美国咨询心理学的发展趋势和历史性思考(Paul Heppner南大讲座大纲).doc

美国咨询心理学的发展趋势和历史性思考（Paul Heppner南大讲座大纲）Developmental trends and lessonsto be learned from the history of counseling psychology in theunited statesP. Paul Heppner, Ph. D（美国心理学会心理咨询分会的主席）University of Missouri-ColumbiaOverviewhistorical factorsdevelopmental trends and historical implications for counseling psychology in the U.Sconclusionscounseling psychology, 2004historical factorsPrevious historical analysisConclusions:A, social, economic, cultural forces affected our history.Historical events and forces affecting counseling psychology in U.S.: Vocational guidance movement in early 1900s; civil rights movement of the 1960s; multicultural movement,1970-present.Global Events: world war 1 and 2; September 11,2001.Federal Legislation: GIBill for returning veterans; National Defense Education Act.B, scientific, training, and practice advancements brought important changes.C, professional organizations and journals were conduits of growth and change.Professional events affecting counseling psychology in the U.S.:National conferences: northwestern conference, 1951; grey stone conference, 1964; Georgia conference, 1987; Houston conference,2001;Professional organizations: American psychological association-doctoral accreditation,1952, division 17,division of counseling psychology; council of counseling psychology training programs, 1975; association of counseling center training agencies,1978;Training advancements: research design and statistical skills; research training; practica with supervision; internships; teacher training; multicultural training.Journals: journal of counseling psychology; the counseling psychologist; journal of counseling and development; journal of vocational behavior; journal of career development.Leaders, researchers, & practitioners: see book by Heppner, fouad, &Hansen, 2003; see references: Robinson, Counseling psychology as jazz, 2004; Heppner, M., Graphic Analysis of the history of counseling psychology up to 1990; Heppner, M., Graphic analysis of the history of counseling psychology up to 1990;Encyclopedia definitions of counseling psychology, 2002D, larger organizations of psychology and education have had major influence on counseling.E, people ultimately make the decisions.developmental trends and historical implications for counseling psychology in the U.SChallenge 1:maintaining unity within a varied disciplinea. counseling psychologyis strong, vibrant, politically active, and expanding.b. organized counseling psychology includes division 17 (APA), CCPTP, ACCTA, etal.c. we have many outstanding individuals (energy, dedication &leadership).d. counseling psychologyis broadly defined (e.g. health, independent practice, consultation).e. challenge: maintain unity within multifaceted profession.Historical implications:A broad definition has been functional:a. it allows many opportunities, and insures professional viability and growth.b. danger: profession candisintegrate or merge into other specialities.Challenge 2:collaboration among counseling organizationsa. growing collaboration among division 17 (APA), CCPTP, and ACCTA.b. widening split between APA and ACA.Historical implications:a. collaboration strengthens the profession.b. splits weaken the profession.c. leaders failed to find mutually benefiting arrangements.Challenge 3:being an active player by interfacing within organized psychologya. profession influenced by :(a) broad scientific, training, and practice issues in counseling psychology,(b) organized psychology,(c) economic and political issues (e.g. health care).b. scope of these issues necessitates:(a) collaboration within the profession(b)collaboration, negotiation, and diplomacy with other psychological specialties.Historical implications:a. critically important to be an active player in larger psychology.b. proactive planning was necessary, including reorganization of Division 17 and long-term priorities.c. danger: being omitted is a loss of power.Challenge 4:supporting and increasing member involvement high levels of professional involvement are necessary from member.Historical implications:a. historically, relied one relatively small number of individuals.b. danger: closed system of leadership alienates members.c. constraints within a“volunteer” organization (time, consistent priorities).d. possible solutions: increase member involvement, paid executive offices.Challenge 5:maintaining an active research/social policy agenda to address major societal needsa. research review:(a) increasing methodological rigor(b) significant advances in extending knowledge and theory.b. strong and stable journals:(a) journal of counseling psychology.(b) the counseling psychologist.(c) journal of vocational psychologyHistorical implications:a. emphasize research training in graduate programs.b. research is needed to address societal needs and be competitive for external grants (vs. professional issues).c. profession needs to collaborate with legislators (e.g. ACA)d. future needs: educate about legislative processes; promote grant writing skills; promote awareness of pressing social needs, and existing social structures; create research and practice opportunities via legislative advocacy efforts.e. danger: following ones interests vs. “chasing dollars”.Challenge 6:develop meaningful international collaboration.a. recent economic, cultural, technological, and social forces have created a “global willage”.b. relatively little international collaboration at present.Historical implications:a. cultural encapsulation restricts possibilities and opportunities.b. new approaches needed to develop mutually beneficial.c. at best, still in the beginning phases of developing international collaboration.Challenge 7:further integrating cultural diversity into research, training, and practicea. counseling psychologyis a leader in the U.S. in diversity issues.Historical implications:a. different levels of training, understanding, and values across programs.b. tension among some faculty and students.c. we tend to conceptualize cultural diversity as an area of specialization.d. more approaches are needed to incorporate race and culture into our conceptualizations of counseling.e. profession needs a stronger, proactive plan to further the integration.Challenge 8:integrating diversity issues into the training curriculum in a significant manner.a. major progress in last20 years.b. tension, and for some, the evolution has been painfully slow.c. change is hard, especially in the context of misunderstandings.Challenge 9:developing criteria for competence with diverse populations.emerging recommendations for cross cultural counseling competence.Historical implications:a. very stimulating to operation and measureb. danger: further tension and misunderstandings.Challenge 10:closing the gap between training and the needs of practicing psychologists within the new health care market.a. major changes: third party payments to managed care.b. subsequently changes inpractice agencies, and interventions.Historical implications:a. professional organization has not taken a strong leadership role. Therefore, no coherent or systematic changes.b. manage care is having a major impact on counseling.c. danger: inaction could restrict opportunities for counselors.Challenge 11:masters level training of counseling psychologists.a. long term ambivalencein psychology toward master training.b. ACA has adopted accreditation for masters counselors.Historical implications: problems that are avoided sometimes do not go away, and sometimes they get bigger.conclusionsA social, economic, and cultural forces have affected counseling psychologya. our growth and success has been tied to addressing social needs.b. societal needs changeover time, necessitating change.c. state, federal government and national economic issues can influence growth and opportunities within a specialty.B scientific, training, and practice advancements brought important changes.a. our growth and success has been tied to rigorous, systematic, and programmatic research. Thus, it is critical that (1) research environments promote quality and programmatic research; (2) the quality of graduate level research training matches the needs of researchers.b. our graduate level training directly affects the next generation of scientists and practitioners. This has become a major force in our specialty, and thus we have designated accredited training programs.c. our growth and success has been tied to competent and innovative practitioners. Counseling practitioners help people resolve problems, and respond to social needs. Thus: (1) organizations must include, value, and promote the work of practitioners, (2) practitioners training must match the needs of society.C professional organizations and journals have been conduits of growth and change.a. it is important that our professional organizations are active, have long-termpriorities, purposeful, involve many members, and are responsive to both members and societys needs.b. it is important that our journals are: (1) scientifically rigorous, have high quality peer reviews, and open to new ideas, (2) editors are fair, industrious, have vision, and aware of societal needs, (3) journals are credible outside the specialty.D. larger organization of psych