轴承检测仪器的发展预测机械课程毕业设计外文文献翻译@中英文翻译@外文翻译

附 录 轴承检测仪器的发展预测 随着世界上精密制造技术的飞速发展和产品精度的日益提高，产品检测和试验技术也获得了较大的发展，并呈现出多态性和超精密的特性。从纳米制造到纳米测量，从智能仪器、虚拟仪器到网络仪器，国内轴承行业测试与试验技术在多方面逐步与世界接轨，并不断开发出一系列适合国情和国家标准的测试仪器与试验设备。 另一方面，中国正在逐步成为世界上的产品制造中心，国外的先进制造技术和测试技术日益冲击着国内的轴承行业。由于在应用技术领域和国外存在的差距，以及行业内较多的企业对产品质量和检测方面认识不够， 造成目前国内的轴承检测仪器和试验设备仍然与国外的同类先进企业存在着较大的差距。 为弥补产品检测和试验技术与国外先进技术方面存在的不足，同时也为了满足轴承行业控制检测和技改成本，改变过去高精度检测仪器或设备只能从国外进口的局面，就需要我们在各方面都加以改善，并针对某些领域进行专项突破。 从总体考虑，一方面要在先进技术上进行突破，另一方面要提高已有产品的可靠性和稳定性。两个方面齐头并进，相辅相成，这样才能在赶上世界潮流的同时，更能满足国内企业的实际需要。 1 在先进技术方面 1.1 纳米测量技术 高速发展的 技术经济对机械制造的要求越来越高，特别是计算机技术的飞速发展有力地促进了机械科技的进步。目前机械加工业已突破了 0.01m的进给技术， 0.01m圆度的加工技术和纳米级的粗糙度加工技术。纳米级的加工技术 必然对产品检测提出更高的要求，已有的仪器检测精度已经不能满足制造业对产品检测的需求。产品精度的纵向延伸同时也将给国内的仪器制造业带来较大的冲击，甚至有被挤出市场的危险，从而迫使轴承仪器生产企业加大研发力度，积极与世界先进技术靠拢，将测量技术也提升到与纳米加工相适应的纳米测量。纳米级测量技术中最引人注目的是进 行圆度等微小形状的测量。 圆度仪是机械加工中不可缺少的检测设备，其精度制约着机械加工精度，为此国内外对圆度仪的开发生产极为重视，英、美、日、德等国从 20世纪 40、 50年代起就陆续开发了多种圆度仪，并不断更新换代。我国 20世纪 .60年代以来曾进口了数以百计的圆度仪， 70 年代开始自行开发了数种圆度仪，在相当程度上填补了国内此方面的空白。但是早年开发的圆度仪因当时制造技术的局限性，其精度已相对落后，不能满足要求，必须以更高的技术起点研制高精度多功能圆度仪，以适应日益发展的机械加工的需要。 国外发达国家均生产多种圆 度仪，如英、美、德、日 20世纪 70年代就生产主轴精度优于 0.025m的高精度圆度仪，特别是英国 R.T.H公司生产的圆度仪性能比较稳定，在世界上有很高的市场占有率，该公司 80 年代初生产的新型圆度仪圆度测量值的不确定度在以 0.05m内，放大倍率已达到 100万倍，分辨率已达到纳米级，代表了当代圆度仪的水平。 90 年代计算机技术飞速发展并在圆度仪上广泛应用，圆度仪的功能更加完善，实现了圆度、圆柱度、垂直度、倾斜度、平面度等参数的测量，并增加了斜率分析、谐波分析等功能。国外的圆度仪一般分为两大类：一种是低速滑动 主轴带动传感器围绕被测工件回转的传感器回转型，如英国的 TALYROND73 型等。另一种是气浮（或油浮）的工作台回转传感器不转的工作台回转型，此种圆度仪回转精度一般在 0.05m 左右，如TALYROND300 型等。国外的高精度圆度仪一般采用分离主轴回转误差的办法来提高测量精度，分离后的高精度圆度仪圆度测量值的不确定度可达 0.005m。国内开发的圆度仪种类也很多，如上海机床厂和中原量仪厂生产的某型，主轴回转精度在 0.1m，上海量具刃厂生产的台式圆度仪，回转精度 0.1m左右；北京机床厂生产的台式圆度仪，回转 精度 0.05m。 1.2网络技术 轴承属精密产品，加工过程中有严格的工艺、检测方法和质量检测记录。我国目前在轴承加工企业普遍贯彻了 ISO9000 系列质量管理体系，其中对质量管理、检测方法、特别是检测记录有严格的要求。将检测结果全部按时间记录存档是最基本的要求，而国内的大部分企业在这方面由检查员将检测结果记录存档，而人工记录数据易产生差错；因记录数据及存档工作量大，检查员一般只是将抽检的数据存档；做一些工艺分析、统计分析、质量分析等复杂运算很困难。 在轴承工序间检查方面，国内仍采用传统的机械式仪器，由扭簧表 显示测量数据，人工判断工件的合格与否。这种方法测量精度低，受人的主观因素影响较大，但是这种仪器应用简单，仪器故障率低，所以在轴承行业上得到了广泛的应用，而且成为轴承生产中不可缺少的仪器。如何更有效地利用现有的机械式仪器，并在此基础上改善人为因素对产品检测带来的影响，实现集中监测和分析是实现系统质量管理，与国外先进测量技术接轨必然要逾越的阶段。 随着科学技术的进步，轴承行业对全自动加工机床、轴承生产自动线及装配线的广泛使用，使轴承加工质量和效率大大地提高，从而对检测技术、质量管理和统计工作等方面提出了更高的要 求。需要改变目前落后的检测方式，同时做到质量记录无纸化，实现企业加工过程自动化和计算机网络化管理，轴承企业的质量管理者随时可得到企业产品的检测结果和统计分析结果。网络化检测技术的应用将使国内轴承企业在质量管理方面迈上一个新台阶。 网络仪器的出现主要是针对我国目前轴承企业检测手段和质量管理比较落后，轴承质量不能得到有效控制的现状，开发、研制轴承智能检测仪器及企业质量检测网络化管理系统。利用先进的检测手段和现代网络技术来进行产品的质量管理，可提升产品的档次，增强企业产品的竞争力，使检测技术及质量管理系统接近或达 到国际先进水平。 利用最新的数字网络仪器目前在国内由我所首创，填补了国内空白，接近国际先进水平。仪器拥有多项先进技术，与国外相比有价格优势。网络仪器的广泛应用，将显著提高我国轴承的质量水平，增加轴承企业的竞争能力。 1.3 虚拟仪器与智能仪器 现代化技术的进步以计算机技术的进步为代表，不断革新的计算机技术从各个层面上影响着、引导着各行各业的技术革新。基于计算机技术的虚拟仪器系统技术正以不可逆转的力量推动着测试技术的革命。虚拟仪器系统的概念不仅推进了以仪器为基础的测试系统的改造，同时也影响了以数据采集为主的 测试系统的传统构造方式的进化。虚拟仪器系统的概念汇集了各种分散的测试领域，并正在逐步取代传统的测试方法，成为一种标准的技术规范。 虚拟仪器的出现是计算机技术发展的结果，同时也是用户对仪器品种、功能、精度、测试速度、实时性、友好性、复杂运算、可存储性等苛求的结果，是测试技术领域的一大突破。 虚拟仪器因其无比的优越性迅速占领了市场，测试功能设计方面的可自由扩充性、兼容性以及低廉的成本大大缩短了开发周期。从虚拟仪器概念的提出到产品大量而快速的普及也仅仅是十几年时间，而测试功能的多样性、准确度却达到了前所未有的程度 ，从而节约了大量的人力和物力去进行更深层次的研发。 虚拟仪器就是在通用计算机上加上一组实现特定功能的软硬件，从而达到甚至超过几台传统仪器应有的效果和功能，且改变了传统仪器不能很好相互兼容的缺点。智能仪器属于虚拟仪器的范畴，是利用了传统计算机硬件固有的高速运算和存储能力，以及能进行复杂运算的特征，并利用已有的高效的程序设计平台，结合需要开发的特定领域，开发出一系列实现特定功能的软硬件和接口。这种特定的软硬件系统联上传统的计算机软硬件平台，就是一套完善的智能测试仪器。目前这种技术的应用正迅速普及到行业检测的各个 领域。 国内轴承行业在智能测试领域起步也比较早。在 90 年代计算机刚普及的时候，国内轴承行业就已经开始涉足虚拟和智能测试领域。我所自 90 年代中期成功开发出智能化圆度测量仪之后，陆续开发出一系列智能化测量仪器，产品的测试目标涵盖了轴承检测的多项参数。如沟形测量仪、旋转精度测量仪、多参数测量仪、摩擦力矩测量仪、振动测量仪等（其中多项产品获得国家发明奖），并准备将已有产品全部进行智能化改造或功能扩充，如游隙测量仪、刚度测量仪、接触角测量仪、动静态军工用摩擦力矩测量仪等；杭州试验研究中心也对已有产品如速度型振动测量仪 、寿命试验机等进行了智能化改造。 2 产品的可靠性、稳定性 对于实现特定功能的同类测试仪器而言，国内与国外的名牌企业在产品的可靠性、长期稳定性，甚至是加工质量、零部件的可互换性和造型方面等都存在着较大的差异。如何迅速和有效地改善这些不足，关系着产品的综合质量和实际使用寿命，甚至直接关系着企业自身的形象。要想在国外同类企业对国内市场的冲击下很好地生存，必须做到未雨绸缪，使自己的产品无论在制造质量方面，还是在测试可靠性、稳定性方面都能达到标准或接近规范。 产品的可靠性是产品质量的一个重要组成部分。产品 可靠性赋予产品一定的功能和功能参数，如工作精度、工作寿命、机械和运动特性、动力特性等。如果不能保证这些功能参数的有效维持，也就不能相应保证产品的综合质量。研发测试仪器必须把可靠性设计列入重要的范畴，包括产品的固有可靠性（如材料、结构等）和使用可靠性（如人为误差和环境适应性等）都要通盘考虑。产品可靠性低、故障多，不仅维修费用会成倍地增加，而且影响生产进行和经济效益。 轴承测试仪器的可靠性无论对于传统仪器，还是对智能化仪器方面都是存在的，特别是对于智能化仪器影响更大，出现的问题也更多。一方面，传统仪器属于早年开 发出的产品，产品的可靠性设计经过几十年的发展已经日趋成熟，后来的改进也只是微小的改动，且经过多次的实验和校准，而智能化仪器在国内从出现到发展也只有很短的时间，更新速度又快，因此更容易出现可靠性设计缺陷；另一方面，智能化仪器涉及的领域较多，在对各方面（如机械、电气、传感器等）进行单独可靠性设计的同时，又存在着兼容和通配方面的可靠性设计。 在国内轴承行业检测技术领域可靠性设计方面，普遍存在着设计与制造脱节的现象，出现问题的原因与加工、工艺、管理和检查人员有关，另一方面与精密加工设备有关。只有综合改善这些现象并进 行规范化管理，才能逐步杜绝这些不应有的缺陷。 一个企业的产品如果不能很好地进行可靠性设计和严格地进行制造，同时在互换性、外观上很好地迎合用户的需求，就很难维持和发展。对于精密测试仪器领域，更是如此。这些也是我们要考虑发展的重点。 The development of testing instrument bearing prediction As the world precision manufacturing technology rapid development and products,The increasing accuracy and products inspection and test technology also obtained the development of large, and presents the characteristics of polymorphism and precision.According to the nanometer measurement,from manufacturing to intelligent instrument and virtual instrument,network instrument, domestic bearing industry test and experiment technology in languages With the world market, and face gradually issued a series of suitable not disconnected.National standard and test equipment and testing equipment. On the other hand, China is becoming the worlds products manufacturing center and the overseas advanced manufacturing technology and testing technology is impacting domestic bearing industry. Due to the application technology and abroad, and within the industry for many enterprises,Quality inspection and knowledge, and domestic bearing Testing instrument and test equipment from abroad advanced ,There are bigger gaps. In order to make up for product testing and testing technology and advanced foreign technology deficiency and also to meet bearing industry control testing and technical cost, high precision testing instrument or change the past of preparing only imported from abroad.So it need us to change in various aspects. It carrys out special breakthrough from the overall consideration.On the other hand, to improve existing products of reliability and stability.Two aspects, complementary strand, such ability in catch the world trend, can better satisfy domestic enterprises actual need. 1 In advanced technology 1.1 Nano measurement technique The rapid development of economy of mechanical manufacturing technology, particularly the rapid development of computer technology and effectively promote the mechanical technology progress. Currently mechanical processing industry has been 0.01m In technology, the 0.01m roundness of the processing technologies and the roughness of nano machining technology. Nano machining technology for product testing have put forward higher requirement for the instrument necessarily.Measuring precision of products cant meet the demand manufacturing testing.The longitudinal extension and product precision instruments will give domestic manufacturing with a bigger impact,even there was even squeeze from the market.So Forcing bearing instrument production enterprise, and increasing the world advanced technology, will measuring technique to nano to adapt to the nano machining. Nanoscale measuring technology of the most striking is to shape the roundness measuring such tiny. Roundness apparatus is indispensable mechanical processing detection equipment.The precision machining restricts the roundness of this,So it has a attentiong at home and abroad.Britain, the United States, Japan and Germany from 20Century 40, 50 times in succession is developed, and the various roundness Unceasing renewal. China has since the 1960s hundreds of roundness, and developed since the 1970s the roundness,So this has filled the country white in a certain extent But the early development of roundness instrument is limited by manufacturing technology,So its precision is relatively backward and already cannot satisfy the requirement.we must take higher technology developed high starting point to develop multifunctional roundness to adopt to machining needs. Developed countries are producing a variety of roundness, such as Britain, the United States,Germany and Japan in the 1970s production accuracy 0.025m spindle speeds high precision instrument, especially in Britain R.H.T roundness.The roundness instrument performance is stable and has the companys market share high in the world.In the early 1980s, the measurement uncertainty of new Britain R.H.T roundness is in 0.025m and Big rate has reached 100 million times and resolution has reached to the nanometer level.It represented the level of contemporary roundness. Computer technology in the 1990s applied widely at the roundness on the function and realizesed the measuring of the roundness, cylindrical and vertical degree, slope, surface degrees parameters , and increased the slope analysis, harmonic analysis etc. Foreign roundness meter generally divided into two kinds: one kind is low sliding spindle drive sensor was turning around the workpiece Sensor, such as Britains transition to TALYROND73 type, etc.Another is a floating (or oil) rotary worktable no turn of the sensor table.The transformation of the roundness apparatus back in 0.05m gyration accuracy ,sush as TALYROND300 type, etc. Foreign high precision roundness separate generally the spindles gyration error to improve measuring accuracy, So measurement values can be the uncertainty of 0.005m. Domestic development of roundness had many species, such as Shanghai machine tool plant and the central plains instrument factory one of the spindles gyration accuracy measuring 0.1m , Production of desktop roundness of Blade factory Shanghai turning precision 0.1m,Bed factory desktop roundness of Beijing machine turning precision 0.05m. 1.2 Network technology Bearing is precision products and processing process has strict process,detection methods and quality inspection records. Currently china in bearing processing businesses generally carried ISO9000 quality management system.Quality management, inspection method, especially strict inspection records request. That the testing results will all time record purpose is the base requirement. But most of the domestic enterprises in this respect by check member will test results, and records of artificial records is easy generation wrong, Records and archives is big. So inspector general is only to storage the sampling data file and to do some analysis and statistics,the quality analysis is very difficult. In the process, between bearings domestic check adopts the traditio nal mechanical instrument still, the torsional spring measurement data table shows the workpiece, artificial judgement or qualified. The measurement precision, lower the subjective factors influence, but this kind of instrument used simple, low malfunction rate, so in the instrument bearing industry on a wide range of applications, and become the indispensable bearing production equipment. How to effectively utilize existing mechanical equipment, and on this basis to improve human factors for product testing, realize the impact of centralized monitoring and analysis system is realized, and the advanced quality management measurement technique must insurmountable stage. Along with the science and technology progress, bearing industry machine and bearing of automatic production assembly line and the widespread use of the cycle, bearing processing quality and efficiency, so as to greatly increase the detection technology, quality management and statistical work, put forward higher request. Need to change the present backward, and do the inspection record paperless, the realization enterprise quality process automation and computer network management, the quality manager at bearings can get enterprise product testing results and statistical analysis. Network test technology application will make domestic bearing enterprises in terms of quality management to a new step. Network instrument appearance is mainly aimed at present bearing enterprise detection method and quality management is relatively backward, the bearing can effectively control the quality of the present situation, development, the development of intelligent detection instruments and enterprise bearing network management system of quality inspection. The use of advanced detection means and modern network technology for product quality management, can enhance the grade of the product, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises, product testing technology and quality management system or close to reach the international advanced level. Using the latest digital network instrument at present in China, by my first fill the domestic blank, close to the international advanced level. Instrument has many advanced technologies, and compared with foreign price advantage. The network equipment widely used in China and will significantly improve the quality of the bearing, bearing the enterprise the competitive ability. 1.3 Virtual instrument and intelligent instrument Modern technology progress in computer technology progress and innovation for the computer technology from all levels influence, guides and professions technical innovations. Based on computer technology of virtual instrument system technology is irreversible power test technology revolution. The concept of virtual instrument system not only promote the instrument based on test system reform, but also influenced by the test data acquisition system of traditional way of tectonic evolution. The concept of virtual instrument system of testing pooled all sorts of scattered field, and is gradually replacing the traditional test methods, become a standard specification. Virtual instrument is the result of the development of computer technology, also users to function, precision instrument varieties, and test speed, real-time, friendly, complicated computation, storage, test results, the technology is a breakthrough. Virtual instrument of the advantages rapid occupys market, test function design aspects of free expansion, compatibility and low cost greatly shorten the development cycle. From the concept of virtual instrument to large and rapid popularization of the product is only ten years, and tests the diversity of the function, but accuracy reached unprecedented degree, which can save a lot of manpower and material resources to deeper research Virtual instrument is in general computer with a group of special function of software and hardware, so as to achieve even more than a few sets of traditional instruments and function, and change the traditional instruments can very well be compatible faults. Intelligent instrument belongs to the category of virtual instrument, is using the traditional computer hardware inherent high speed and storage capacity, and can carry out complex operation characteristics and using existing efficient program design, combining the need of developing platform specific areas, developed a series of software and hardware and the specific functions of the interface. The specific software and hardware system of traditional computer software and hardware connect platform, is a set of perfect intelligent test instrument. The application of technology is rapidly in popularity to industry detection fields. Domestic bearing industry in intelligent test fields also relatively early. In the 1990s, when the popularization of computer just domestic bearing industry started in virtual and intelligence tests. I have since the mid 1990s develop intelligent roundness measuring instrument, has developed a series of intelligent measuring instrument, product testing goal of covers bearing test parameters. If furrowed measuring instrument, rotation precision measuring instrument, parameter measuring instrument, friction torque meter, vibration measurement instruments (including product obtains the national invention), and all the products have to be intelligent transformation function or expansion, such as clearance measuring instrument, stiffness measurement instrument, contact Angle measuring instrument, dynamic and static friction torque meter military use; etc. Hangzhou experiment research center of existing products such as speed vibration measurement instrument, the life of the intelligent machine etc. 2 The reliability of the product, the stability To realize the function of specific test instrument, the famous enterprises with foreign inside in the reliability of the product, and long-term stability, even the machining quality, parts can be interchangeable and modelling . How quickly and effectively change good relationship with these disadvantages, the product quality and comprehensive practical use Life, even relates directly to enterprises image. Want to similar foreign enterprises in domestic market under the impact of good living, Must unprepared make oneself of the products in manufacturing .In this respect, or test reliability and stability can be achieved standard or close to regulate. The reliability of the product quality is an important part.The products reliability must be given product function and function parameters, such as the working accuracy, working life, machinery and movement characteristics, dynamic characteristics, etc. If you can guarantee the function parameters, also cannot effectively maintain comprehensive quality assurance products accordingly. Research and testing instr