山东省新泰市第二中学高中英语 模块七 unit2语法 语法预习案 新人教版选修7.doc

山东省新泰市第二中学高中英语模块七 unit2语法 语法预习案英语语态指的是主语与谓语动词之间的关系，如果是主动关系（主语是动作的执行者），句子就是主动语态；如果是被动关系（主语是动作的承受者），句子就是被动语态。使用被动语态的情况1. 我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁的时候(这时不带by引起的短语)。printing was introduced to europe from china. (省略了by短语。)look! there is nothing here. everything has been taken away. (省略了by短语。)2. 当我们出于礼貌、措辞委婉等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁时。you are requested to give a performance.you are cordially (诚挚地) invited to a party to be given at the teachers club at 3 p.m. nov. 23.3. 当我们强调或兴趣在动作的承受者时(这时可带by引起的短语)。the song was composed（组成; 写作）by a student. a good time was had by all.被动语态的构成被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以give为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：一般现在时：am/is/aregiven 【例句】the first section of new college english is designed for speaking practice and is based on pictures and topics.一般过去时：was/weregiven【例句】these computers were made in our own country. 一般将来时：will/shall begiven【例句】shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony? 过去将来时：would begiven【例句】the news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.现在进行时：am/is/are beinggiven【例句】the machine is being repaired in the workshop.过去进行时：was/were beinggiven【例句】the feast was being prepared when the birds arrived in the sky.现在完成时：have/has beengiven【例句】swift progress has also been made in culture and education. 过去完成时：had beengiven【例句】the huge bridge had been damaged before the world war.将来完成时：will/shall have beengiven【例句】the book will have been published by the end of next month.含有情态动词的动词变成被动语态：情态动词+be +过去分词this problem can be solved. 这问题可解决。whats done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。george might be sent to america by his company in august.公司可能八月份派乔治去美国。类似结构（be going to, have to 等）变成被动语态：this room is going to be painted next week.这个房间下周粉刷。go away! i want to be left alone.走开！我想独自待一会儿。一些特殊的被动语态1. 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语(指人的宾语）。they didnt offer ann the job. ann wasnt offered the job. 安未得到这份工作。2. 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。they make her clean the floor. she is made to clean the floor by them.3. itbe过去分词that从句 (=主语be过去分词to do sth)表示：据说/据报道/据悉/据信等。 例：据说这个男孩已经通过了这次全国性的测试。it is said that the boy has passed the national exam. the boy is said to have passed the national exam.4. be supposed to suppose vt. 推想; 假设; 猜想 supposed adj. 假定的; 推测的; 意图的(1) 据说（=be said to) 如：(2) lets go and see that film. its supposed to be very good.我们一起去看那电影好吗? 人们都说它不错。(2) 计划、安排 如：id better hurry. its nearly 8 oclock. im supposed to be meeting tom at 8:15.我要快些了。现在差不多8点钟了。我8点一刻去接汤姆。(3) be not supposed to 不允许如: you are not supposed to park here. 这儿不允许停车。5. 动词get代替be. （ get往往用在口语中。）there was a fight at the pub, but fortunately nobody got (=was)hurt.酒馆里发生了打斗，幸好无人受伤。get + done 同 be+done 的区别：get done 往往表示行为不是计划之中，而是意外发生的。如：the dog got run over by a car. 狗被汽车辗死了。不可以变成被动语态1. 某些感官动词加形容词及少数其他的动词可以表示被动意义。 cook, smell, taste, wash, write, shut, prove, sell, read, writethe dish tastes delicious. the theory proved right at last.the book is so interesting that it sells well. the book is so interesting that it sells well. “sells”此处为不及物动词“销售起来; 有销路”的意思；作及物动词为“卖; 出售”）this kind of cloth washes well. (耐洗) 2. need +v- ing 表示“主语承受动词发出的动作”，表示被动意义。 我的车需要修理。my car needs repairing (= to be repaired). 3. 某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词没有被动语态形式。这类动词常见的有：beg, equal, fail, hold, possess, fit，become, contain, cost, fit, have，lack, resemble(相似), suit等。this new english-chinese dictionary cost me ten dollars.4. 通常只有及物动词（组）才有被动语态，不及物动词没有。如：战争爆发了。可以说： the war broke out .但不能说：the war was broke out.被动结构与系表结构的区别“be过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。被动语态与系表结构主要区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态，试比较下面的句子：被动结构the enemy was soon surrounded by us.系表结构the house is surrounded by trees.被动结构 she was bitten by the dog in the darkness. 系表结构i was excited by the news that my husband got promoted.用被动语态改换下列各句： 1. my father will repair my bike for me.my bike by my father for me.2. i have found my wallet.my wallet .3. she told me to wait here for her.i to wait here for her.4. the police will surely arrest the murderer.the murderer will surely by the police.5. they invited mr. green to make a speech.mr. green to make a speech.6. the students clean their classroom every day.their classroom by the students every day.7. you mustnt take those books out of the reading-room.those books out of the reading-room.8. i didnt tell you the girl could do the job.you by me that the girl could do the job.9. do people speak english in your coun