【全国通用】高三英语专题03：阅读理解.doc

高三英语专题03：阅读理解2不同体裁文章的阅读方法不同体裁的文章，作者的写作手法不同，表达的方式千差万别。体裁不同，要求使用的阅读方法也不一样。因此，掌握不同体裁的文章的阅读方法有助于我们提高阅读效率、加深对文章的理解、提高阅读速度。下面分别谈谈记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文的阅读方法和技巧。第一节 记叙文的阅读方法 记叙文讲述的是发生在当前或过去或将来事情的经过。简而言之，记叙文就是讲故事，包括人物或故事情节。常见的记叙文根据其用途可分为文学记叙文和说明记叙文：文学记叙文以虚构为主，如趣闻逸事、传说、寓言、传奇故事、短篇小说、科幻小说等；说明记叙文以事实为依据，包括历史、传记、新闻报道、日记等。无论哪一种记叙文作者都要交代何人何时何地为什么、怎么样、干了何事等等，这也就是我们常说的“5Ws and 1H”。这是我们在阅读记叙文时要首先了解的，接着按照线索弄清事情的来龙去脉，就能理解整个故事。特别值得注意的是：记叙文的叙事顺序有顺叙和倒叙两种，有时候作者为了吸引读者会采用倒叙的方法，即不按照事情发展的先后顺序来叙述，而是从最重要、最能引人入胜的事件开始，然后再回过头来追叙故事的开端和经过。阅读时要学会从事情本身的发展去理解故事情节而不要只看事件在文中出现的先后位置。另外，讲故事必定有其目的：或证明某一理论，或阐明某一概念，或赞美某种美德，或谴责某种罪恶等等。我们在阅读时要通过作者的重要细节描写联系故事情节去领会作者的意图，对作者重墨泼就的细节描写要重点关注。概括起来一句话：读记叙文的关键是抓情节。 抓住了故事情节，就理解了文章的脉络，其他的就迎刃而解了。下面请阅读一篇记叙文，看看你能不能抓住故事的主要情节。（05浙江卷 A 篇）Compassion is a desire within us to help othersWith effort, we can translate compassion into actionAn experience last weekend showed me this is trueI work part-time in a supermarket across from a building for the elderlyThese old people are our main customers, and its not hard to lose patience over their slownessBut last Sunday, one aged gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lessonThis untidy man walked up to my register(收款机) with a box of biscuitsHe said he was out of cash(现金), had just moved into his room, and had nothing in his cupboardsHe asked if we could let him have the food on trustHe promised to repay me the next day I couldnt help staring at himI wondered what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before, and what he would be like if luck had gone his wayI had a hurt in my heart for this kind of human soul, all alone in the worldI told him that I was sorry, but store rules didnt allow me to do soI felt stupid and unkind saying this, but I valued my job Just then, another man, standing behind the first, spoke upIf anything, he looked more pitiable“Charge it to me,” was all he said What I had been feeling was pityPity is soft and safe and easyCompassion, on the other hand, is caring in actionI thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed eitherThen I reached into my pocket and paid for the biscuits myselfI reached into my pocket because these two men had reached into my heart and taught me compassion.解析：故事采用顺叙的叙事方法，主要情节发展如下：One aged gentleman begged me to have the food on trust and promised to repay the next day.- I told him the store rules didnt allow me to do so.- Another man wanted me to charge the food to him.-I paid for the biscuits myself. 作者用第一人称讲述自己亲身经历的这段故事，让人觉得亲切可信，同时也增强了文章的感染力。作者说自己通过这段故事学会了compassion（同情），事实上也是在号召读者多伸出同情之手，共建和谐社会。 抓住了故事的情节，了解了作者的写作意图。再来做理解题，就容易多了。请看看下面几道理解题：41The aged gentleman who wanted to buy the biscuits _.Apromised to obey the store rulesBforgot to take any money with himChoped to have the food first and pay later Dcould not afford anything more expensive42Which of the following best describes the old gentleman? Akind and lucky Bpoor and lonely Cfriendly and helpful Dhurt and disappointed43The writer acted upon the store rules because _.Ahe wanted to keep his present jobBhe felt no pity for the old gentlemanChe considered the old man dishonestDhe expected someone else to pay for the old man44What does the writer learn from his experience? AWealth is more important than anything else.BHelping others is easier said than done. CExperience is better gained through practice. DObeying the rules means more than compassion.（参考答案：CBAB）第二节 说明文的阅读方法 说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，如机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、工程项目的规划或问题的解决方案等等，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物等等。说明事物可采用多种方式：例如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。举例说明文使用例子说明事物阐明观点；分解展开法着重于事物的区别、差异，分类展开法则强调事物的相似之处；类比说明事物如何相似，对比说明事物如何不同；因果说明文表明事物发生的原因及结果。除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。 无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物的特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。 下面具体看看两篇说明文。 （05 重庆卷 B 段） Reading is very important to help you learn English. To learn as much as you can from reading, you need to read different kinds of English. This book provides not only different kinds of English but also a good way to check your reading ability.There are four parts in the book:Part 1 is Messages: In this part somebody wants to send information in writing to somebody else.There is a test on timetables and a test on text messages.Part 2 is People: In this part all the tests are about people. For example, there is an informal letter between friends. There is formal (正式的) English in biography (传记) . There is a job application as a model to help with your writing, as well as testing your reading.Part 3 is Places: In this part, too. Many different kinds of English are shown, some informal and some formal. There is the informal English of a holiday postcarDThere is also the formal English in a letter of complaint.Part 4 is Things: You will find some descriptive writing in this part. There are descriptions of clothes and of a computer.You can do these tests in any order you like, or you can do all the tests with a formal or informal text.I enjoyed writing this book and I hope you enjoy using it.解析：这篇文章使用浅显平实的语言详细介绍了这本书的4个部分的内容。说明的重点在书的内容，这本书的特征体现在它的内容。抓住了这一特点，也就读懂了这篇文章，再来做理解题，就容易多了。看看相关的理解题：59We can find the introduction to a product in . APart 1BPart 2CPart 3DPart 460Which of the following is most probably written in informal English?AA letter of complaint.BA computer handbook.CA letter to a frienDDA story of a president.61The passage is most probably written for .Atest designers Bstudents Ctest-takers Dteachers 62What is the best title of the book?ATest Your Reading BHelp with Your Writing CLearn Different Kinds of English DPractise English in Different Ways （参考答案：DCBA）（05 山东卷 E篇）A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at the wheel is about to undergo testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could go on sale within 12 months.The system, called Driver Alert, aims to reduce deadly road accidents by 20%-40% that are caused by tiredness. Airline pilots can also use it to reduce the 30% of all pilot-error accidents that are related to fatigue.Driver Alert is based on a computerized wristbandThe device, worn by drivers or pilots, gives out a sound about every four minutes during a car journey. After each sound the driver must respond by squeezing the steering wheel(方向盘). A sensor in the wristband detects this pressing action and measures the time between the sound and the drivers response.Tiredness is directly related to a drivers response time. Usually, a watchful driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond, but once that falls to more than 500 milliseconds, it suggests that the driver is getting sleepy.In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds, showing that the driver should open a window or stop for a rest. If the drivers response continues to slow down, the sounds become more frequent until a nonstop alarm warns that the driver must stop as soon as possible.The device has been delivered to the departments laboratories for testing. If these tests, scheduled for six months time, are successful, the markets will bring the product to market within about a year.解析：这篇文章说明Driver Alert这一驾驶员警报装置。抓住了它的工作原理、功能作用就抓住了它的本质特点。3、4、5自然段是理解的重点：开车时驾驶员腕带上的警报会每隔4分钟发出声音，驾驶员听到声音按压方向盘作出反应。传感器会探测到从听到声音到作出反应之间的时间差，如果这个时间差大于500毫秒，说明驾驶员疲劳打瞌睡。了解了这个装置的特点，就读懂了这篇文章。看看理解题：72According to the text, Driver Alert _.Aaims to reduce tiredness-related accidents Bhas gone through testing at laboratoriesCaims to prevent drivers from sleeping Dhas been on sale for 12 months73How should a driver respond to the sounds from Driver Alert?ABy sounding a warning. BBy touching the wristbandCBy checking the driving time.DBy pressing the steering wheel.74We can learn from the text that the driver needs to stop for a break when his response time is _.Aabout 400 milliseconds Bbelow 500 millisecondsCover 500 milliseconds Dabout 4 minutes75When the driver gets sleepy while driving, Driver Alert _. Amoves more regularlyBstops working properlyCopens the window for the driver Dsounds more frequently and loudly（参考答案：ADCD）第三节 议论文的阅读方法 议论文也就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据（evidence），使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。 阅读议论文我们要抓住论题、抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题、抓住了观点，我们就把握了中心，再结合作为论据的诸多事例和理由之间以及它们和观点/结论之间的内在联系，我们就能理解文章的结构。因此，阅读议论文的关键是：抓论题、抓观点。 看看下面一篇例文： （05 江苏卷 E段） The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure sciencea wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied sciencea more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankindThe application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.William Shakespeare said“The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线）, good and ill together. “The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activitiesscience seems to prove what Shakespeare saidBut does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?解析：作者在第一段提出论题：The progress in science caused the changes in the twentieth century. 接下来，第二、三段作者提出论据：The progress in science has brought us advantages and the continuation of the progress will surely result in even greater advantages.第四段作者从另一方面提出论据：The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind再接下来，按行文结构作者应该作出结论，但作者在第五段并没有直接说出不言自明的结论（We should separate the good from the ill.），而是用了几个问句：But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war? 这样可引起读者对结论的深入思考，引起读者的重视。看看下面的理解题：72Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?A B C D （=Paragraph 1,=Paragraph 2, =Paragraph 3, =Paragraph 4,=Paragraph 5）73From the fourth paragraph, we can infer that .Aa great many nuclear weapons were actually used for warBa large number of nuclear weapons should have been used for warCthe author is doubtful about the ruin of human beings by nuclear weaponsDthe author is anxious about the huge number of nuclear weapons on the earth74The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .AsimpleBmixedCsadDhappy75What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?AFurther application of science to war.BMore reading of William Shakespeare.CProper use of science in the new century.DEffective ways to separate the good from the ill.（参考答案：ADBD）第四节 应用文的阅读方法 应用文不同于一般普通的文章，应用文措辞简洁明了、直截了当。应用文是一种使用范围比较广泛的文体，象广告、书信、列车或飞机的时刻表、产品说明书、宣传海报、简明新闻等都属于应用文，他们的目的都是为了向读者传输信息。在阅读这类文章时主要是注意细节信息，做题时，根据所提问题用寻读、跳读的方法更有效。 了解了应用文的措辞和内容特点，我们在实践中总结出读应用文的关键是：抓信息。例如： （05江西卷 C段）OUR KIDS ARE AMAZINGespecially compared with everybody elses (who seem to cry all the time). How do you show your love for your kids this holiday season? With toys that are smooth and colorful, interactive and exciting. And with ones that have educational valuebecause you are the boss. 1FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SETHere is a toy that doesnt need powerand the bike have to put it together themselves. This 50-piece puzzle set is made of soft-edged hardwood and makes a complete hospital, with an X-ray room. It also includes eight patients, a car and a driver. $135; .2TINY LOVE ACTIVITY BALLSure, its cool, but this colorful baby toy also develops problem solving and motor skills. It has a head and legs, a magnetic(磁性的) hand and a tail. Suitable for little ones from 6 to 36 months. $1995; .3ROBOSAPIENThis small, remote-control robot is really powerful. It performs 67 preprogrammed functions(功能), including throwing, kicking, picking up and dancing. You can even program your own function-which, sadly, does not include doing windows. $99; .4MINI PEDAL CARWant a Mini Cooper but cant fit the family inside? Get one for the kids. They can jump into this Mini car, which comes in hot orange with a single adjustable(可调的) seat, and ride away. But it could spoil them for that used car theyll be driving when they turn 16For ages 3 to 5$189; miniusAcom (click on “gear up,” then “Mini motoring gear”).解析：快速scanning，我们知道这是一篇关于儿童玩具的广告。抓信息是关键，要抓住对我们答题有用的信息。我们先看问题，看题目对什么信息提问，这样就能做到有的放矢，先看64题。64Which toy is said to have the special design for childrens safety?AROBOSAPIENBMINI PEDAL CARCFLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SETDTINY LOVE ACTIVITY BALL该题问哪一个玩具为孩子的安全做了特别的设计？回到原文，我们很快发现在1FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET中有This 50-piece puzzle set is made of soft-edged hardwood and makes a complete hospital, with an X-ray room.一句描述，注意句中的soft-edged，我们可得出答案：C。65Which toy are fit for three-year-old kids?A1 and 3B2 and 4CI and 2D3 and 4采用寻读的方法，很快找到答案：B。66Educational value is mentioned in all the toys EXCETP _.AFLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SETBTINY LVE ACTIVITY BALLCROBOSAPIENDMINI PEDAL CAR快速扫描四种玩具的特点，我们很快就能找到相关信息，得出答案：B。67This passage is written for _.AparentsBchildrenCthe writerDthe boss家长才会给孩子买玩具，不言而喻，答案：A。第一节 记叙文的阅读方法【实战演练练习十六】（05天津卷 C篇）The house was quiet at 5 Am. and Tims mother was asleep. Only the sound of the big freezer broke the quiet. Hed dreamt of the cave last night? The purring (轻微颤动声) of the freezer had been the sea .Tim pulled on a sweater and put some apples into his schoolbag. It was too early for breakfast. Hed eat after hed been through the cave, sitting on the rocks and staring at the seAHe wished he had a proper pack. His schoolbag would have to do. What else? Sandwiches but his mother might wake up if he started pulling out bread for sandwiches, shed want to know why he had to leave so early. He settled for some biscuits, and left a note stuck to the table.Gone to Michaels Back tonight . Tim .The sky was high and soft and light outside, though the sun still wasnt up. Even the highway up the hill was quiet as he made his way down the street. The wind from the sea was fresh and sweet.The sandhills still breathed heat from yesterdays sun, though the top of the sand was cool. He ran down to the beach impatiently, but there was no one, just dry sand dancing in the early wind and seabirds marching up and down watching the waves.The light changed suddenly. The first rays of sunlight stretched (延伸) across the sea . The sun was pushing its way over the edge of the worldOver the first rocks, along to the point. Tim glanced back. The beach was still empty. The sun sailed higher in the sky.He could see the cave now, even darker in the morning light. The sand turned silver then dark gold as the water flowed away from it. He had to force himself to go closer. Why was it so much more mysterious (神秘)now? But it would be silly to go back now after so much trouble. He neednt go in all the way 43What did Tim do at the beginning of the story?AHe left the house quietly.BHe had breakfast at home.CHe left a note on the freezer.DHe put a sweater in his schoolbag.44“He settled for some biscuits ” (in Paragraph 3) means that Tim .Ahad to leave the biscuits on the table .Bliked biscuits better than sandwiches Chad to take biscuits instead of sandwiches Dcould only find some biscuits in the kitchen 45What made it possible for Tim to see the entry to the cave?AThe height of the first rocks. BThe ups and downs of the waves.CThe change in the position of the sun. DThe vast stretch of the sunlit beach.46Whish of the following statements is TRUE according to the story?AThe sea looked like a piece of gold BSeabirds flew away when Tim arrivedCTim was the only person on the beach. DThe sky got dark as Tim reached the cave.47In the story , Tims mood (心情) changed from .Aloneliness to crazinessBanxiousness to excitement Chelplessness to happiness Deagerness to nervousness 【实战演练练习十七】（05上海卷 B篇）“Come in. Kim. Have a seat, please.” said Bill Williams, the manager. This was Kims first experience with an assessme