多年生温带果树英文版.ppt

PerennialTemperateFruits DavidS SeiglerDepartmentofPlantBiologyUniversityofIllinoisUrbana Illinois61801USAseigler life illinois eduhttp www life illinois edu seigler Perennialtemperatefruits Outline Importance fruitsandnutseateninallcultures largeamountsBotanicalWhatisafruit Pericarp endo meso andexo seepg 18 20 p 53 57Whatisanut Seeds tablep 62 70 74 Properties NutritiveFruitssugarsvitamins mineralsoils olive avocado Nutssugarsoilsprotein Reading CHAPTER3INTEXT p 53 readpgs 12 20 Introduction ContrastfruitswithcerealgrainsandlegumesEconomicsofcultivationPreservationdryingcoldstoragejelliesetc Mostimportantfruits RosaceaeApples pomes seepp 57 64 50 ofallfruitproductionPrunus drupes plums prunes peaches cherries apricotsVitaceaegrapes berries TemperateNuts Juglansregia walnut Prunusamygdalus almond Typesoffruits Fruit meansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople Tobotaniststhetermmeansamaturedovaryalongwithitscontentsandanyadheringaccessorystructures Greenbeans cucumbersandsquasharefruits Tomatoesandeggplantsarefruits Fruitsusuallyincludeseeds Parthenocarpicfruit Fruitandseeddevelopmentcanoccurwithoutfertilization Fruitthatdevelopswithoutseedformationis parthenocarpic Fruitofthistypehavebeenselectedbecausetheymaturefruitsspontaneouslywithoutfertilization FruitsareoftenclassifiedbythenumberofovariesinvolvedintheirformationBythepositionoftheovary superiororinferior BywhetherthefruitisdryorfleshyatmaturityBythewaythefruitreleasesitsseeds dehiscence Table3 1 p 54GOOVERTHISTABLE pg 54 Simplefruitshaveseedssurroundedbythreelayers EndocarpMesocarpExocarpFIG 3 3 pg 57 Simplefruitsindehiscentordehiscent Dryfruitsandtheirseedsusuallydispersedbywind water orgravity Ingrainsorcaryopsestheseedcoatisfusedtotheovarywall Insomeotherfruits pericarplayersarefleshy Ifthefruitisproducedbyasinglesuperiorovarywithinaflower thefruitisaberry Berriesmaycontainoneormoreseeds Iftheseedisenclosedinahardendocarp thefruitcalledadrupe Citrusfruitshaveaspecialtypeofberrywithaleatheryrind oilglands andspecializedfleshyhairs Iftheovaryisinferior otherfloralpartsareattachedtotheovarywall Fruitsofthistypeoftencalledaccessoryfruits Manyarecommonlycalledberries Thoseofthesquashfamilyarecalledpepos Iftherearenumerous simple superiorovarieswithinasingleflower thefruitiscalledanaggregatefruit e g blackberries Multiplefruitsinvolvefusionofmanyfruitsfromnumerousseparateflowers e g pineapple Compositionoffruits Fleshyfruitsevolvedtoattractanimalsthateatthemanddisseminatetheseeds Fleshypartconsistsofflavoredsugarsolutionswithoutmanynutrients Fruitsaregoodsourcesofwatersolublevitamins Avocadoandoliveareexceptions Table3 3 p 60 Compositionofseeds Seedsarequitedifferentincompositionfromfruits Seedsusuallyhavefats oilsand orstarches Seedsoftenprotectedbyhardshells seedcoats andtoxiccompounds Seedsusuallyhighinnutritionalenergy Table3 4 Mostfruitsconsumedraw Fruitsalsopreservedbydrying coldstorage asjellies preservesorsugared smokedorfrozen Fruitsneverbasictothedietsofanygroupsofpeoples butimportantinmany especiallyintheMiddleEast forexample Domesticationoffruits Fruitshavebeenusedbyhunter gatherersuptothepresent AlthoughplantsrelatedtotheancestorsofmostperennialfruitcropsoccurinboththeOldandNewWorld thecropplantsalmostallcamefromtheOldWorld AfewNewWorldoneshavebeendomesticatedinthelast200 300years e g theblackberryandthecranberry Mostperennialfruitcropsareslowgrowingtreesorshrubs Selectionhasnotchangedmostofthemsignificantlywiththeexceptionoflargerfruits bettertaste diseaseresistance andlowertoxicity Mostarestillhandharvested Wheretheyaregrownislargelydependentonwherelaborischeap Apples Malusspp Applesarethemostimportanttemperatefruittreeintheworld Apples pears peaches plums cherries strawberries blackberries andquinceallcomefromtherosefamily theRosaceae Thereareseveraltypesoffruitsinthisfamily Applesarecalled pome fruitsbecauseofthespecialtypeoffruittheyhave Pg 57 64inthetext Malusdomestica appleinflower Applecultivars TheCompleteBookofFruits Vegetables F Bianchini F Corbetta M Pistola CrownPublishers NewYork 1973 ThegeneraMalus PyrusandCydoniaallbelongtothesamesubfamily Applesaccountfor50 oftheworld sdeciduousfruittreeproduction ThegenusMalusprobablyaroseinAsia butspreadtotheAmericaslongbeforeanyhumancametothiscontinent AllcultivatedapplesarenativetotheOldWorld probablyfromtheCaucasusMountains Goodapplecultivarsmostlycultivatedbygrafting Weeatthe floralcup oftheapple WorldproductionoffruitsTABLE3 5Pg 62 63 Largecountriesalmostalwaysleadinproductionofcropplants buttheymayberelativelymoreimportantinsmallcountriesorregionsofalargecountry Fruitcropsusuallyrequireinexpensivelabortobecompetitive Pears Pyrusspp Pearsprobablythesecondmostimportanttreefruitcrop ThepearmayhaveariseninswAsiaorinChinaorboth NopearsnativetotheNewWorld Pearsusuallypropagatedbygrafting BothpearsandquincesaremorepopularinEuropeandtheOrientthanintheU S Pyruscommunis pears TheCompleteBookofFruits Vegetables F Bianchini F Corbetta M Pistola CrownPublishers NewYork 1973 FruitsfromthegenusPrunus SeveralimportantfruitsbelongtothegenusPrunus Theseincludeplums cherries peaches andapricots Thefleshymesocarpiseaten Thefruitsaredrupes MostofthisgroupseemstohavearisenincentralorwesternChina Prunuscerasus cherrycultivars TheCompleteBookofFruits Vegetables F Bianchini F Corbetta M Pistola CrownPublishers NewYork 1973 TheseplantshavebeencultivatedintheOldWorldforatleast2000years TherearewildspeciesofcherriesandplumsintheNewWorldaswell Prunusarmeniaca apricots Prunusangustifolia Chickasawplum Prunesaredriedplums Dryingformerlywasthemajormethodofpreservingfruit Otherwisetheywouldonlybeavailableinseason Manygrownasornamentalsandnotfortheirfruits PeachesarethethirdmostimportantfruitcropintheU S apples oranges peaches Peachesusuallypropagatedbygrafting ApricotsfirstbroughttoGreecefromPersiabyAlexandertheGreat TheywerebroughttotheNewWorldbytheSpanish The Berries ofthefruittrade Strawberries blackberries raspberriesarenotberries Mostofthestrawberryisthereceptacleonwhichtheovariesareborn StrawberriesnativetoboththeOldandNewWorld FragariavirginianaineasternNorthAmericamostcommon F chiloensisfromChile ThesetwospecieshybridizedinabotanicgardeninEuropeabout1750toproducethecommonlycultivatedstrawberrytoday F ananassa Strawberries TheCompleteBookofFruits Vegetables F Bianchini F Corbetta M Pistola CrownPublishers NewYork 1973 Rubussp flowersandaggregatefruits MembersofthegenusRubusarenativetoboththeOldandNewWorld Representativesofbotharecultivated Vacciniumangustifolia lowbushblueberry BlueberriesandcranberriesbothbelongtothegenusVaccinium Ericaceae ThisgroupisnativetobothNorthAmericaandEurope Asia HarvestingblueberriesinMaine Commercialcranberries Grapes Vitisvinifera Oneofthemostimportantfruitcropsintheworld Willbediscussedasasourceofalcoholicbeverageslater Vitisvinifera Vitaceae isthemostcommonlycultivatedspecies Manytablegrapesproducepoorwineanddifferentgrapecultivarsareusuallyusedforbeverageproduction ThemostimportantNewWorldgrapeisV lambrusca ConcordandCatawbagrapesbelongtothisspecies Grapes Vitisvinifera TheCompleteBookofFruits Vegetables F Bianchini F Corbetta M Pistola CrownPublishers NewYork 1973 VineyardsinLausanne Wildgrapes Raisinsaredriedgrapes Again formerlydryingwasoneofthemajorwaysofpreservingfruits Fossils ofgrapesknownfromEurope Grapeswerecultivatedby5000B C inIndiaandinS E Europe InNorthAmericagrapeswidelyeatenbytheIndians butnotcultivated Diseaseandinsectpestproblemswillbediscussedlater GrapeproductioninCaliforniahighlymechanized Olives Oleaeuropaea Oliveshavebeenanimportantfoodandsourceofoilformorethan5000years Oleaeuropaea Oleaceae nativetotheareaattheeastendoftheMediterraneanSea Theystillgrowwildthere Oliveseedshavebeenfoundbackasfaras3000B C Fresholivesareextremelybitterandmustbedetoxified Olivesprocessedbydrying salting andpickling Onlyabout1 2 oftheolivecropiseatenasafruit WildolivesfromtheMiddleEast Oneseeded indehiscentfruit usuallyquitehard Inthebotanicalsense acornsandhazelnutsaretruenuts Typicallyhighinproteinandlipid Usuallyhandharvested Domestication slowgrowingandfrequentlyvegetativereproduction Usedinallcultures butnotmajorinanytoday Manynutcropsgrownonarid agriculturallymarginallandswherelaborischeap Temperatenuts Themajornutcropsare walnut English almond andcashew discussedunderTropicalNutCrops Rankingshouldconsiderbothtonnageanddollarvalue Fromthearchaeologicalrecord itisclearthatmanynutswereeateninthepast Acornsandhickorynuts AcornsandhickorynutsweremajorfoodplantsofmanyAmericanIndiangroupsoftheeasternU S andalsoofCalifornia Acorns fruitsofoaks Quercussp FruitofCaryasp insouthernIllinois Walnuts pecans almonds chestnuts filbertsorhazelnutsarenativetotemperateregionsoftheworld PecansaretheonlycommonnuttocomefromtheNewWorld PeanutsarenativetotheSouthAmericannon center discussedunderLegumes Incontrasttothefruitsdiscussedabove nutsaredryfruits Theedibleportionistheembryo whichhasenlargedcotyledons Table3 4 p 60 nutritionalinformation WalnutsandPecans TheEnglishwalnut Juglansregia Juglandaceae nativetoI