted, hoisting zero, negative suspension; 2. Two jaw plate design layout, including a-moving jaw plate tilt, set jaw plate vertical, b-plate are tilted, c-jaw vertical plate will tilt the jaw plate; 3. The design of the opening adjustment, including the iron wedge adjustment devices, hydraulic adjustment device, gasket adjustment device; Jaw crusher to determine the main parameters; compound pendulum jaw Crusher parameters of body size, there are eccentric axis, moving the jaw, pulley, flywheel, etc.; compound pendulum jaw crusher and the cavity-shaped rack design; compound pendulum jaw crusher plate tooth wear analysis and design; compound pendulum jaw crusher of the three-dimensional modeling.

Key words: compound pendulum jaw crusher; fixed jaw; tooth plate; rack design.



第一章概述


凡用外力将大颗粒物料变成小颗粒物料的过程叫破碎，其使用的机械称为破碎机。凡用外力将小颗粒物料变成粉体物料的过程称为粉磨或磨碎，其所使用的机械称为粉磨机械。将破碎和粉磨联合起来简称粉碎或碎磨，所以使用的机械简称粉碎机械或碎磨机械。

在基本建设工程中，需要大量的，各种不同粒径的砂、石作为生产之用。在没有合格的天然砂子和一台颚式破碎机问世以来，至今已有140余年的历史。在此过程中，其结构得到不断的完善，而颚式破碎机的结构简单，安全可靠，石料可供破碎机械来进行加工，来满足工程的需要。所以在生产中广泛的应用。而工程上应用最广泛的是复摆颚式破碎机，国产的颚式破碎机数量最多的也是复摆颚式破碎机。

破碎机是将开采所得的天然的石料按一定尺寸进行破碎加工的机械。颚式破碎机是有美国人发明的。自第一台破碎机的出现，生产效率快，又满足安全条件，又能适应生产，大大加快了生产。

复摆颚式破碎机结构简单、制造容易、工作可靠、使用维修方便等优点，所有在冶金、矿山、建材、化工、煤炭等行业使用非常广泛。80年代以来，我国对复摆颚式的研究和产品开发取得了较大的发展。在充分吸收国外产品特点的基础上，结合国情研制开发了许多新型、高效的设备。上海建设路桥机械设备有限公司率先对复摆颚式破碎机进行了重大的改进，即通过降低动颚的悬挂高度，改善动颚的运动轨迹，减小破碎腔的啮角，增大破碎比，增大了动颚的水平行程，提高生产能力等，大大改善了机器性能，完成了产品的更新换代。

复摆颚式破碎机主要是由两块颚板（活动颚板和固定颚板）组成。活动颚板对固定颚板周期性的往复运动，时而靠近，时而分开，由此使装在两颚板间的石块受到挤压、劈裂和弯曲作用而破碎。复摆颚式破碎机的机器重量较轻，结构简单（比同规格的简摆颚式破碎机少了一件连杆、一块肘板、一根心轴和一对轴承），生产效率较高（比同规格的简摆颚式破碎机生产效率高20%—30%）。复摆颚式破碎机适合破碎中硬度石料。在工程中，多用它做中、细碎设备，其破碎比较大，可达。随着机械工业的进步，近年来，复摆颚式破碎机正朝着大型化发展。所以，一个合理的传动装置可以使复摆颚式破碎机运行的更加顺利，合理有效。动颚的优化可使磨损大大的降低，冲击、噪声、振动都相应的减少，也减少工作人员的劳动强度，提高生产的质量，降低制造成本和缩短生产周期。

但是，复摆颚式破碎机也有它的缺点，具体如下：

JB / ZQ 1032一87《齿板铸造技术条件》规定齿板寿命只有60h，按10h工作制，每付齿板只能用6d，不到一星期就需更换一次齿板。不仅给维修带来很大的不便，而且增加了破碎物料的成本。

现代的设计应以人为本，面对服务对象


内容简介：
江西理工大学应用科学学院 2009 届学生毕业设计（论文）中期检查表 学生姓名 孙智宇 学 号 07 指导教师 王军锋 选题情况 课题名称 PE250 400 复摆颚式破碎机的设计 难易程度 偏难 适中 偏易 工作量 较大 合理 较小 符合规范化的要求 任务书 有 无 开题报告 有 无 外文翻译质量 优 良 中 差 学习态度、 出勤情况 好 一般 差 工作进度 快 按计划进行 慢 中期工作汇报及解答问题情况 优 良 中 差 中期成绩 毕 业 设 计 （论文） 调 整 情 况 指导教师（签名） 年 月 日 教 研 室 意 见 教研室 主任（签名） 年 月 日 nts 1 外文文献 Friction Lubrication of Bearing In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement. Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary. The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt. There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement . Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction . Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from nts 2 the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction. The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome partly by the precision machining of the surfaces. However, even these smooth surfaces may require the use of a substance between them to reduce the friction still more. This substance is usually a lubricant which provides a fine, thin oil film. The film keeps the surfaces apart and prevents the cohesive forces of the surfaces from coming in close contact and producing heat . Another way to reduce friction is to use different materials for the bearing surfaces and rotating parts. This explains why bronze bearings, soft alloys, and copper and tin iolite bearings are used with both soft and hardened steel shaft. The iolite bearing is porous. Thus, when the bearing is dipped in oil, capillary action carries the oil through the spaces of the bearing. This type of bearing carries its own lubricant to the points where the pressures are the greatest. Moving parts are lubricated to reduce friction, wear, and heat. The most commonly used lubricants are oils, greases, and graphite compounds. Each lubricant serves a different purpose. The conditions under which two moving surfaces are to work determine the type of lubricant to be used and the system selected for distributing the lubricant. On slow moving parts with a minimum of pressure, an oil groove is usually sufficient to distribute the required quantity of lubricant to the surfaces moving on each other . A second common method of lubrication is the splash system in which parts moving in a reservoir of lubricant pick up sufficient oil which is then distributed to all moving parts during each cycle. This system is used in the crankcase of lawn-mower engines to lubricate the crankshaft, connecting rod ,and parts of the piston. A lubrication system commonly used in industrial plants is the pressure system. In this system, a pump on a machine carries the lubricant to all of the bearing surfaces at a constant rate and quantity. There are numerous other systems of lubrication and a considerable number of lubricants available for any given set of operating conditions. Modern industry pays greater attention to the use of the proper lubricants than at previous time because of the increased speeds, pressures, and operating demands placed on equipment and devices. Although one of the main purposes of lubrication is reduce friction, any nts 3 substance-liquid , solid , or gaseous-capable of controlling friction and wear between sliding surfaces can be classed as a lubricant. Varieties of lubrication Unlubricated sliding. Metals that have been carefully treated to remove all foreign materials seize and weld to one another when slid together. In the absence of such a high degree of cleanliness, adsorbed gases, water vapor ,oxides, and contaminants reduce frictio9n and the tendency to seize but usually result in severe wear; this is called “ unlubricated ” or dry sliding. Fluid-film lubrication. Interposing a fluid film that completely separates the sliding surfaces results in fluid-film lubrication. The fluid may be introduced intentionally as the oil in the main bearing of an automobile, or unintentionally, as in the case of water between a smooth tuber tire and a wet pavement. Although the fluid is usually a liquid such as oil, water, and a wide range of other materials, it may also be a gas. The gas most commonly employed is air. Boundary lubrication. A condition that lies between unlubricated sliding and fluid-film lubrication is referred to as boundary lubrication, also defined as that condition of lubrication in which the friction between surfaces is determined by the properties of the surfaces and properties of the lubricant other than viscosity. Boundary lubrication encompasses a significant portion of lubrication phenomena and commonly occurs during the starting and stopping off machines. Solid lubrication. Solid such as graphite and molybdenum disulfide are widely used when normal lubricants do not possess sufficient resistance to load or temperature extremes. But lubricants need not take only such familiar forms as fats, powders, and gases; even some metals commonly serve as sliding surfaces in some sophisticated machines. Function of lubricants Although a lubricant primarily controls friction and ordinarily does perform numerous other functions, which vary with the application and usually are interrelated . Friction control. The amount and character of the lubricant made available to sliding surfaces have a profound effect upon the friction that is encountered. For example, disregarding such related factors as heat and wear but considering friction alone between the same surfaces with on lubricant. Under fluid-film conditions, friction is encountered. In a great range of nts 4 viscosities and thus can satisfy a broad spectrum of functional requirements. Under boundary lubrication conditions , the effect of viscosity on friction becomes less significant than the chemical nature of the lubricant. Wear control. wear occurs on lubricated surfaces by abrasion, corrosion ,and solid-to-solid contact wear by providing a film that increases the distance between the sliding surfaces ,thereby lessening the damage by abrasive contaminants and surface asperities. Temperature control. Lubricants assist in controlling corrosion of the surfaces themselves is twofold. When machinery is idle, the lubricant acts as a preservative. When machinery is in use, the lubricant controls corrosion by coating lubricated parts with a protective film that may contain additives to neutralize corrosive materials. The ability of a lubricant to control corrosion is directly relatly to the thickness of the lubricant film remaining on the metal surfaces and the chermical composition of the lubricant. Other functions Lubrication are frequently used for purposes other than the reduction of friction. Some of these applications are described below. Power transmission. Lubricants are widely employed as hydraulic fluids in fluid transmission devices. Insulation. In specialized applications such as transformers and switchgear , lubricants with high dielectric constants acts as electrical insulators. For maximum insulating properties, a lubricant must be kept free of contaminants and water. Shock dampening. Lubricants act as shock-dampening fluids in energy transferring devices such as shock absorbers and around machine parts such as gears that are subjected to high intermittent loads. Sealing. Lubricating grease frequently performs the special function of forming a seal to retain lubricants or to exclude contaminants. The object of lubrication is to reduce friction ,wear , and heating of machine pars which move relative to each other. A lubricant is any substance which, when inserted between the moving surfaces, accomplishes these purposes. Most lubricants are liquids(such as mineral oil, silicone fluids, and water),but they may be solid for use in dry bearings, greases for use in rolling element bearing, or gases(such as air) for use in gas bearings. The physical and chemical interaction between the lubricant and lubricating surfaces must be understood in order to provide the machine elements with satisfactory life. The understanding of boundary lubrication is normally attributed to hardy and doubleday , who found the extrememly thin films adhering to surfaces were nts 5 often sufficient to assist relative sliding. They concluded that under such circumstances the chemical composition of fluid is important, and they introduced the term “ boundary lubrication” . Boundary lubrication is at the opposite end of the spectrum from hydrodynamic lubrication. Five distinct of forms of lubrication that may be defined :(a) hydrodynamic; (b)hydrostatic;(c)elastohydrodynamic (d)boundary; (e)solid film. Hydrodynamic lubrication means that the load-carrying surfaces of the bearing are separated by a relatively thick film of lubricant, so as to prevent metal contact, and that the stability thus obtained can be explained by the laws of the lubricant under pressure ,though it may be; but it does require the existence of an adequate supply at all times. The film pressure is created by the moving surfaces itself pulling the lubricant under pressure, though it maybe. The film pressure is created by the moving surface to creat the pressure necessary to separate the surfaces against the load on the bearing . hydrodynamic lubrication is also called full film ,or fluid lubrication . Hydrostatic lubrication is obtained by introducing the lubricant ,which is sometime air or water ,into the load-bearing area at a pressure high enough to separate the surface with a relatively thick film of lubricant. So ,unlike hydrodynanmic lubrication, motion of one surface relative to another is not required . Elasohydrodynamic lubrication is the phenomenon that occurs when a lubricant is introduced between surfaces which are in rolling contact, such as mating gears or rolling bearings. The mathematical explanation requires the hertzian theory of contact stress and fluid mechanics. When bearing must be operated at exetreme temperatures, a solid film lubricant such as graphite or molybdenum disulfide must be use used because the ordinary mineral oils are not satisfactory. Must research is currently being carried out in an effort, too, to find composite bearing materials with low wear rates as well as small frictional coefficients. In a journal bearing, a shaft rotates or oscillates within the bearing , and the relative motion is sliding . in an antifriction bearing, the main relative motion is rolling . a follower may either roll or slide on the cam. Gear teeth mate with each other by a combination of rolling and sliding . pistions slide within their cylinders. All these applications require lubrication to reduce friction ,wear, and heating. The field of application for journal bearing s is immense. The crankshaft and connecting rod bearings of an automotive engine must poerate for thousands of miles at high temperatures and under varying load conditions . the journal nts 6 bearings used in the steam turbines of power generating station is said to have reliabilities approaching 100 percent. At the other extreme there are thousands of applications in which the loads are light and the service relatively unimportant. a simple ,easily installed bearing is required ,suing little or no lubrication. In such cases an antifriction bearing might be a poor answer because because of the cost, the close ,the radial space required ,or the increased inertial effects. Recent metallurgy developments in bearing materials , combined with increased knowledge of the lubrication process, now make it possible to design journal bearings with satisfactory lives and very good reliabilities. nts 7 轴承的摩擦与润滑 现在看来，有很多这种情况，许多学生在被问到关于摩擦的问题时，往往都没引起足够的重视，甚至是忽视它。实际上，摩擦从某种程度上说，存在于任何两个相接触并有相对运动趋势的部件之间。而摩擦这 个词，本身就意味着，两个或两个以上部件的阻止相对运动趋势。 在一个机器中，运动部件的摩擦是有害的，因为它降低了机械对能量的充分利用。由它引起的热能是一种浪费的能量。因为不能用它做任何事情。还有，它还需要更大的动力来克服这种不断增大的摩擦。热能是有破坏性的。因为它产生了膨胀。而膨胀可以使得轴承或滑动表面之间的配合更紧密。如果因为膨胀导致了一个足够大的积压力，那么，这个轴承就可能会卡死或密封死。另外，随着温度的升高，如果不是耐高温材料制造的轴承，就可能会损坏甚至融化。 在运动部件之间会发生很多摩擦，如 1.启动 摩擦 2.滑动摩擦 3.转动摩擦。 启动摩擦是两个固体之间产生的倾向于组织其相对运动趋势的摩擦。当两个固体处于静止状态时，这两个零件表面的不平度倾向于相互嵌入，形成楔入作用，为了使这些部件“动”起来。这些静止部件的凹谷和尖峰必须整理光滑，而且能相互抵消。这两个表面之间越不光滑，由运动造成的启动摩擦（最大静摩擦力）就会越大。 因为，通常来说，在两个相互配合的部件之间，其表面不平度没有固定的图形。一旦运动部件运动起来，便有了规律可循，滑动就可以实现这一点。两个运动部件之间的摩擦就叫做滑动摩擦。启动摩擦通常都稍大 于滑动摩擦。 转动摩擦一般发生在转动部件和设备上，这些设备“抵触”极大的外作用力，当然这种外力会导致部件的变形和性能的改变。在这种情况下，转动件的材料趋向于堆积并且强迫运动部件缓慢运动，这种改变就是通常所说的形变。可以使分子运动。当然，最终的结果是，这种额外的能量产生了热能，这是必需的。因为它可以保证运动部件的运动和克服摩擦力。 由运动部件的表面不平度的楔入作用引起的摩擦可以被部分的克服，那就需要靠两表面之间的润滑。但是，即使是非常光滑的两个表面之间也可能需要一种物质，这种物质就是通常所说的润滑剂，它可以提 供一个比较好的、比较薄的油膜。这个油膜使两个表面分离，并且组织运动部件的两个表面的相互潜入，以免产生热量使两表面nts 8 膨胀，又引起更近的接触。 减小摩擦的另一种方式是用不同的材料制造轴承和转动零件。可以拿黄铜轴承、铝合金和含油轴承合金做例子进行解释。也就是说用软的或硬的金属组成表面。含油轴承合金是软的。这样，当轴承在油中浸泡过以后，因为毛细管的作用，将由带到轴承的各个表面。这种类型的轴承把它的润滑剂带到应力最大的部位。 对运动部件润滑以减小摩擦，应力和热量，最常用的是油、脂、还有合成剂。每一种润滑剂都有其各自不同 的功能和用途。两个运动部件之间的运动情况决定了润滑剂的类型的选择。润滑剂的分布也决定了系统的选择。 在低速度运动的部件，一个油沟足以将所需要的数量的润滑剂送到相互运动的表面。 第二种通用的润滑方法是飞溅润滑系统，在每个周期内这个系统内一些零件经过润滑剂存储的位置，带起足够的润滑油，然后将其散布到所有的运动零件上。这种系统用于草坪修剪机中发动机的曲轴箱，对曲轴、连杆和活塞等零件进行润滑。 在工业装置中，常用的有一种润滑系统是压力系统。这种系统中，一个机器上的一个泵，可以将润滑剂带到所有的轴承表面。并且以一种连 续的固定的速度和数量。 关于润滑，还有许多其他的系统，针对各种类型的润滑剂，对不同类型的运动零件是有效的。由于设备或装置的速度、压力和工作要求的提高，现代工业比以前任何时候都更注重选用适当的润滑剂。 尽管润滑的主要目的之一是为了减小摩擦力，任何可以控制两个滑动表面之间摩擦和磨损的物质，不管是液体还是固体或气体，都可以归类于润滑剂。 润滑的种类 无润滑滑动 :经过精心处理的、去除了所有外来物质的金属在相互滑动时会粘附或熔接到一起。当达不到这么高的纯净度时，吸附在表面的气体、水蒸气、氧化物和污染物就会降低摩擦力并 减小粘附的趋势，但通常会产生严重的磨损，这种现象被称为“无润滑”摩擦或者叫做干摩擦。 流体膜润滑 :在滑动面之间引入一层流体膜，把滑动表面完全隔离开，就产生了流体膜润滑。这种流体可能是有意引入的。例如汽车主轴承中的润滑油；也可能是无意中引入的，例如在光滑的橡胶轮胎和潮湿的路面之间的水。尽管流体通常是油、水和其他很多种类的液体，它可以是气体。最常用的气体是空气。 为了把零件隔离开，润滑膜中的压力必须和作用在滑动面上的负荷保持平衡。如果润滑膜中的压力是由外源提供的，这种系统称为流体静压润滑。如果滑动表面之间nts 9 的压力 是由于滑动面本身的形状和运动所共同产生的，这种系统就称为流体动压力润滑。 边界润滑 :处于无润滑滑动和流体膜润滑之间的润滑被称为边界润滑。它可以被定为这样一种润滑状态，在这种状态中，表面之间的摩擦力取决于表面的性质和润滑剂中的其他性质。边界润滑包括大部分润滑现象，通常在机器的启动和停止时出现。 固体润滑 。 当普通润滑剂没有足够的承受能力或者不能在温度极限下工作时，石墨和二硫化钼这一类固体润滑剂得到广泛应用。但润滑剂不仅仅以脂肪、粉末和油脂这样一些为人们所熟悉的形态出现，在一些精密的机器中，金属也通常作为滑动面。 润滑剂的作用 尽管润滑剂主要是用来控制摩擦和磨损的，它们能够而且通常也确实起到许多其他的作用，这些作用随其用途不同而不同，但通常相互之间是有关系的。 控制摩擦力 。 滑动面之间润滑剂的数量和性质对所产生的摩擦力有很大的影响。例如，不考虑热和磨损这些相关因素，只考虑两个油膜润滑表面见的摩擦力，它能比两个同样表面，但没有润滑时小 200 倍。在流体润滑状况时，摩擦力与流体黏度成正比。一些诸如石油衍生物这类润滑剂，可以有很多黏度，因此能够满足范围宽广的功能要求。在边界润滑状态，润滑剂黏度对摩擦力的影响不象其化学性质 的影响那么显著。 磨损控制 。 磨蚀、腐蚀与固体和固体之间的接触就会造成磨损。适当的润滑剂将能帮助克服上述提到的一些磨损现象。润滑剂通过润滑膜来增加滑动面之间的距离，从而减轻磨料污染物和表面不平度造成的损伤，因此，减轻了磨损和由固体与固体之间接触造成的磨损。 控制温度 。 润
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