GMAT如何学？申友权威名师解读GMAT阅读解析9.doc

GMAT阅读解析by申友Alice老师A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. / (第一层：开门见山表明中心思想，最近的研究为更新世后期食肉动物的捕食动态提供了线索）Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in（注意对比双方） carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago（可略读） and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than（出现比较，注意比较双方） those in the present-day species./（第二层：研究人员通过对比肉食动物断裂牙齿数量发现灭绝物种的牙齿断裂频率大大高于现存物种的牙齿断裂频率）In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed （注意动词，后引出排除解释1）demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected （注意动词，后引出排除解释2）preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out （注意动词，后引出排除解释3）local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider most plausible（正评价词） is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivoresin particular，（结构词，表明后文将进一步阐述behavioral differences）more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species. /（第一层：对于研究发现各种可能的解释，研究人员排除了三种解释，并提出他们认为最合理的解释）Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities./（第二层：研究者由得出的最合理解释推论不是猎物太少(至少是季节性的)，就是捕食者太多，以致猎杀时有激烈的竞争和频繁的猎物盗取。）逻辑简图：现象解释型第一段第一层：开门见山表明中心思想，最近的研究为更新世后期食肉动物的捕食动态提供了线索。第二层：研究人员通过对比肉食动物断裂牙齿数量发现灭绝物种的牙齿断裂频率大大高于现存物种的牙齿断裂频率。第二段第一层：对于研究发现各种可能的解释时，研究人员排除了三种解释，并得出他们认为最合理的解释。第二层：研究者由得出的最合理解释推论不是猎物太少(至少是季节性的)，就是捕食者太多，以致猎杀时有激烈的竞争和频繁的猎物盗取。1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（主旨题）A.present several explanations for a well-known fact（呈现对于一个众所周知的事实的解释，不是呈现，文中也未提到well-known fact，排除）B.suggest alternative methods for resolving a debate（提出解决一个争论的替代方法，文章并非要说明怎么解决这些“bais”的方法，排除）C.argue in favor of a controversial theory（支持一个有争议的原理，文章未涉及，无中生有，排除）D.question the methodology used in a study（质疑一个在研究中应用的方法，无中生有，排除）E.discuss the implications of a research finding（讨论一个研究发现的含义，文中作者驳斥其它解释并提出自己的观点，旨在讨论研究发现含义，正确）2.According to the passage, compared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area（细节题）回原文定位至第二段第一层A.included the same species, in approximately the same proportions（包括相同的物种，和基本相同的比例。文章未涉及，排除）B.had a similar frequency of tooth fractures（正确，定位文中“local bias”，作者排除了这个解释，说明不同地域的牙齿破坏频率相似。）C.populated the La Brea area more densely（在 La Brea 地区密度更大，文章未涉及，排除）D.consumed their prey more thoroughly（更加彻底地的吃掉它们的猎物，不符合原文内容，排除）E.found it harder to obtain sufficient prey（找到足够的猎物更加困难，根据文章得知此情况不单只有La Brea area存在，而在各地区都存在，排除）3.According to the passage, the researchers believe that the high frequency of tooth breakage in carnivores found at La Brea was caused primarily by（细节题）回原文定位至第二段第一层A.the aging process in individual carnivores（个体食肉动物的老化过程，文章未涉及，排除）B.contact between the fossils in the pits（化石的摩擦导致，文中研究人员排除了preservational bias，对应文中were not the result of abrasion within the pits一句，排除）C.poor preservation of the fossils after they were removed from the pits（不恰当的保存导致，文章未涉及，排除）D.the impact of carnivores teeth against the bones of their prey（正确，对应文中more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey ）E.the impact of carnivores teeth against the bones of other carnivores during fights over kills（食肉动物捕猎时相互之间的牙齿碰撞，与原文内容不符，排除）4.The researchers conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias would be most seriously undermined（被削弱） if it were found that（细节题）回文定位至第二段第一层排除原因1处）A.the older an individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fractures（个体食肉动物越老，牙齿裂痕越多。不符合原文内容，排除）B.the average age at death of a present-day carnivore is greater than was the average age at death of a Pleistocene carnivore（比较现存和P时代食肉动物的平均死亡年龄，文章未涉及平均死亡年龄，排除）C.in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as did younger individuals（年老与年轻食肉动物吃猎物的彻底性比较，无中生有，排除）D.the methods used to determine animals ages in fossil samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individuals（对应文中because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples，如果将大量老年个体误认为是年轻个体，则表明化石样本中本应有大量老年个体，与原文内容相反，故会削弱文中观点，符合题意，正确）E.data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and present-day carnivores（不符合原文内容，排除）5.According to the passage, if the researchers had NOT found that two extinct carnivore species were free of tooth breakage, the researchers would have concluded that（细节题）回文定位至第二段第一层排除原因2处A.the difference in breakage frequencies could have been the result of damage to the fossil remains in the La Brea pits（正确，对应文中absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits，符合原文内容）B.the fossils in other Pleistocene sites could have higher breakage frequencies than do the fossils in the La Brea pits（ 其它地区和La Brea地区化石遗址的化石断裂频率的比较，其他地区高于La Brea地区，不符合原文内容，排除）C.Pleistocene carnivore species probably behaved very similarly to one another with respect t