河北工业大学能环专业英语复习资料.doc

单词翻译（1）热平衡：thermal equilibrium（2）流体：fluid（3）焓:enthalpy（4）浮力:buoyancy（5）排气: exhaust（6）内燃机:internal combustion engine（7）四冲程:four stroke（8）冷却液:coolant（9）火花塞:spark plug（10）上止点:top dead center（1）熵：entrop（2）流体力学：fluid mechanism（3）下止点: bottom-dead-center（5）进气冲程: intake sroke（6）气缸:cylinder （7）连杆:connecting rod（8）润滑油:lubrication oil（9）排气阀:exhaust valve（10）气环: conpression ring（1）功率：power （2）润滑：lubrication （9）水平对置发动机：horizaontal opposed engine（3）CNG:compression natural gas （10）摩擦: friction （4）VVT: variable valve timing （5）机油泵: oil pomp （12）DI: diesel ignition(14) 点燃：ignite 语句翻译（11）四冲程发动机凸轮轴的旋转速度是曲轴的一半。The camshaft of a four-stroke cycle engine turns at one-half engine speed.（12）若一个热力系统和外界只有热量和功的交换而无物质交换就称为闭口系统。2. If a system has no material, but only heat and energy, exchange with its surroundings , its a close system.（13）不同材料的导热系数不同，即使是同一种材料，导热系数还与温度有关。The different material has different thermal conductivit，though the same material ,thermal conductivity also depends on temperature of the material（14）在19世纪出现了两种流体力学研究学派，一个学派注重理论，另一个学派注重应用。In the nineteenth century ，two schools of though arose in the treatment of fluid mechanics， one dealing with the theoretical and the other with practical aspects of fluid flow。（15）发动机运行时，电脑从各种传感器接受信号，并根据这些信号估算发动机的燃料喷射量，从而可以调节喷油器喷射脉冲宽度The computer receives signals from all kinds of sensors when the eingine is running .Accordiongto these signals, the computer evaluates engine fuel needs and adjust the injector pulse width.（11）对流换热可以按照流动的特性分为强制对流换热和自然对流换热。According to the natural of the flow convection heat transfer may be categorized as forced convection and free(or natural ) convection.（12）在柴油机中燃烧是通过将液体柴油喷入高温空气中引发的，可获得比汽油机高的效率。In the diesel engine combustion is initiated by injecting a liquid fuel into air with high temperatue ,which permitted higher efficiency than gasoline engines.（13）发动机可以根据工作循环、所用燃料、冷却系统、气缸布置、着火方式和应用情况等的不同有多种分类方法。Internal combustion engine can be classified in several ways by cycle of working ,type of fuel used, type of cooling system ,cylinder arrangement ,method of ignition and application classification ,etc.14）在往复式发动机中，活塞在汽缸中上下往复运动，并将动力通过连杆传给曲轴。The piston moves back and forth in a cylinder and transmits power through a connecting rod to the crank mechanism in a reciprocating engines.（15）内燃机由曲柄连杆机构、配气机构、燃油供给系统、冷却系统、润滑系统、启动系统组成，汽油机还含有点火系统。Internal combustion engines consist of crankshaft and connecting rod assembly, valve Mechanisms, fuel supply system , cooling system , lubrication and start-up systems. Gasoline engines also have an ignition system. (15)若一个热力系统和外界只有热量和功的交换而无物质交换就称为闭口系统 If a system has no material, but only heat and energy, exchange with its surroundings , its a close system.（16）在柴油机中燃烧是通过将液体柴油喷入高温空气中引发的，可获得比汽油机高的效率。In the diesel engine combustion is initiated by injecting a liquid fuel into air with high temperatue ,which permitted higher efficiency than gasoline engines.。选词填空(1)four-stroke, Reciprocating, piston , spark, process, compression, applications , petrol, exhaust, vast The 1) vastmajority of car engines are of the 2) Reciprocating _ piston type and utilise 3) spark ignition to initiate the combustion 4 ) processin the cylinders. They also operate on the 5) four-strokeprinciple in which the 6) piston travels one complete stroke for each of the successive events of induction, 7) compression _ _ , combustion and 8) exhaust . There are also some 9) applications of two-stroke engines. Familiar applications of the two-stroke principle to the 10 ) petrol engine include motor-cycle engines, especially those used in smaller machines and small industrial stationary engines.(2) Requirements, relatively, design, seated, case, itself, Functions, forces, body, engineers Originally, cars were designed with a 1) relatively heavy chassis frame on which the body was 2) seated . Today it is the body3 ) itself that absorbs all forces and it must do so in spite Of its light design. In the 4) case, of a collision, the body even 5) Functions to provide lifesaving protection. The 6) _ design _ _ of an automobile body is therefore governed by various 7) Requirements from safety researchers and structural 8) engineers .Passenger comfort has always been one of the propelling 9) forces in the development of the automobile 10) body .It is expected that future cars will have less interior noise, better vibration isolation and better air-conditioning.Piston 1) rings are of two basic types, that is, compression rings and 2) oil-control rings. They 3) perform important functions as follows: The upper 4) compression rings must maintain an effective seal against combustion gases leaking past the pistons into the 5) crankcase . The lower oil-control rings 6) serve to control and effectively distribute the lubricating oil thrown on to the 7) cylinder walls, consistent with 8) maintaining good lubrication and an acceptable oil 9) consumption These rings also provide a means by which surplus heat is 10) transmitted from the piston to the cylinder wall and thence to the cooling jacket. (1) flow, moves up, free, variations, density, buoyancy forces, external, convection ,heat transfer, stillConvection heat transfer may be categorized according to the nature of the flow . We speak of forced convection when the flow is caused by some eaternal means, such as by a fan, a pump, or atmospheric winds. In contrast, for free (or natural) convection the flow is induced by buoyancy forces, in the fluid. These forces arise from density variations caused by temperature in the fluid. An example is the free convection heat transfer that occurs from a hot pavement to the atmosphere on a still day. Air that is in contact with the hot pavement has a lower density than that of the cooler air above the pavement. Hence, a circulation pattern exists in which the warm air moves up from the pavement and the cooler air moves downward. However, in the presence of atmospheric winds, heat transfer from the pavement to the air is likely to be dominated by forced convection, even though the free convection mode still exists. (2) engine, flywheel, piston, opposite, crank arm, located, cylinders, extend, vibration, connecting rod Finally, let us examine the crankshaft The crankshaft, regarded as the backbone of the1) engine , serves to change the reciprocating motion of the 2) piston into rotary motion and handles the entire power output. The crankshaft is actually made up of various parts such as main bearing journal, rod journal, 3) flywheel , bearing, counterbalanced weight and4) crank arm . The connecting rod links its large end to the rod journal of the crankshaft and its small end to the piston. The function of the 5) connecting rod is to pass the reciprocating power of the piston to the crankshaft. The crankshaft revolves in bearings 6) located in the engine crankcase, but the number of bearings used usually depends on the number of 7) cylinders in the engine, and the design of the engine. Mechanically, a crankshaft without special balanced weights would have severe8) vibration when revolving. So, in order to reduce or eliminate such vibration, the crankshaft must be balanced. In other words, it must be provided with counterbalanced weights that 9) extend radially from the crankshaft centerline in the10) opposite direction of the crank arms. In that way, the forces, acting on the crankshaft are balanced and vibration is reduced. (3) medium, cooling, designed, water, indirect, surfaces , quantity, transferred, rapid, greaterMotor vehicle engines are 1 ) designed either for direct cooling by air or more commonly for 2 ) indirect cooling by air through the 3) medium of water. More effective4) cooling is generally attributed to the latter system, since heat is 5) transferred more readily from the engine metal surfaces to 6) water than it is to air. This is because the specific heat of water is 7 ) greater than that of air. In other words, if equal masses of water and air each receive the same 8) quantity of heat, then the water will experience the least rise in temperature. Heat transfer will therefore be more 9) rapid as a result of the higher mean temperature difference between the metal 10) surfaces and the water in contact with them.(4) consumption, fuel-efficient, reserves, reduces, climate, development, gasoline, prevalent, emissions, targetsDiesel engines are generally heavier, noisier and more powerful at lower speeds than1) gasoline engines. They are also more2) fuel-efficient in most circumstances and are used in heavy road vehicles, some automobiles (increasingly more so for their increased fuel efficiency over gasoline engines), ships, railway locomotives, and light aircraft. Gasoline engines are used in most other road vehicles including most cars, motorcycles and mopeds. Note that in Europe, sophisticated diesel-engined cars have become quite3) prevalent since the 1990s, representing around 40% of the market. Both gasoline and diesel engines produce significant4) emissions. There are also engines that run on hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and biodiesel.Reducing fuel5) consumption will certainly remain one of the most important 6) targets of engine development and is necessary because the world oil 7) reserves are obviously limited. Reduced8) fuel consumption also reduces carbon dioxide emission which is part of any combustion and which, over a long period of time, may cause problems with the earths 9) climate . Another target of engine 10)development is to reduce engine noise. (3)oil pan, pressure, main bearings, moving parts , gears, pistons, fed, mist, splashes, circulateThe oil pumps used to 1） circulate oil are of the positive displacement type in several designs. Vanes, plungers, rotors and gears are all used to build up the necessary 2） pressure . These pumps are always positively driven, usually from the camshaft by means of3） gears . Generally, the oil pump is located in the sump of the 4） oil pan . The oil, which enters the pump through a screen, is supplied for the 5） moving parts of the engine by pump pressure, splashing, or a combination of both. Splashed oil usually becomes a6） mist for lubricating parts such as cylinder walls and 7) pistons . The oil is 8) fed to the majority of engine parts under the pump pressure, especially to 9) main bearings and connecting rod bearings. Leakage or throw-off from the rod bearings 10）splashes on other moving parts inside the engine. (4) lubrication, reach, therefore, filter, circulating, pressure-relief , proportion, full-flow, foreign, parts Since the engine 1) lubrication system can never be any better than its oil, it is 2) therefore necessary to include some means of filtering the oil 3) circulating through the system, so as to remove the 4) foreign particles before they 5) reach the moving parts of the engine. An absorbent 6) filter of the type may be arranged to arrest foreign particles from either a small 7) proportion , or practically all,of the oil being delivered by the pump to the principal moving 8) parts of the engine. Modem practice favours the 9) _ full-flow _ system in which all the oil is filtered continuously, except that discharged from the main 10) pressure-relief valve. (5) electric generators, compression, spark, energy-density, mobile, battery, diesel, gasoline, hydrocarbons, operationInternal combustion engines are most commonly used for 1) mobile propulsion systems. In mobile scenarios internal combustion is advantageous, since it can provide high power to weight ratios together with excellent fuel2) energy-density . These engines have appeared in almost all automobiles, motorbikes, many boats, and in a wide variety of aircraft and locomotives. They are also used for3) electric generators and by industry.The most common fuels in use today are made up of4) hydrocarbons and are derived from petroleum. These include the fuels known as diesel, gasoline and liquified petroleum gas. Most internal combustion engines designed for 5) gasoline can run on natural gas or liquified petroleum gases without modifications except for the fuel delivery components. Liquid and gaseous biofuels, such as Ethanol can also be used. Some can run on Hydrogen, however this can be dangerous All internal combustion engines must have a means of ignition to promote combustion. Most engines use either an electrical or a6) compression heating ignition system. Electrical ignition systems generally rely on a lead-acid7) battery and an induction coil to provide a high voltage electrical 8) spark to ignite the air-fuel mix in the engines cylinders. This battery can be recharged during9) operation using an alternator driven by the engine. Compression heating ignition systems, such as 10) diesel engines, rely on the heat created in the air by compression in the engines cylinders to ignite the fuel.(2) fresh mixture，power stroke，initiated，inlet valve，cylinder，TDC ,exhaust valve，cycle,compression stroke，BDCAn intake stroke, which starts with the piston at TDC and ends with the piston at BDC , which draws fresh mixture into the cylinder. To increase the mass inducted, the inlet valve opens shortly before the stroke starts and closes after it ends. A compression stroke , when both valves are closed and the mixture inside the cylinder is compressed to a small fraction of its initial volume. Toward the end of the compression stroke, combustion is initiated and the cylinder pressure rises more rapidly. A power stroke, or expansion stroke, which starts with the piston at TDC and ends at BDC as the high-temperature, high-pressure gases push the piston down and force the crank to rotate. About five times as much work is done on the piston during the power stroke as the piston had to do during compression. As the piston approaches BDC the exhaust valve opens to initiate the exhaust process and drop the cylinder pressure to close to the exhaust pressure. An exhaust stroke, where the remaining burned gases exit the cylinder first, because the cylinder pressure may be substantially higher than the exhaust pressure; then they are swept out by the piston as it moves toward TDC. As the piston approaches TDC the inlet valve opens. Just after TDC the exhaust valve closes and cycle the starts again. （3） components, distributor, ECU, changes, ignite, battery power, windings, spark, spark plugs, coilsThe ignition takes place thanks to a group of components w,orking together, otherwise known as the ignition system. The ignition system consists of an ignition coil, distributor, distributor cap, rotor, plug wires and spark plugs. Older systems used a points-and-condenser system in the distributor, newer (as in most well ever see anymore) use an ECU, a little brain in a box, to control the spark and make slight changes in ignition timing.The ignition coil is the unit that takes your relatively weak battery power and turns it into a spark powerful enough to ignite fuel vapor. Inside a traditional ignition coil are two coils of wire on top of each other. These coils are called windings. One winding is called the primary winding, the other is the secondary. Once the coil generates that very powerful spark, it needs to send it someplace. That someplace takes the spark and sends it out to the spark plugs, and that someplace is the distributor. (1) Requirements, relatively, design, seated, case, itself, Functions, forces, body, engineers Originally, cars were designed with a 1) relatively heavy chassis frame on which the body was 2) seated . Today it is the body3 ) itself that absorbs all forces and it must do so in spite Of its light design. In the 4) case, of a collision, the body even 5) Functions to provide lifesaving protection. The 6) _ design _ _ of an automobile body is therefore governed by various 7) Requirements from safety researchers and structural 8) engineers .Passenger comfort has always been one of the propelling 9) forces in the development of the automobile 10) body .It is expected that future cars will have less interior noise, better vibration isolation and better air-conditioning.（2）perform, rings, consumption, oil-control , compression , transmitted, serve , cylinder, crankcase, maintainingPiston 1) rings are of two basic types, that is, compression rings and 2) oil-control rings. They 3) perform important functions as follows: The upper 4) compression rings must maintain an effective seal against combustion gases leaking past the pistons into the 5) crankcase . The lower oil-control rings 6) serve to control and effectively distribute the lubricating oil thrown on to the 7) cylinder walls, consistent with 8) maintaining good lubrication and an acceptable oil 9) consumption These rings also provide a means by which surplus heat is 10) transmitted from the piston to the cylinder wall and thence to the cooling jacket.(2)lubrication, reach, therefore, filter, circulating, pressure-relief , proportion, full-flow, foreign, parts Since the engine 1) lubrication system can never be any better than its oil, it is 2) therefore necessary to include some means of filtering the oil 3) circu