新概念英语二关键句型.doc

新概念英语二关键句型（一）一般现在时1、一般现在时表示习惯性动作, 真理, 是过去、现在和未来都会发生的事情。一般现在时一般与频率副词often，always，sometimes，never，frequently，rarely，ever等连用。例：Do you often come here? 你常来这吗？I always go to the library on Friday. 星期五我经常去图书馆。Helen never writes to her brother Tony. She sometimes rings him. 海伦从来不给他兄弟托尼写信。她有时给他打电话。2、频率副词的位置摆放（1）频率副词往往放在句子中的实义动词前, 非实义动词后；例：I never get up early on Sundays.（2）如果既有实义动词又有非实义动词, 要放在两个之间；（3）疑问句中副词往往放在主语后面。例：Do you ever buy CDs?注：询问有关习惯的问题时可用ever.（4） 在否定句中not必须放在always 之前，而且也出现在generally、normally、often、regularly和usually之前；not必须出现在sometimes和 frequently之后。例：He does not usually work hard.（5）表示肯定的副词可以用在句尾；在特别强调和需要对比时，frequently、generally、normally、sometimes、usually等副词可用于句首。例：I get paid on Friday usually.3、非实义动词 系动词(be) 帮助动词构成时态的助动词(do, does, will, shall, have, had, has) 情态动词(must, can, may) 除此之外都是实义动词.4、一般现在时用于表述现在的特征或状态、经常习惯性的动作或带有普遍性的情况，频度副词可有可无。例：I am an art student and I paint a lot of pictures.（表目前状态） Many people pretend that they understand modern art.（表普遍性） They always tell you what a picture is about. （表经常性，带频率副词always）5、一般现在时还用于表示普遍性真理。例：Summer follows spring.6、和人的情绪相连, 跟人的状态相连, 跟人的思维活动相连的动词都不用进行时态，而用于一般现在时。这些动词是：appear，appreciate，be，believe，feel，find，forget，hear，know，like，look like，notice， remember，resemble，see，think，understand 等等例：I cant understand this picture. I heard some voices.（二）现在进行时：is/am/are+ 现在分词1、表示说话时正在进行的动作或正在发生的事件，往往与now, just, still等副词连用例：Im still having breakfast. Jane is just dressing up. He is writing a letter now.2、表示当前（一段时间）的动向例：Jack is working hard these days.（三）一般过去时:动词过去式1、一般过去时通常表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。2、它通常指动作何时发生，而不指动作持续多久。3、句中常有表示过去某一时刻的短语，与表明事情何时发生的状语连用是非常重要的。例：Do you ever catch a cold in the winter?（ever表示习惯）Yes, I caught a cold last winter.Do you ever play tennis at the weekend?Yes, I played tennis last weekend.4、过去式的读音规则这是由这个单词的最后一个音节: （1）如果该单词以清辅音p k f s F tF结尾,如/k/,/p/等,则读作/t/,例如looked读作/t/. （2）如果该单词以浊辅音b g v z m结尾,如/n/,/b/等,则读作/d/,例如abandoned读作/d/. （3）如果该单词以字母t或字母d结尾,则读作/id/,例如started读作/id/. （4）如果该单词以元音结尾,则读作/d/,例如studied读作/d/. 以上是过去式读音的一般规则,当然英语中还有许多不规则的动词,他们的过去式及发音就得靠你去记忆了,如buy过去式为bought,等等5、一般过去式的构成 规则动词过去式的变化可速记为直、去、双、改四字诀。 一般情况下在动词原形后直接加-ed。如：wanted，played。 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ed。如：hoped，lived。 重读闭音节单词需双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ed。如：stopped。 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词变y为i，再加-ed。如：studied，worried。（四）现在完成时:have/has+过去分词1、表示动作现存的结果，或者过去发生的事对现在的影响。2、不能连用的副词：ago, yesterday等3、常连用的副词和副词短语before (now)（以前）；so for（到目前为止）；up to now（直到现在）；up to the present（直到目前）；just（刚刚）；recently（最近）；lately（最近）；already（已经）；now（现在）；its the first time（第一次）；so far this morning（到上午为止）；for 一段时间；since+时间；still（还；仍）；at last（终于）；finally（最终）；例：He has already visited a great number of different places. Up to now, Mr. Scott has sent a great many letters to his new garage.4、疑问句和否定句中常用ever，yet，never，notever等。例：Have you washed the dishes yet? Have you ever met him before? I have never met him before.5、现在完成时还可和表示频度的副词连用，表示反复和习惯性动作，如often（经常），frequently（数次），three times（三次）等。例：Ive watched him on TV several times.6、有些用现在完成时的句子不需要任何表示时间的词例：What a good film! Yes, Ive never seen such a good film before.7、since和for也常与现在完成时连用，表示直到现在的时段。since一般与一个时间点连用，for一般与时间段连用。例：How long have you been a doctor? Ive been a doctor since 1989. Ive lived here for five years.8、一般过去时往往强调动作本身，而现在完成时则表示始于过去并持续到现在的动作或表示过去不确定的时间发生过的并与现在有某种联系的动作。例：I hope you washed them before you ate them.Up till now, I have never been abroad before.（五）过去进行时：were/was+现在分词1、主要表示过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作或情况，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。2、过去进行时和一般过去时经常同在一个句子里使用，正在进行中的动作或情况往往由连词when, while, as, just as等引导。例：While/When/As I was sweeping the floor, I found your pen. When I was watering the garden, it began to rain. I was having breakfast when the telephone rang.（1）过去两个动作同时发生, 习惯上一个用一般过去时, 另一个用过去进行时；动作长用过去进行时,动作短用一般过去时;例：Someone knocked at the door just as I was getting into the bath. 就在我要进澡盆洗澡时有人敲门。 As I was getting on the bus, I slipped and hurt my foot. 当我上公交车时，我滑了一下，撞伤了我的脚。（2）过去两个动作同时发生，如果是分工的情况，动作的开始时间和结束时间几乎相同，均用过去进行时;例：I was listening to the radio, my sister was dancing.When my mother was doing the housework, my father was watching TV.（3）两个动作在同时段进行, 在不同时间结束, 先发生的动作未结束, 另一个动作发生, 先发生的动作用进行时态, 另一个动作用过去时；例：When I was opening the door, the telephone rang.先开门When the telephone was ringing, I opened the door. 电话先响（4）瞬间动词（如：arrive）没有进行时态, 所以两个动作同时发生, 延续性动词用进行时态, 瞬间动词使用过去时态.例：When he arrived, I was having dinner.I am arriving 进行时态表示将要3、when、while、as用法的区别（1）when，while 当时候（强调动作同时发生）（2）while+从句, 动词一定是延续性动词；when+延续性动词/瞬间动词（3）while能用when代替，但是when却不一定能用while代替。（4）while通常只引导持续时间较长的动作，并且主句和从句可以同时用过去进行时，而 when和as一般不这么用。例：John was watching TV while his wife was talking with a neighbour over the phone.Just as I was leaving the house, you came in.As I was looking for it, the landlord came in.（5）when也可以引导比较短暂的动作，while和 as则一般不行。例：We were having supper when the lights went out.4、过去进行时往往与表示一段时间的状语连用，如 all morning，all night，all day，all evening，the whole week等，表示这段时间一直在干什么。例：What were you doing all evening? I couldnt find you anywhere.（六）将来进行时：will/shall+be+现在分词1、将来进行时通常用于表示最近或很久的将来正在进行的动作。将来进行时常用来表示说话人设想已经安排好的事。例：Ill be working for my exams next month. 下个月我将用功看书准备考试。By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach.2、将来进行时与一般将来时有时表达的意思差不多，但一般将来时中的will经常具有蓄意为之的含义（如表示主语的意愿、决心、许诺等），将来进行时不具有这些含义，只表示单纯的将来，或者说只陈述将来的事实，但它语气比单用will时委婉客气。例：When will you finish these letters? （如上司对下属）When will you be seeing Mr. White? （如下属对上司）Mary wont pay this bill. （她拒绝付帐）Mary wont be paying this bill. （将来的事实）5、在否定式中，will not可以缩写为-ll not或wont; shall not 缩写为shant（在美国英语中很少用shant,用shall表示将来也不常用。（七）一般将来时、一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态、将来时的结构（1）基本结构: shall/will + 动词原形 will在元音后面可以缩写为-ll，如Ill, well, youll等 -ll在下列场合也可用辅音之后。例：人名之后：Tomll be here soon.疑问词之后：Whenll Mary be back?普通词之后：The concerll start in a minute. shall常用在第一人称I或we的后面，而will可用于所有人称，缩略为ll，否定式中，will not可缩略为ll not或wont，shall not缩略shant（在美语中很少用shall）例：Wont you join us for dinner? 你来和我们一起吃饭好吗？（邀请）Wont you be joining us for dinner? 你会和我们一起吃饭吗？（将来的事实）（2）be going to do sth./ be gonna do sth.（美语） 打算做某事; be going to常用于口语中，在正式的书面语中通常用will而不用be going to。在陈述句和疑问句中, 常常可用be going to来替代shall或will。be going to 有时可以表示说话人也许对即将发生的事预先有所了解例：Theyre going to be married soon.be going to 与will一般可以互换，如果表示说话时决定去做某事，或者表示建议、请求、肯定或不肯定等含义, will与be going to do 不能互换例：Ill miss you. （不能用be going to）Hell lose. 他要输了。（不能用 be going to）Ill be sixteen years old next year. （不能用be going to）You wont forget to bring something to sleep in, will you? （表示建议）Dont worry! Ill bring a sleeping bag. （表示决定）I shant be able to look after the baby and cook lunch. （表示肯定）Ill look after the baby while you cook lunch. （表示决定）（3）be + to do sth. 表示计划安排要发生的事或用来征求对方意见例：I am to have a holiday. When is the factory to go into production? 这家工厂什么时候开始生产呢？ When are they to hand in their plan? 他们什么时候把计划交上来？（4）be about to do sth. 即将做某事.例：We are about to leave. 我们正要出发。 He is about to retire. 他将要退休。（5）will be doing 表示将要做某事（6）be doing （瞬间动词） 用现在进行时表示将来时态用现在进行时表示将来的动词有：go，come，arrive，leave，die，land，join, return例：Im coming to see you. / I will come to see you. 我就来看你 The train is leaving. / The train will leave. 火车就要开了（7）plan to do / mean to do / aim to do / hope to do / want to do / intend to do 这类词本身没有将来时态, 本身就表示将来,用一般现在时表示将来时 intend to do sth.be going to do sth. 打算做某事例：I intend to have a company. = I am going to have a company. plan to do sth. 计划做某事 mean to do sth. 打算做某事 :例：What do you mean to do(intend to do)? aim to do sth. 打算做某事（8）set out to do 着手做某事 / set about doing / set about sth. 着手开始做某事例：I set out to knit a sweater but in the end it became a vest. 我着手织一件毛衣最后织成一件背心。 He set about his homework right after supper. 他一吃完晚饭就开始写作业了。（八）过去完成时：had+过去分词1、它表示过去某时或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作或情况，即“较早的过去”。2、过去完成时一定要以一个过去时态作铺垫, 这个动作一定要发生在had done之后。在用过去完成时态的句子中，常用连词 when，after，as soon as，until，by that time等。例：When I woke up in the morning, she had already had her breakfast. As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French.3、常与现在完成时连用的副词如already，just，never，neverbefore也常与过去完成时连用，以强调事件发生的先后次序：例：I didnt know that she was a famous actress until you had told me.The boys loved the zoo. They had never seen wild animals before.4、在那些用过去完成时的句子中没有明确的时间状语，但通过上下文可以看出动作发生的先后。例：Why was he so pleased? I had repaired his bicycle.5、过去完成时经常与一般过去时连用，表示过去某个动作发生前完成的动作。与过去完成时连用的表示时间的词或词组有when，after，as soon as，(not) until，by that time，(never) before，already，for，since，just，no soonerthan，hardlywhen等。例：He hadnt finished it by yesterday evening. 到昨天晚上他还没做完。Id never flown a plane at all until I flew this one! 在驾驶这架飞机之前我从来没有驾驶过飞机！6、过去完成时不能与副词ago连用（ago只能与一般过去时连用）。例：Did he meet them at the party? No, hed met them before he went to the party.（九）一般将来完成时：will have+过去分词将来完成时用于表示到将来某一时刻已经完成的动作。它常与by和nottill/until+表示时间的名词连用。例：I hope theyll have finished it in time for the journey.I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow.I will have finished it until/till tomorrow.（十）并列句中的语序1、通过并列连词可以把几个简单句连接起来构成一个并列句。在并列句中，各分句要根据上下文的要求按逻辑次序排列，但各分句都同等重要并独立存在。2、一些并列句的连词：and，and then，but，so，yet，or，not onlybutas well 不但而且，neithernor 既不也不，eitheror 或者或者，bothand 两者都（1）并列连词可以用来表示另加（and）、对比（but，yet）、选择（or）、连续（and，then）以及结局或结果（so）；（2）“yet 然而”放在句末或句中, 与否定句, 疑问句相连, 并且与现在完成时用得比较多，yet=but 连词，放在两个句子间, 起转折作用例：Have you finished yet?（3）however 用在句号的后面, 单独成句, 于前边的句子只有意思上的承接, 没有语法上的承接, 语法上的承接表转折只能用 but。例：The airport was built years ago, but from some reason, it could not be used then. Last year, however, it came into use.（3）or或者, 否则例：Hurry up, you will be late. /Hurry up, or you will be late.（4）当主语由and或 bothand连接, 通常采用复数谓语动词.例：Both the girl and the boy are his friends.（5）当主语由 neither.nor, either.or, not only.but also 或 or 连接时，谓语动词与nor, or, but also后面的词一致，在英语语法中，这被称之为“就近原则”，离动词最近的名词是单数, 整个主语就视为单数；离动词最近的名词是复数, 整个主语就视为复数例：Neither he nor I am going to the airport.Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad. Either you or I must tell him.（6）not only.but.as well的用法 not only.but.as well= not onlybut also 不但而且例：I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well.I can speak not only Chinese but English as well.Mary not only found her aunt, but stayed with her for two weeks as well.Not only you but also I will go there.主语并列(一般不这么用) not only喜欢放在动词的前面，一般遇到实义动词和非实义动词的时候, 习惯放在两者之间例：I can not only speak Chinese but English as well.(更习惯的说法)I not only like my mother but my father as well. as well本身的含义是“也、又、还”例：If you go home tomorrow, Ill go as well.He lent me his pen, and his dictionary as well.（7）neither.nor.的用法neithernor 既不，也不例：He answered me, but he spoke neither slowly nor clearly.Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to New York.（十一）时态比较1、过去进行时与一般过去时（1）过去进行时表示过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作，和一般过去时经常在一个句子里使用。例：He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. Last Sunday, I went and sat on the river bank as usual. Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people rowing on the river.（2）过去进行时与一般过去时相比，它更强调动作的持续性，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。在叙述故事时，过去进行时往往用来表示背景。例：When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.As I was getting on the bus, I slipped and hurt my foot.2、一般过去时和现在完成时一般过去时往往强调动作本身，而现在完成时则表示始于过去并持续到现在的动作或表示过去不确定的时间发生过的并与现在有某种联系的动作。例：I hope you washed them bef