英语,学士学位自考书第三单元.doc

Unit Three GeographyText A The Grand canyon The Grand canyon in Arizona is one of the fargest and most beautiful of all canyons.It extends four hundred fifty kilometers.The surrounding area does not make you suspect the existence of such a great opening in the earth.You come upon the canyon suddenly,when you reach its edge.Then you are looking at a land like nothing else in the world.Walls of rock fall away sharply ar your feet.In some places,the canyon walls are more than a kilometer deep.Far below is the dark,turning line of the Colorado River.On the other side,sunshine lights up the naked rock walls in red,orange,and gold.The bright colors are the result of minerals in the rocks.Their appearance changes endlessly with the light,the time of year,and the weather.At sunset,when the sun has moved across the sky,the canyon walls give up their fiery reds and golds.They take on quieter colors of blue,purple,and green. A famous American John Muir said in 1898,”The Grand Canyonas unearthly in the color and grandeur and quantity of its architecture as if you had found it after death on some other star.”(一位著名的美国人约翰繆尔曾在1898年说过：“科罗拉多大峡谷.它的色彩和构造的宏伟多样是世间所没有的，就像是人消亡以后在别的星球上发现的东西。了解as if的用法) Like Muir,those of us who stand along the rim are prompted to wonder ablout the unearthliness and the forces that created and still changing this place.After more than 100 years of studies,many things are still obscure.Today visitors come by the thousands-the great and simple of the earth-all in a spirit of marvel.Travelers come from every state of the Union,from every country in Europe and Asia,pilgrims to a shrine that is the same as the creed. From the depths of the canyon comes silence.Seldom can you hear the roar of the river（峡谷深处寂静无声。我们很少听见河水的咆哮声。了解倒装句的使用）.You cannot catch the patter.Like applause,from the leaves of the cottonwoods on the shelf-like plateau below you.For all sounds are swallowed in this gulf of space.“It makes one want to murmur.”a woman once whispered to her companion.This silence is not the silence of death;rather,it is a presence.It is like a great piece of music.But music made of man works up to a climax and ceases;the Grand Canyon is all climax,a chord echoing into eternity.(人类创作的乐曲达到高潮后就会停止，而大峡谷高潮迭起，是永远回荡不止的和音。了解独立主格的用法)Perhaps the most halfway spectacular feature of the Grand Canyon,its Redwall limestone cliff,stands about halfway up the chasm and is practically vertical.Its average height is 550 feet,almost exactly that of the Washington Monument.Though it is actually grayblue limestone,the surface of the cliff has been stained to a sunset hue by iron salts washing out of the rocks（虽然它实际上是灰蓝色的石灰石，但是从岩石渗出的铁盐却把悬崖表面染上了晚霞般的色彩）.Above the Redwall come alternating layers of red sandstone and shale 1000 feet thick,then comes the next pale-blue layer.The topmost layers are a yellowish limestone,Now,visitors to the South Rim alone may number 18000 in a single day.Some of that number will travel by mule train down Bright Angel Trail to the canyons floor,cross the raging river by a suspension bridge and amount to the North Rim.Though the two rims face each other across only 12 miles,it is a journey of 214 miles by car from one to the other.Nor can you visit the North Rim except in summer;some 1200 feet higher than the South Rim,it is snow that covered much of the year except in July and August.But there is no day that you may not visit the South Rim and fine the sun warm on your face and the air perfumed with the incense of smoke from an Indian hearth.The Grand canyon is an unearthly sight.No wonder an American writer and journalist said,“I came here an atheist,and departed a devout believer.”（难怪一位美国作家兼记者说；“我来这里时还是个无神论者，离开时却是个虔诚的信徒了。”）Today,the Grand canyon is known as one of the seven wonders of the natural world.About five million people visit the canyon each year.Most visitors walk along paths part way down into the canyon.It takes several hours to walk to the bottom.It takes two times as long to get back up.Some visitors ride mules to the bottom and back.The mules are strong animals that look like horses.They are known for their ability to walk slowly and safely on the paths.Visitors can travel down the Colorado River by boat in the Grand canyon.Americans National Park Service is responsible for protecting the Grand canyon from the effects of so many visitors.All waste material must be carried out of the Canyon.All rocks,historical objects,plants,and wildlife must be left untouched.As the National Park Service tells visitors,“Take only photographs.Leave only footprints.”Many writers have tried to describe the wonder of the Grand canyon.They use words like mysterious,overpowering,or strange.Yet writers recognize that it is impossible to put human meaning in such a place.The Grand canyon exists in its own space and time.Some visitors say they feel so small when measured against the Canyons great size.One writer who has spent a lot of time in the Grand canyon finds it a peaceful place.He says the almost overpowering silence and deepness of the Grand canyon shakes people at least briefly out of their self-importance.He says it makes us remember our place in the natural world.Words and ExpressionsCanyon 峡谷Unearthly 超自然的；非尘世的；神秘的Grandeur 宏伟，壮观，富丽堂皇Rim （圆形物体的）边，缘Obscure 不出名的；不重要的；费解的；模糊不清的Marvel 奇迹；令人惊奇的事物（或事例） 惊奇，对.感到惊奇Pilgrim 香客，朝圣者Shrine 圣地，圣坛，神圣场所Creed （尤指宗教）信条，教条Patter 发出急而轻的拍声；嗒嗒地跑 哒哒声，喋喋叫卖Applause 热烈鼓掌，喝彩Plateau 高原；平稳时期；稳定状态；停滞时期Chord 和弦；弦，和音Eternity 永恒来世Spectacular 壮观的，雄伟的，引人入胜的Limestone 石灰岩 Chasm 裂缝 裂口Monument 纪念碑；遗迹；遗址；名胜古迹Hue 色彩，色调topmost 最高的，绝顶的yellowish 微黄的，略带黄色的suspension 暂停，中止；悬架。悬置机构；悬浮液incense 香 香料 香味hearth 壁炉前的地板；炉床；壁炉边atheist 无神论者，不信神者，无宗教信仰者devout 虔诚的；真诚的；诚恳的mysterious 神秘的，不可思议的overpowering 无法抵抗的，压倒性的Text B Supplementary ReadingA new NASA-funded study finds that predicted increases in precipitation due to warmer air temperatures from greenhouse gas emissions may actually increase sea ice volume in the Antarctics Southern Ocean.This adds new evidence of potential asymmetry between the two poles,and may be an indication that change processes may have different impact on different areas of the globe.Most people have heard of climate change and how rising air temperatures are melting glaciers and sea ice in the Arctic,said Dylan C.Powell,a doctoral candidate at the University of Maryland,Baltimore County.However,findings from our simulations suggest a counterintuitive phenomenon.Some of the melt in the Arctic may be offset by increases in sea ice volume in the Amtarctic.Some scientists warn that ice near the Earths Poles may indeed be melting.This polar meltdown”may be the first sign that the Earth is heating up.We could be in very serious trouble if this trend continues.It is estimated that a meltdown of as little as 10 percent of Antarcticas ice would raise sea levels around the globe by 4 to 9 meters.Floods would cover low-lying regions and turn coastal cities like New York and New Orleans into real-life underwater world.Scientists first predicted in the 1970s that heat trapped in the Earths atmosphere could cause a polar meltdown.Many now believe that human activities are turning up the heat.When we burn fossil fuels like coal and oil,we add carbon dioxide(CO2) gas to the Earths atmosphere.Cutting down trees also makes CO2 levels rise because trees normally soak up CO2 to make food.Scientists say higher CO2 levels strengthen the greenhouse effectand could increase the Earths temperature.In fact,CO2 levels have risen by 30 percent since the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries.The researchers used satellite observations for the first time,specifically from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager,to assess snow depth on sea ice,and included the satellite observations in their model.As a result,they improved prediction of precipitation rates.By incorporating satellite observations into this new method,the researchers achieved more stable and realistic precipitation data than the typically variable data found in the polar regions.Over the past three years,satellite measurements have shown a sea level rise of about a quarter inch worldwide.” If nothing is done to reduce fossal-fuel pollution and global warming,sea levels will rise enen more;”says geologist Richard Alley.But even Alley admits that a polar meltdown would take time.The ice in Antarctica and Arctic locks up nearly nine times the volume of water contained in all the worlds rivers and lakes.These are such big”ice cubesand it would probably take thousands of years to melt them,Another scientist Charles Bentley doesnt think a meltdown will happen at all.”Even if warmer temperatures begin to melt polar-ice,”he says,”the excess moisture would most likely be redeposited as snow.”In other words,the melted ice would evaporate into the atmosphere,refreeze,and fall as rain and snow over the Poles. Typically,warming of the climate leads to increased melting rates of sea ice cover and increased precipitation rates.However,in the Southern Ocean,with increased precipitation rates and deeper snow,the additional load of snow becomes so heavy that it pushes the Antractic sea ice below sea level.This results in even more and even thicker sea ice when the snow refreezes as more ice.Therefore,it is predicted that some climate processes,like warmer air temperatures increasing the amountof sea ice,may go against what we would normally believe would occur.”We used computer-generated simulations to get this research result.I hope that in the future well be able to verify this result with real datathrough a long-term ice thickness measurement campaign,”Said Powell,”Our goal as scientists is to collect hard data to verify what the computer model is telling us.It will be critical to know for certain whether average sea ice thickness is indeed increasing in the Antarctic as our model indicates,and so determine what environmental factors are spurring this apparent phenomenon.”Words and ExpressionsPrecipitation坠落；沉淀；沉淀物；鲁莽；冰雹Asymmetry 不队称Glacier 冰河；冰川Simulation 仿真；模拟；模仿；假装Counterintuitive 违反直觉的Coastal 沿海的；海岸的Assess 评定；估价；对征税Incorporate 包含；吸收；体现；把合并。合并，组合，混合。合并的；一体化的；组成公司的Excess 超过，超额；过度，过量；无节制的。额外的，过量的，附加的Evaporate使.蒸发（脱水，消失）。蒸发，挥发，消失，失踪Refreeze 再冰冻；再冻结Verify 核实；查证Campaign 作战；参加竞选；参加活动 运动；活动；战役Spur 鼓舞，刺激；马刺；山坡 骑马疾驰；给与刺激 激励，鞭策，给装踢马刺Understanding the Textchooes the most likely answer for each of the questions.1.The first sign that the Earth is heating up is _A.polar-ice meltdown B.floods C.the burning of the fossil fuels D.the greenhous effect2.The underlined word “loe-lying”in Paragraph 2 means_.A.sunken B.barren C.void D.upland3.The consequence of global warming mentioned in the passage is _.A.more tropical storms B.more tropical diseases C.changes in farm productivity D.coastal flooding4.Which of the following statements does Paragraph 3 support?A. CO2 in the atmosphere cannot keep the heat from escaping into space.B.The increase of CO2 gas may warm the planet and help to melt polar ice.C.Cutting down trees helps to reduce CO2 levels greatly.D.The end of the short-lived age of fossil fuels is already in sight.5.The global warming was caused by all the following human activities EXCEPT_.A.People burn fossil fuels like coal and oil.B.Cutting down trees makes CO2 levels rise.C.Higher CO2 levels strengthen the “greenhouse effect”and thus increase the Earths temperatureD.Floods cover low-lying regions and turn coastal cities into real-life underwater world.6.Geologist Richard Alley most likely agrees that_.A.the sea-level rise can be prevented by cutting back on energy-consuming activities.B.the recent breaking off of ice blocks from Antarctica is just a natural part of a long-term cycleC.Antarctica temperatures have significantly changed since the Industrial RevolutionD.the polar meltdown may be an accidental change of climate rather than a sign of global warming7.Charles Bentley believes that a polar meltdown will not occur because_.A.governments around the world are beginning to reduce CO2 levels in the air.B.a melting of the polar ice cannot be achieved with the present technologies.C.the melted ice in the polar areas would change into snow and rain over the PolesD.the suns heat would have no chance of being absorbed by the polar ice.8.In which paragraph does the author mention the immense quantities of polar ice?A.In Paragraph 1 B. In Paragraph 3 C. In Paragraph 5 D. In Paragraph 79.What is the main idea of this article?A.It mainly discusses the reasons of the global warming.B. It mainly discusses the reasons of the sea-level rise.C.It focuses on the reasons and harmfulness of the polar-ice meltdown.D.Human activities make CO2 levels raise,10.The authors attitude towards the “polar-ice meltdown”is _.A.positive B.negative C.meutral D.indifferentGrammar被动语态1.1语态的基本概念语态是动词的一种形式，用来表面主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主语语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。1.2被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成”，助动词be必须和主语的人称和数一致。现以tell为例，将被动语态的各种时态列表如下：一般式进行式完成式现在am(is,are)toldam(is,are) being toldhas(have) been told过去was(were)toldwas(were) being toldhad been told将来Shall/will be toldShall/will have been told过去将来would be toldwould have been told1.3被动语态的用法(1)不知道动作的执行者，或由于某种原因没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者例如:English is spoken all over the world. Your presence is requested. A new hospital will be set up in that village(2)需要突出或强调动作的承受者。例如:The life of the wounded soldier was saved by Bethune Such exercises are often done by the students after class. The suggestion was made by Mr.Wang.(3)由于某种理由（如为了礼貌、婉转或便于组合句法关系）而需要用被动语态。例如:You are expected to complete the project on time We are supposed to leave at ten. Lessons are finished and the winter vacation has started.1.4各种时态的被动语态(1)一般现在时例如：A great deal of water is consumed in the city. These books are often borrowed by boys. New problems are dealt with every day.(2)一般过去时例如:The reservoir was built in 1990. The sports meeting was held in my hometown last year.(3)一般将来时例如：Many trees will be planted on both siders of the road nect week. The thief will be sent to prison this afternoon.(4)过去将来时例如：The famous scientist said that he would be invited to visit our school before noon. In the e-mail he tole me that a new power station would be built near the village the next year(5)现在进行时例如：The proposal is being discussed now A modern supermarket is being built near our community. The road is being widened.(6)过去进行时例如：When we went to see him,he was being operated on. At that time they were being shown how to operate the new machine.(7)现在完成时例如：A lot of equipment has been built. The parcels have been posted.(8)过去完成时例如：He came and told us that the work had been finished. He said that some houses had been washed away by the flood(9)将来完成时例如：By the end of this year,the skyscraper will have been built.(10)过去将来完成时例如：The girl told her mother that the picture would have been finished by 8 oclock.1.5情态动词的被动语态 情态动词的被动结构是：情态动词+be+机务动词的过去分词1.6语态转换的几种类型(1)带有一个宾语的主动句，将主语语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。(2)带有两个宾语的主动句变为被动语态时，可将其中的一个宾语（通常为表示人的间接宾语）变为主语，另一个宾语保留不动。(3)带有复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）的主动句变为被动语态时，把宾语变为主语，原来的宾语补足语保留不变，但其作用为主语补足语(4)带有that宾语从句的主语句变为被动语态时，通常为间接宾语作为主语，that从句不变(5)带有短语动词的主语句变为被动语态时，要注意保持短语动词的完整性，动词后面原有的介词和副词不可遗漏。Exercises1. Vocabulary and StrucyureThere are thirty incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence,there are four choices markef A,B,CandD.Complete each of the following sentences with the most likely answer.1.We can not use the bridge now because it_.A.has been repaired B.is repairing C.is repaired D.is being repaired2.Edisons mother was seriously ill,so a doctor had to _.A.send for B.be sent for C.send in D.be sent in3.-Were all the passengers on the bus _ in the accident?-No,it was only six people who_.A.injured,hurt B. injured,got hurt C. being injured,hurt D. injured,had hurt4.He told us that the most important points_yet.A.didnt covered B hadnt covered C. werent covered D. hadnt been covered 5.Its reported that a new school _ here next year,A.would be set up B.was going to set up C.will be set up D.is going to set up6.The robber broke into the store,trying to grab the money just as it _ by Mr.BlackA.had been counted B.was counted C.was being counted D.would counted7.Riding my bike to school one morning,_as Iwent across the main street.A.I was striked by a car B. a car stuck me C. I was stuck with a car D. I was stuck by a car8.I have to go to work by taxi because my car _ at the garage.A.will be repaired B.is repaired C.is being repaired D.has been repaired9.He said that the car _day after day by him for 10 long years by the end of next year.A.would be driven B.would be driving C. would have been driven D. would have been driving10.All the preparations for the task_,and were ready to start.A.completed B.complete C.had been completed D. have been completed11. Tom _to be ill so that he wouldnt have to go to work.A.believed it B.made believe C.was believed D.made it believed12.We cant go on with the experiment because the computer _.A.hasnt been repaired B.hasnt repaired C.is not repaired D.hadnt been repaired13. The little match girl_lying dead in the street.A.found B.founded C.was founded D.was found14. The book is not likely_this year.A.to publish B.to be published C.publishing D.being published15.The old gentleman_all his money.A.robbed of B.was robbed of C.robbed D.was robbed16.Do you have any clothes _ today,Master?asked the servant politely.A.to wash B.