华东师大普通心理学考研复习资料.doc

华东师大 辅导班笔记普通心理学第一章 绪论一节 心理学 个性二节 心理的实质 为什么心理是人对客观的主观反映三节 心理学的任务 分枝（一般了解）四节 方法 观察法 实验法五节 心理学的发展 有关冯特的心理学第二章 心理活动的生理基础（略看）神经元 神经系统 反射 反射弧 （非）有条件反射 巴莆洛夫 两种信号系统第三章 心理的发生和发展（简单看）意识 反映 对意识的划分 人类意识的特征 与动物意识的区别： 分为四点（一般了解） 人类的基本特征（三点）第四章 注意一节 注意的概念 功能二节 种类三节 注意的特征 （略看）第五章 感觉一节 概念 意义 （联系实验心理）二节 感觉的测量（从概念入手） 视觉：适应 视觉后象 不同感觉的相互作用第六章 知觉概念 感知学区别 知觉的基本特征 恒常性空间知觉：单眼 双眼方位知觉：视觉 听觉时间知觉：概念 外在标尺 内在标尺 时间的估计运动知觉：概念 真动 似动错觉第七章 记忆（重点）概念 记忆的过程（书一二三段第一行）记忆的种类（简单看）记忆的过程：识记概念 识记种类 识记因素保持：艾宾浩斯曲线 保存量 暂时遗忘 永久遗忘 影响保持因素 意义 数量 学习程度（过度学习） 材料的序列位置 遗忘的三个学说（P227）复习 （简单看） 联想（P234）记忆系统：感觉 短时记忆 长时记忆 感觉编码形式 物理编码感觉记忆容量 感觉记忆的信息储存（略看）短时记忆（P240）：一分钟内又称操作记忆 工作记忆特点：1 时间 （一分钟是很重要的界限） 复述 2容量（记忆广度）7+2（可以是7年也可以是7组）组块 3保存时间短又易干扰信息编码：言语（听觉）少量视觉语义长时记忆： 概念 特点1容量大 2保持时间长久 理论上永久 3 提取上的困难信息编码：意义编码 表象 语义长时记忆的储存：程序性 陈述性第八章 表象一节 概念 特性 作用二节 想象的种类三节 再造想象和创造想象 形成正确再造想象条件第九章 思维一节 概念 思维的种类二节 概念 概念的形成（重点）三节 影响问题解决因素P306四节 创造性思维（重点）特点 创造性思维的培养第十章 概念（略看）第十一章 情绪和情感一节 概念 作用 区别 与联系二节 分类 表情 动作三节 概念四节 概念五节 考过 情绪的理论（简单看）第十二章 意志一节 概念 表现（1 2 3 4 条）二节 特征过程 （理解）三节 意志品质 四处方面 培养第十三章 技能（教育心理学内容）概念 知识、能力、技能的区别与联系第十四章 个性（重点）一节 概念 特征二节 需要概念 作用 分类 马斯洛等6个三节 动机概念 作用 分类 基本概念 动机理论 5个方面四节 兴趣概念 分类 品质五节 理想概念第十五章一节 概念 气质对应高级神经活动四节 气质在实践活动中的意义第十六章 性格一节 概念 与气质关系二节 结构 特征（小点要看）三节 类型理论四节 特质论 五节 形成发展 家庭 学校 社会实践 主观因素第十七章 能力一节 概念P588能力知识的关系 种类二节 智力与智力结构（P592 P596）外国三节 能力发展 （P616）因素四节 能力的差异（大体了解）注： 知行意重点 可参考华师梁宁建 一本全实验心理学第一章 绪论一节 一 实验心理学的定义实验设计 实验方法 经典研究 感觉 视觉听觉 知觉 记忆 情绪 仪器二 实验心理学中的几个变量 常量 定义（自变量、因变量、控制变量）举例 记忆三 实验中主试者与被试者的关系两种：1按实验程序进行主被试相互作用 通过指导语作用指示语作用 说明实验 指导课题 指示语说明（见书）2 干扰实验程序的作用 主试者效应 被试者效应（霍桑效应）四 额外变量的控制 常规性方法（6中）排除法（巴莆洛夫） 恒定法 匹配法 随机法 抵消平衡法 统计控制法二节 心理实验的程序（略看）三节 实验心理学简史 两个阶段（略看） 第二章 实验设计一节 实验设计的基本类型实验设计定义实验前想到的具体计划：在实验前选择被试被试内设计 被试间设计 混合设计二节 多变量实验技术多自变量实验定义（两个、三个。）采用多自变量比单一自变量有更多优点：1效率高2实验控制好3补给结果更有价值（交互作用）看 书中例子三节 实验技术统计分析（略）第三章 反应时间一 简史 最早在天文学上发现 冯特 二 1反应时间的性质 2简单反应时间：单一刺激 反应选择反应时：不同刺激物 3反应时间实验的要求 个体差异（人差方程） （1）对被试反应的要求 （2）在选择反应中刺激与反应应相等 4反应时间的因变量 速度准确性权衡 5P113反应时间的精确研究 应用研究三 测量反映时的应用和方法四影响反应时的因素五 用反应时间分析信息加工的方法1成就的指标（成绩） 2内部复杂性指标方法：（从方法论）1 减数法*由荷兰心理学家唐德斯提出 意义在于反过来推：从t推出心理过程 唐德撕反应abcP144A S-RB S1-R1 S2-R2C S1-R1 S2TB-TC=选择 TC-TA=辨别价值：把反应时间和心理过程建立联系实验：证明心理旋转存在的实验 心理的旋转和外界旋转的规律是一样的且有一定的策略性 说明减数法在现代心理学的应用另外两个实验见书2加因素法：由斯顿伯格研究短时记忆信息提取实验时提出（见书）不是对减数法的否定而是其发展 在减数法基础上发展与延伸 加因素法逻辑见书斯顿伯格认为人的心理过程有一系列斯顿伯格的典型实验 短时记忆信息的提取四个因素 测试项目的质量 数量 顺序 反应类型见书P153图3-25测试项目质量：清晰还是模糊，是否独立；识记项目质量减数法和加因素法缺点：如加因素法的逻辑有漏洞开窗实验P155在字母转换实验中讲解开窗实验 要求被试做出声的转换 第四章 传统心理物理法一节 简史传统心理物理法定义 贡献人：费希钠和科学的方法解决心理和物理之间的关系 把心理量化阈限问题：1绝对阈限* 2差别阈限*绝对阈限的操作定义：50%能感觉的值二节测定阈限的三种方法1极限法 误差 习惯误差 期望误差 练习误差 疲劳误差2平均误差法 调整法 被试可参与误差：动作误差：动作影响调整结果 抵消 空间误差：（调整可分别在右侧） 3恒定刺激法三种心理物理法的比较三节 心理量表法顺序量表：等级量表或位次量表 只标志顺序 等级排列法 对偶法等距量表比例量表第五章 现代心理物理法（信息检测论）传统心理物理法：包括客观、主观因素 例如痛觉测量信号检测论两个指标 感觉D判断标准SDT先进在与用两个指标检测阈限值P227-SDT原理P231-SDT统计学原理 列出一个造成矩阵P236-曲线=0击中/0虚惊 d=Z击中-Z虚惊P245-SDT的应用 医学 天气预报 工程 第六章 视觉实验一节 视觉研究中的变量P272适宜的刺激：光的三个纬度-对应的心理量P282视觉实验中的变量：自变量 因变量 控制变量二节 视觉的经典实验一 视敏度的测定 影响因素）三点）二闪光融合频率三颜色视觉 亮度 色调 饱和度颜色的基本特征 颜色混合和混合定律 三元色 混合配色 减法混合定律 补色率 中间色率 代替率 颜色视野和光谱敏感性颜色的标定（色度图1931）可求互补色和饱和度P319公式颜色的心理效应第七章 听觉实验一节 听觉实验的变量声波 16-20000HZ三个 物理属性 频率-音高 振幅-响度 波形-音色纯音 复合音 共鸣听觉的各种变量1自变量 声音刺激 恒定性 辨别性 可控性2因变量3控制变量 机体变量 操作变量二节 听觉的两个属性1音高：频率起决定性作用 音高量表P359音高与强度有关系2响度*主要由振幅决定 响度量表 等响曲线 说明也受频率影响三节 听觉的基本模式听觉图 可闻阈限（上下限） 3000HZ人耳最灵敏1听觉的掩蔽现象 P371-图 噪音 语言掩蔽2听觉的疲劳与损失（见书）听觉的定位：双耳强度差 双耳时间差 双耳周相差可见语言 仪器：语图仪可见言语第八章 知觉实验一节 知觉实验中的变量自变量 定量 定性因变量 语言描述 反应时二节 知觉现象的研究1知觉的组织 对象与背景（格式塔心理学）四种原则2错觉：视错觉3知觉的恒常性P420经验的恒常性 爱模特定律 布来客摸比率 绍论斯定律4空间知觉和运动知觉 眼睛的调节 双眼视轴符合 单眼线索 双眼线索（利用双眼视差） 运动视觉第九章 记忆记忆定义 识记 再认 保持 信息加工记忆三种形式：瞬时 短时 长时内隐记忆 外显记忆一节 变量和材料自变量：无意义音节 因变量：用SDT 控制变量：机体因素 环境因素二节 传统方法自由回忆法P480-图 再认法 再学法 重建法 部分报告法（有突破性）分散注意法 记忆保护法三节 内隐记忆（近代）一1再学习的节省 2 3 无意识学习4启动效应对健忘病人的测量二内隐记忆的理论理解1从多重记忆系统2加工系统四节 内隐记忆系统的测量方法间接测量第十章 情绪（从方法上掌握）一节情绪概述传统：印象法 表现法变量：认知变量 行为变量 生理变量二节 情绪的生理指标语图分析法三节 表情研究的方法四节 主观体验形容词检表 维量量表 分化量表第十一章 仪器色轮P285语图仪P584热辐射仪 眼动仪 实体镜 大小常性测量器注意分配仪 棒框仪 速示器 多重选择器 皮肤电反应仪 镜画 心理学史西方近代心理学史绪论 一般了解第一章 一般了解第二章十九世纪生理心理学（简单看）二节 知道颅相学第四章三节 冯特 生平四节 体系 知道七个部分要点大致解释（1研究直接2身心平行论3元素4实验内省法 5感情三度学说6意志心理学7个体心理学与民族心理学六节 贡献与局限第五章一节 艾宾浩斯 贡献第六章 基本不考第七章 简单看第八章 代表人物二节铁心钠的理论三节看一下 很少出题第九章 二节 卡特儿三节 桑代克 二个定律第十章 不大考第十一章 行为注意第十二章 新行为主义代表任务 托儿曼 中间变量 学习理论 赫耳 体系建立 斯金纳第十三章 格式塔心理学二节 爱特还摸等三个倡导者三节 体系四节 不看第十四章 勒温二节 需求准需求四节基本概念第十五章 精神分析简单看三节 傅立叶的四节 阿德勒 荣格第十六章 新精神分析二节 沙里 文三节 霍你四节 佛螺母五节 卡顶纳与爱立刻森第十七章 日内瓦学派（重点）二节 皮亚姐西方心理学新进展第二三章重点第二章一节 看一下二节 重点三节 一到六点四节 表正五节 评价第三章 第一二 三节简单 理解三节 一般了解四节黑体字第十一章 人本主义注：1心理学流派和思想是重点 2心理学史部分内容划在书里 教育统计学 统计的本质是研究变异（不确定性）一对变异的一般情况进行描述 描述性统计（描述单变量）集中量：平均数 中位数 众数差异量：离差 平均差 方差 方差分析理论系统变异（如性别）Z=（X1-X2）/6X系统误差X2=（fr-ft)2/ft统计检验把变异分解为系统和随机Z分数：平均数的相对位置 单位是标准差什么叫标准分数 有什么特点确切的分布形态 概率分布图心理学的分布多为正台分布 正态分布表偏态量（考过）概率和概率密度 概率密度在指在某点周围发生的概率大概率分布图 样本分布图 样本个体的分布 抽样分布 样本的统计量的分布抽样的均数的标准差比样本标准差小相关系数：描述两个变量一致性变化程度的统计量称名变量：如农村 城市协方差 相关系数 相关系数检验回归：难过某个变量对另外变量分析回归线 用来做预测 原则：最小二重法回归方程检验：y=kx+bSSy=SSR+SSeF=SSB/SST(变异分析)回归线决定系数（1语言描述2公式3是相关系数的平方）二 推断统计：通过样本对总体推断样本-总体样本-样本 不同样本之间的差异推断统计：1 假设 从反面假设 2抽样分布 计算统计量 3小概率事件在一次事件中不发生原理方差分析 重点两因素总体均数检验参数检验 非参数检验 X2检验 四格表 公式符号检验 中位数检验三 实验设计（抽样设计）难点：1标准差和标准误标准差：标准误：均数标准差2概率与概率密度3样本分布：原始观测值抽样分布：原始均值的观测值45假设检验 一般原理：归纳反证法怎样理解自由度的变化总体标准差 样本标准差6方差分析的原理 华中师大教育心理学笔记(佐斌)normal.What seems norma is only an illusion,And what seems good is finally revealed to be monstrous.The peoples confusion has lasted a very long time.Therefore the Sage is honest, but not judgmentalStrong, but not injurious to othersStraightforward, but not recklessBright, but not blinding.59In leading people and serving HeavenThere is nothing better than moderation.In moderation, one is already following the Tao.When one follows the Tao, great goodness is abundant.When great goodness is in abundance,There is nothing that cannot be overcome.When there is nothing that cannot be overcomeThen there are no limits.Having no limits, one can certainly govern a country.If you know the countrys Mother, you will long endure.I call this having deep roots and a firm stalk.This is the Way of long life and great insight.60Govern a big country as you would fry a smal fish.Approach the world with the Tao and evi will have no power.Not that evi has no power, but it will not harm people.Not that evi is not harmful,But the Sage is dedicated to not harming people-even evi people.When no one hurts another,All will eventually return to the good.61A great country is like a low-lying lake where many rivers converge;A foca point for the Earth, the feminine Spirit of the World.The female always overcomes the male by stillness.Stillness is the lowest position.Therefore a big country, By placing itself below a smaller countryWil win the smaller country.And a smal country, By placing itself below a larger countryWil gain the large country.Therefore, by being humble, one gainsAnd the other, being humble already, also gains.A great country needs to embrace the lowly.The smal country needs to serve others.Thus, both needs are satisfiedAnd each gets what it wants.Remember, the great country should always humble itself.62The Tao is the bosom of the UniverseIt is the good persons treasureAnd the bad persons refuge.Flattery may buy ones positionAnd good deeds can win people overBut if ones heart is not pureThat is All the more reason to cling to the Tao!Therefore when a king is coronated,Crowned in ceremony,Presented with gifts of rare value, And escorted in luxury,All these things pale when compared to the humble gift of the Tao,offered in silence.Why did the Sages of old value the Tao so much?Because, when you seek, you findAnd when you sin, you are forgiven.That is why the Tao is the greatest treasure of the Universe.63Do without doing.Work without forcing.Taste without seasonings.Recognize the Great in the small,And the many in the few.Repay hatred with kindness.Dea with the difficult while it is stil easy.Begin great works while they are small.Certainly the Earth does difficult work with ease,And accomplishes great affairs from smal beginnings.So, the Sage, by not striving for greatness,Achieves greatness.A person who makes promises lightlyIs not regarded as trustworthy.lIf you think everything is easy,You will find only difficulty.That is why the Sage considers All things difficultAnd finds nothing too difficult in the end.64What is at rest is easy to maintain.What has not yet happened is easy to plan.That which is fragile is easily shatteredThat which is tiny is easily scattered.Correct problems before they occur.Intervene before chaos erupts.A tree too big around to hug is produced from a tiny sprout.A nine-story tower begins with a mound of dirt.A thousand-mile journey begins with your own two feet.Whoever tries will fail.Whoever clutches, loses.Therefore the Sage, not trying, cannot failNot clutching, she cannot lose.When people try,They usually fail just on the brink of success.If one is as cautious at the outset as at the end,One cannot fail.Therefore the Sage desires nothing so muchas to be desireless.She does not value rare and expensive goods.She unlearns what she was once taughtAnd helps the people regain what they have lost;To help every being assume its natura way of being,And not dare to force anything.65In ancient times those who followed the TaoDid not try to educate the people.They chose to let them be.The reason people become hard to governIs that they think they know it all.So, if a leader tries to lead through cleverness,He is nothing but a liability.But if a leader leads, not through cleverness, butthrough goodness, this is a blessing to all.To be always conscious of the Great PatternIs a spiritua virtue.Spiritua virtue is awesome and infiniteAnd it leads All things back to their Source.Then there emerges the Great Harmony.66Rivers and the sea are able to rule the streams of a hundred valleys.Because they are good at taking the lower position,The streams of a hundred valleys run to them.Therefore, if you want to rule effectively over peopleYou must surely speak as if below them.If you want to lead well,You must surely walk behind them.That way when the Sage takes a position of powerThe people will not fee oppressed.And when the Sage leadsThe people will not think he is in the way.Therefore the whole world joyfully praises himand does not tire of him.Because he refuses to compete,The world cannot compete with him.67Everyone says this Tao of mine is great and nebulous.So great, in fact, that it is too nebulousTo be of any use.I have three treasures that I hold and cherish:One is called compassionAnother is called moderationAnd the third is called daring not to compete.With compassion, one is able to be brave.With moderation, one has enough to be generous with others.Without competition, one is fit to lead.Nowadays people dont bother with compassion But just try to be brave.They scoff at moderationAnd find they have little enough for themselves.They step on people in their rush to be first-This is death!One who is compassionate in warfare is victoriousAnd in defense he holds fast.When Heaven moves to save someoneIt protects him through compassion.68The best soldier is not violent.The best fighter is not driven by anger.The true conqueror wins without confrontation.The best employer is humble before his employees.I say there is much good in not competing.I call it using the power of the people.This is known as being in tune with Heaven, Like the Sages of old.69The military has a saying:I would rather be passive, like a guestthan aggressive, like a host.I would rather retreat a footthan advance an inch.This is called going forward without instigating,Engaging without forceDefense without hatredVictory without weapons.There is no greater calamity than underestimating the enemy.If I take my enemy too lightly, I am in danger of losing mycompassion, moderation and non-competitive spirit.So, when two armies confront each otherVictory will go to them that grieve.70My words are very easy to understandAnd very easy to practice.Yet the World is not able to understandNor able to put them into practice.My words speak of the primal.My deeds are but service.Unless people understand thisThey wont understand me.And since so few understand me,Then such understanding is rare and valuable indeed.Therefore the Sage wears common clothesAnd hides his treasures only in his heart.71She who knows that she does not know is the best off.He who pretends to know but doesnt is ill.Only someone who realizes he is ill can become whole.The sage is not il because she recognizes this illness as illness,Therefore she is not ill.72When people lose their fear of powerThen great power has indeed arrived.Do not intrude on the peoples materia living.Do not despise their spiritua lives, either.If you respect them, you will be respected.Therefore the Sage knows himself,But he is not opinionated.He loves himself, but he is not arrogant.He lets go of conceit and opinion, and embraces self-knowledge andlove.73A soldier who has the courage to fight will eventually be killed.But one who has the courage not to fight will live.In these two, one is good and the other harmful.Who knows why Heaven allows some things to happen?Even the Sage is stumped sometimes.The Way of Heaven Does not compete, but is good at winning;Does not speak, yet always responds;Does not demand, but is usually obeyed;Seems chaotic, but unfolds a most excellent plan.Heavens net is cast wideAnd though its meshes are loose,Nothing is ever lost.74If people do not fear deathHow can you threaten them with it?If people live in constant fear of death,Because those who break the law are seized and killed,Who would dare to break the law?There has always been an officia executioner.If you take the law into your own handsAnd try to take his place, It is like trying to take the place of amaster carpenterIn which case you would probably hurt your hands.75The people are starving because their leaders eat upAll their money in taxes.And so, they are hungry.The people are rebelliousBecause their leaders are intrusive.And so, they protest.The people make light of death because their leaderslive so well at their expense.And so, they expect death.Therefore, it seems that one who does not grasp this lifetoo tightly is better off than one who clings.76When people are alive they are soft and weak.At their death they are hard and rigid.All young things, including grass and treesAre soft and frail.At their death they are withered and dry.So, All that are hard and rigid take the company of death.Those who are soft and weak take the company of life.Therefore, powerfu weapons will not succeed(Remember that strong and tal treesare the ones that are cut down).The strong and rigid are broken and laid low.The soft and weak will always overcome.77The Tao of Heaven is like the stringing of a bow.The high is pressed down and the low is raised up.The string that is too long is shortenedand the string that is too short is added to.Heavens Way is to take from what has too muchAnd give it to what does not have enough.This is not the way of men, however,For they take from those who have littleTo increase the wealth of the rich.So who is it that has too muchand offers it to a needy World?Only someone who knows the Tao.Therefore, the Sage works anonymously.She achieves great thingsBut does not wait around for praise.She does not want her talents to attract attention to her.78In the whole World nothing is softer or weaker than water.And yet even those who succeed when attacking the hard and the strongcannot overcome itBecause nothing can harm it.The weak overcomes the strong.The soft conquers the hard.No one in the World can deny thisYet no one seems to know how to put it into practice.Therefore the Sage saysOne who accepts a peoples shame is qualified to rule it.One who embraces a condemned people.is called the king of the Universe.True words seem paradoxical.79When enemies are reconciled, some resentment invariably remains.How can this be healed?Therefore the Sage makes good on his half of the dealAnd demands nothing of others.One who is truly good will keep his promise.One who is not good will take what he can.Heaven doesnt choose sid