英国文学复习提纲加诗歌赏析方法

精品文库I. PART ONE. EARLY&MEDIEVAL1. Beowulf: the national epic史诗 of the Anglo-SaxonsBeowulf against: monster Grendel, she-monster and a fire dragonArtistic features: Using alliteration（头韵）Using metaphor（比喻）and understatement（陈述）2. The Class Nature of the Romance: They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.3. Geoffery Chaucer: The father of English poetry/ the founder of English poetryThe Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集：英国文史上现实主义第一部杰作first time to use heroic couplet(双韵体) by middle EnglishII. The Renaissance Period1. The Renaissance & Humanism: R: 2 features: a curiosity for classical literature (Greek & Latin)dissatisfaction at Catholic & feudal ideas/ activities of humanitynew feeling of admiration for human beauty & achievementH: the key-note of R, new outlook of the rising bourgeois class2. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯培根: Essays随笔(famous quotas: Of studies)n3.Drama: the miracle P奇迹剧(Bible story); the morality P道德剧(abstract characters/conflict of good&evil with allegorical personages); the interlude幕间喜剧(short/interesting); the classical drama(+Greek&Latin/rules&structure&style/5 acts);4. Shakespeare: Four Comedies: As You Like It皆大欢喜; Twelfth Night; A Midsummer Nights Dream; Merchant Of Venice威尼斯商人Four Tragedies: Hamlet; Othello奥赛罗; King Lear李尔王; Macbeth麦克白154 Sonnet: Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic抑扬格 pentameter 五步格诗restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.III. REVOLUTION1. John Milton约翰弥尔顿 Epic: Paradise Lost 失乐园: it is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan & his fellow-angels; their defeat & expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth & of Adam & Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satans temptation of Eve; & the departure of Adam & Eve from Eden.Paradise Regained 复乐园2. John Bunyan约翰班扬The Pilgrims Progress天路历程: religious allegory宗教寓言; the spiritual pilgrimage of Christian, who flies from the City of Destruction, meets the perils and temptation of the Slough of Despond, Vanity Fair, and Doubting Castle, faces and overcomes the demon Appollyon, and finally comes to the Delectable Mountains and the Celestial City.3. John Donne: (the founder) the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人). （用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）Artistic features: conceits or imagery奇思妙喻syllogism三段论The Flea 虱子IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment1. The Enlightenment: clear away the feudal ideas with bourgeois ideology 资阶思Classicism: 重理性rationality/follow principles in drama, poetry & prose/tidy up capitalist social order2. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特: Gullivers Travel格列佛游记(fictional work)Four parts: Lilliput 小人国、Brobdingnag 大人国Flying Island 飞岛、Houyhnhnm 智马岛A Tale of a Tub木桶的故事3. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福The father of novel.Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记It praises the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.4.Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁“Father of English realistic novel” He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.弃婴汤姆琼斯约瑟夫安德鲁5. Sentimentalism & Pre-Romanticism in Poetry：anti-rationalism/anti-classicism6. William Blake威廉布莱克(Pre-R)Songs of Innocence天真之歌A happy and innocent world from childrens eye. 扫烟囱的孩子Songs of Experience经验之歌7. Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯(Pre-R)The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18thCPoems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰nAuld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长My Hearts in the Highlands我的心在那高原上, The Tree of LibertyV The Romantic Period1. William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集2. George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦Don Juan唐璜 She Walks In Beauty 3. 4.Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱A Defence of Poetry诗辩 Ode to the West Wind西风颂Theme: The author expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seeds which still come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: it is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas诗节, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe )4. John Keats约翰济慈Four great odes: Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂Ode to Psyche心灵颂Ode On Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to Autumn秋颂Theme: The theme is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poems three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.VI CRITICAL REALISM1. Charles Dickens查尔斯狄更斯（批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writerOliver Twist雾都孤儿;David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔;Hard Times艰难时世Great Expectations远大前程2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉麦克匹斯萨克雷Vanity Fair名利场3. Jane Austen简奥斯丁lSense and Sensibility理智与感情；Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见；Emma爱玛4. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂勃朗特 Jane Eyre简爱Emily Bronte艾米莉勃朗特Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄5. George Eliot乔治艾略特（批判现实）lThe Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊Middlemarch米德尔马契 Mid and Late 19th Century1. Robert Browning罗伯特白朗宁My Last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Sonnet from the Portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗2. Christina. G. Rossetti: Seek and Find; Song3. Literary Trends at the end of the century: naturalism: environmental force & internal impulse/pessimism & determinism; aestheticism: art should serve no religious, moral or social end, nor any end except itself: Oscar Wilde王尔德Salomo 20th Century 1. Henry James(stream of consciousness): a portrait of a woman贵妇画像2. Thomas Hardy托马斯哈代Tess Of The DUrbervilles德伯家的苔丝; Jude The Obscure无名的裘德3.George Bernard Shaw乔治伯纳萧critical realistic dramatistMrs. Warrens Profession华伦夫人的职业; Widowers Houses鳏夫的房产Man And Superman人与超人; The Apple Cart苹果车; Saint Joan圣女贞德4. Imagism: free verse/conventional/ common speech/ new rhythms/ clear images5. 1.William Butler Yeats威廉勃特勒叶茨,Ireland when you are oldcelebrated & accomplished symbolist poet/ use an elaborate system of symbols6. Thomas Sterns Eliot: The Waste Land; Four Quartets7. David Herbert Lawrence戴维赫伯特劳伦斯Sons And Lovers儿子与情人;The Rainbow虹；Women In Love恋爱中的女人8. James Joyce詹姆斯乔伊斯stream-of-consciousness：Ulysses尤利西斯9. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅沃尔芙stream-of-consciousnessMrs. Dalloway达洛维夫人；To The Lighthouse到灯塔去；The Waves浪；the mark on the wall墙上的斑点 Second War1. E. M. FosterA Passage To India印度之行 Hawards End霍华兹别墅a room with a view看得见风景的房间2. George Orwell: 19843. William Golding: Lord of the Flies蝇王4. Doris Lessing多丽丝莱辛The Golden Notebook金色笔记5. Samuel Beckett: waiting for godat6. Harold Pinter: the room诗歌评论抑扬格（iamb, iambic）扬抑格（trochee, trochaic）抑抑扬格（Anapaest, anapaestic）扬抑抑格（dactyl, dactylic）. Meter步律英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步至五音步。最常见的是四音步、五音步的诗。一音步诗：monometer 二音步诗：dimeter/two feet三音步诗：trimeter /three feet四音步诗：tetrameter/four feet五音步诗：pentameter 六音步诗：hexameter 七音步诗：heptameter八音步诗：octameter.Metrical patterns（格律的形式）Iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步 (John Milton, Paradise Lost)Dactyli