新标准大学英语2 unit 1 重难点.doc

Words to noteActive reading 1: 1.radicalism n. Ua way of thinking or behaving that is based on the belief that important political and social changes are necessary. 激进主义e.g 1.An extra step from truth, thus, lands us in absurdity. That single word later gave rise to both cultural radicalism and cultural nihilism.真理向前多跨一步就是谬误。把“流传下来的”误为“传统的”，虽一词之差，却隐含着产生文化激进主义和文化虚无主义的危机。2.His radicalism and refusal to compromise isolated him. 他的激进主义与拒绝妥协使他受到孤立.3.The author is going to study the formation ofradicalismin China from a new perspective, namely the perspective of literary politics.笔者从文学政治的视角来研究中国激进主义的形成。词根：radicaladj. radical 激进的，彻底的，根本的adv.radically根本上；彻底地；以激进的方式n. radical基础；激进分子；物化 原子团；数 根数vi.radicalize激进化；成为过激论者vt.radicalize使激进；使偏激近义词：activism n. 激进主义2.dissident a. & n. 1) a. in opposition to official policy 持不同政见的 e.g. dissident writers 持不同政见的作家 2) n. C someone who publicly criticizes the government in country where this is punished 持不同政见者 e.g. 1. a political dissident 一个政见不同的人 2. The government has promised to release some dissidents.政府承诺释放几名政见不同的人。synonym：dissenter，protester，objector，contestant短语 veteran dissident资深异见人士 dissident lite轻量级的异见分子 exiled dissident流亡海外异见人士3.liberal n.& adj. 1) Csomeone who believes that social and political changes should be made gradually if most people want them 主张变革的2)showing or characterized by broad-mindedness 自由主义的E.g 1.Therewasatime whenonecouldnotbeelectedinthe USunlessonewasa liberal. and it wasactuallyfor therightreasons.在美国曾有过一个非“自由主义者”不能够参加选举的时期，事实上那时一个人是否是“自由主义者”是一种是否政治正确的理由。2. The Liberal Democrats support fell away at the last minute. 自由民主党的支持率在最后一刻有所下降。3. The attitude of the medical profession is very much more liberal now. 现在，医务人员的态度开明多了。词根：liberalAdj. liberalist自由主义的 liberalistic自由主义的adv.liberally大方地；自由地；公平地；充足地N. liberalization自由化；自由主义化；放宽限制 liberalism自由主义；开明的思想或见解 liberality慷慨，大方；心胸宽阔，胸怀广阔 liberalisation自由化；开放 liberalist自由主义者 liberalness公正；宽宏大量；慷慨Vi. liberalize自由化Vt. liberalize使自由化；宽大词组短语liberal education普通教育；文科教育liberal art文科liberal partyn. 自由党 liberal democratic partyn. 自由民主党liberal democracy自由民主；自由民主主义；自由民主制（一种政府形式，由人民选出的民意代表行使决策权力）同义词n. latitudinarian 自由主义者 adj. generous 自由主义的 慷慨的4.establishment n.1) (the ) the most important and powerful people in a country, who are often thought of as being conservative and wanting to preserve their own power and influence （国家的）统治集团，当权派 e.g. The public is treated with contempt by the art establishment.公众受到艺术界当权派的轻视。U the process of starting or creating something such as an organization 建立，确立 e.g. the establishment of NATO北约组织的建立Word family ： establish vi.植物定植 vt.建立；创办；安置established adj.确定的；已制定的，已建立的词组短语permanent establishment恒久的设施establishment of diplomatic relations建交；建立外交关系business establishment营业处所branch establishment分支机构establishment of business relations建立业务关系同义词v. build 建立 n. constitution 建造 The literary establishment generally looks down on artists. 文学界权威 John was eager to establish good relations with the business community. 与建立良好关系 Reagan quickly established himself as a promising film actor. 使自己成为 Its an old established family firm. 老牌的5.passion n. C,U a powerful emotion such as love or anger （爱情、愤怒等）强烈的情感 e.g. He spoke with considerable passion about the importance of art and literature. 他激动地谈起艺术和文学的重要性。（1）他酷爱古典音乐。 He has a passion for classical music.（2）.He spoke with great passion about the plight of the refugees. 他慷慨激昂地讲述了难民们的困境。词根：passionadj.passionate热情的；热烈的，激昂的；易怒的passionless不热情的，冷淡的；冷静的adv.passionately热情地；强烈地；激昂地词组短语passion for对的强烈爱好have a passion for对有强烈的爱好passion fruit植百香果；西番莲果crime of passion激情犯罪；冲动犯罪passion is sweet激情很美；强烈的情感是甜蜜的同近义词n. 激情；热情；酷爱；盛怒flame,love,fire,warmth6.passionate a. showing or expressing strong beliefs, interest, or enthusiasm 感情强烈的；激昂的 e.g. 1. a passionate young man一位感情热烈的年轻人 2. a passionate kiss深情一吻7.protest n. & v. 1) n. C,U a strong complaint or disagreement; something such as a meeting or public statement by people who strongly disagree with a policy, law etc. （强烈的）抗议；异议；抗议集会e.g. 1. A small group of demonstrators staged a peaceful protest outside the UN Headquarters. 一小群示威者在联合国总部外举行了和平抗议。 2. Students will hold a protest this weekend at the federal building. 这个周末学生们将在联邦办公楼举行抗议集会。2) v. disagree strongly with something, often by making a formal statement or taking action in public 抗议e.g. 1. Workers are protesting against high unemployment and inflation. 工人们正在抗议高失业率和通货膨胀。 2. Prisoners began a hunger strike to protest at their conditions. 犯人们开始绝食来抗议他们的环境。The organization has made a formal protest against the nuclear testing. 抗议，反对We cannot pass this matter by without protest. 不反对地，乐意地The decision raised/provoked a storm of protest among students. 引起一片抗议的风暴I went to the doctor under protest. 不情愿地词根：testant抗议的；持异议的testingly抗议地testant抗议者；持异议者protester抗议者；反对者；持异议者protestation抗议，异议；声明；断言词组短语protest against反对，对提出抗议without protest心甘情愿地；不反对地；经在“不保留异议”的情况下under protest抗议着；极不乐意地protest about对.提出抗议同义词n. disagreement 8.alliance n. C,U an arrangement between two or more people, groups, or countries by which they agree to work together to achieve something 结盟，联盟e.g. 1. Britains military alliance with her NATO partners 英国同其北约伙伴的军事联盟 2. the possibility of a political alliance between the two parties 两党政治联盟的可能性See also：form an alliance with.Word family:： ally v.9.launch vt. 1) start a major activity such as a military attack, a public investigation, or a new career or project 发动；发起（军事袭击，公众调查等）e.g.1. The organization has launched a campaign to raise $150,000. 为了筹集15万美元，该组织发起了一场募捐活动。 2. The Canadian police plan to launch an investigation into the deal. 加拿大警方计划对这宗交易展开调查。 2) make a new product, book etc. available for sale for the first time 新产品，新书等 投放市场，发行 e.g. The company hopes to launch the new drug by next October. 公司希望在十月份以前把新药投放市场。 3) send a missile, space vehicle, satellite, or other object into the air or into space 发射（导弹，宇宙飞船，人造卫星等）e.g. The agency will launch a new weather satellite next month. 该部门将在下月发射一颗新的气象卫星。发射人造卫星 launch a man-made satellite创办一个新企业 launch a campaign 发动攻击 launch an attack 发起一次活动 launch a new enterprise将新产品投放市场 launch a new product 运载火箭 launch vehicle发射台 launch pad发射场；发射区；活力地带（MSN的功能区之一）launch site下水日期；发行日期；上市日期 launch date词根：launchn.launching发射；下水；创设launcher发射器；发射台；发射者v.launching发射；发动；开始从事（launch的ing形式）同义词v. release sending10.characterize vt. be a typical quality or feature of someone or something 成为的特征e.g. Bright colors characterize his paintings. 明亮的色彩是他画作的特点。A bold use of color characterizes the bedroom. 这间卧室的特点是用色大胆。 Word family: characteristics典型的 characterless 无个性的 character印刻,性格 品质 角色 characterize 刻画性格, 在文艺作品中塑造人物 characterization（描述） (1) Ambition is a characteristic of all successful businessmen. (2) Competitive sport helps to develop ones character.(3) The 1980s were characterized by high inflation and high employment.(4) They portray him as a weak leader, but I dont think thats a fair characterization .11.prime adj. (only before noun)most important 首要的；最重要的E.g1.Political stability, meanwhile, will be a prime concern.与此同时，政治稳定将是头等大事。2. The Prime Minister has been briefed by her parliamentary aides. 首相已听取了她议会助手的简要汇报。3. He was priming the bomb to go off in an hours time. 他正在装炸弹，设定为在一个小时之内爆炸。Responsible, compassionatesexshould beanadjunctto theprocessofcoupling,not theprimereasonfor doing so.负责任的、有共鸣的性行为应当成为伴侣结合过程中的附属物，而不是主要原因。词根：primadj.primary主要的；初级的；基本的 primeval原始的；初期的（等于primaeval）prim拘谨的；整洁的；呆板的 primal原始的；主要的；最初的primed待发的adv.primarily首先；主要地，根本上n.primary原色；最主要者 primer初级读本；识字课本；原始物primal被压抑童年情绪的释放 priming底漆；装雷管；起爆剂；装点火药；装填物primality原始；首要；根本；素性 primness呆滞；拘谨；一本正经v.primed使准备好；装填；使泵起动；涂底漆；修剪树枝（prime过去分词）为装火药vi.prim显得一本正经Vt. prim使显得一本正经；把打扮得整整齐齐 primal释放（被压抑的童年情绪）词组短语 prime minister首相，总理prime time黄金时间deputy prime minister副总理；副首相prime number素数prime movern. 原动力；发起者同近义词 adj. 主要的；最好的；基本的greatest,major,elementary,central,spect n. & v. n. 1. (s) chances of success, especially in a job or career 胜算；（尤指工作和事业方面）成功的可能性e.g. I had no job, no education, and no prospects.我没工作，没受过教育，前途渺茫。2. U,C the possibility that something will happen, especially something good （尤指好事发生的）可能性e.g. The prospects for employment in the technology sector are especially good right now. 当前技术部门的就业机会极好。13.Resignation n. C,U the act of leaving a job permanently 辞职 e.g. 1. The governor refused to accept Coxs resignation. 州长拒绝接受考克斯的辞职。 2. The scandal led to the ministers resignation.丑闻导致了部长的辞职。Word family: resign v.14.Obscure adj. 1) not clearly expressed or not easy to understand 2) not known about or not well knownThe poem is obscure to those unlearned in the classics.这首诗歌在不懂古典诗作的人看来是费解的。2. 他为什么退学的理由还不清楚。The reasons why he dropped out are obscure. 15. give rise to to make sth. happen or begin, esp. sth. unpleasant or unexpected words or expressions with similar meaning to give rise to to cause/ to lead to/ to result in/ to contribute to(1) Instead of resolving contradictions, the series of measures taken by the government gave rise to more violent clashes. (2) Honesty and hard work contribute to success and happiness.16. bring about to make sth. happen, esp. to cause changes in a situation 反对党联合工会发动了一次大罢工，最终导致政府的垮台。The Opposition formed an alliance with the trade unions and launched a general strike, which ultimately brought about the downfall of the government.17. in itself without considering the rest(1) For the old lady buying the daily newspaper soon became an end in itself, since she really just wanted to chat with the shopkeeper. 那老太太每天去买报纸，不多时便觉乐在其中，因为她主要是想和店主聊天.(2) 这钱本身对他们来说是没有什么价值的。 The money in itself meant nothing to them. Active reading 2: 1. Destruction that is so severe that something stops existing or can never return to its normal state (1) Destruction pursues the great. 树大招风。(2) He who is unjust is doomed to destruction. 多行不义必自毙。 What natural factors have destructive effects?hurricane (飓风); typhoon (台风); tornado (龙卷风); tsunami (海啸); volcanic eruption (火山爆发) landslide (山崩); mudslide (泥石流)2. profound adj. very great(1) a profound change 巨大的变化(2) profound differences 悬殊的差距(3) a profound effect / influence / impact重大的影响(4) a profound sense of failure强烈的挫败感(5) profound insights深刻的见解(6) profound knowledge渊博的知识(7) profound interest浓厚的兴趣(8) profound significance重大的意义3. by definition as a part of the basic nature of somethingBy definition, a home is the place where people live. It is a family dwelling.4. take to (1) I took to John as soon as we met. 开始喜欢, 有好感(2) Recently hes taken to wearing a cap. 开始养成的习惯(3) Joanne says shes ill, and shes taken to her bed. 到（某处）休息5. be associated with to be connected with something in some way expressions with similar meanings be related to/be in connection with/have sth. to do with/ be relevant to(1) Rose is always associated with love.(2) I cant always open my emailsit has something to do with the type of attachment they come with. 我不是每次都能打开邮件，这同邮件的附件类型有关。(3) Anyone is welcome to these meetings, we do discuss all sorts of things not just topics related to work. (4) It is relevant to the agricultural sector and there are several references to environmental considerations in the draft proposal. (5) In November 1990 he had been arrested in connection with a protest by women against a ban on women drivers. 6.-ment or ism.cyniccynicism colloquialcolloquialismPostmodernpostmodernism ConfucianConfucianismcollectivecollectivism individualindividualismdevelopdevelopment enhanceenhancementconservativeconservatism EliteelitismGoverngovernment AgreeagreementHeroicheroism Sexsexism Romanticromanticism InvestinvestmentDifficult sentencesActive reading 1: 1. “If you can remember anything about the 1960s, you werent really there,” so the saying goes. (Para 1)有这么一种说法：“要是你能记得20 世纪60 年代的任何事情，你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”What can we infer about the life of people in the 1960s? This saying makes a joking comment about these years: this was a time in the West when many young people took drugs (like cocaine可卡因, marijuana 大麻and LSD一种麻醉药), so they were there and didnt really remember much of what happened (because of the drugs, they were “in a haze of marijuana smoke”). If someone does remember they werent really therethey must have been somewhere else, without drugs.2.In the 1960s, Californias colleges and universities had transformed the state into the seventh largest economy. (Para 2)20世纪60年代，加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。What can we infer about the status of the University of California? It sees itself as the link between education and economy in California and has been recognized as a very significant factor for many years.What does the Californian economy include? Hollywood (entertainment), Los Angeles (tourism), the Central Valley (agriculture: California is the worlds fifth largest supplier of food and agricultural products), Silicon Valley (computers, high technology) and wine production.3. The liberals replied that it was the ability to tolerate noisy, dissident minorities which made universities great. (Para 2)自由派人士回答说，大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、唱反调的少数人。Why is it was which instead of it was that used here? 强调结构是 “It is (was) + 被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语) + who (that).”。一般说来,被强调部分指人时，用 who；指事物时用 that，但that 也可以指人。在美国英语中指事物时常用 which来代替 that。I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.强调主语：It was I that （who） met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station4. Some people drop out, but the most apathetic stay the course because its too much effort to leave. (Para 5)有些人辍学，但大多数已经有些麻木，还是坚持混到毕业，因为离开学校实在是太费事了。What does “stay the course” mean?“Stay the course” is used in the context of a war or battle meaning to pursue a goal regardless of any obstacles or criticism. Its modern usage was popularized by American presidents George H. W. Bush and Ronald Reagan. The phrase was first used by Bush in July 2003 while talking about his plan for Iraq, “We will stay the course, we will help this young Iraqi democracy succeed”5. Collegehasbecomeameanstoanend,anopportunitytoincreaseoneschancesontheemploymentmarket,andnotanendinitself,whichgivesyouthechancetoimagine,justforashortwhile,thatyoucanchangetheworld.大学已变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会，让你暂时想象一下：你能够改变世界。Analyze the sentence structure.这句话主语为college，谓语hasbecome，表语为ameanstoanend anopportunityemploymentmarket作为ameanstoanend的同位语。notanendinitself同样为hasbecome的表语，与前面的ameanstoanend形成对比，它还做定语从句whichgivesyouthechancetoimagine的主语。imagine后面跟了一个宾语从句thatyoucanchangetheworld。6.Gonearethedayswhenasonordaughterranghomeonceortwiceaterm.(7)儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复返Gonearethedayswhen意思为“日子一去不复返了”。注意后面的从句中要用过去时。也可以变换句型Thedayswhenaregone.7.“Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very heaven!” (Paras. 8-9)“在那黎明时分活着是至福之事，年轻更是如进天堂！”Read to learn the background of these lines.The major English romantic poet, William Wordsworth (1770-1850) wrote these words about the early days (the dawn) of the French Revolution. He had lived in France and was impressed by the Revolution but on his return to England, he found that many people who had supported it changed their minds when they saw the killings that happened later. These words try to catch the spirit of the enthusiasts.Analyze the sentence structure.这是一个倒装句。原句应是 It was bliss to be alive in that dawn. Bliss was / is it to do sth. 和 it was / is heaven to do sth. 都表示“做是一件非常幸福的事情。”Paraphrase the sentence.It was complete happiness to be alive in the Revolution, but to be young was even better. It was perfect, like in paradise.Active reading 2: 1. This is the class where you look cool, a bit sleepy from too many late nights and wearing a T-shirt with some ironic comment such as “Been there, done that and yes, this IS the T-shirt”. (Para. 1) “Been there, done that and yes, this IS the T-shirt”这种表达方式和旅游有关，就是说都去过经历过了，都买了留念的T-shirt了，已经不想再去了。 这门课是让你在课堂上扮酷的带着一丝熬夜太多的困劲儿，穿着一件T恤衫，上面印着“去过那儿，干过那事儿，对，这就是那件T恤衫”或诸如此类带有讥讽意味的俏皮话。2. But when I started to study postmodernism, something clicked and made me sit up and take a fresh look at college life. (Para.1) If something clicks, it means that you suddenly understand it. 可是当我开始学习后现代主义的时候，我突然开了窍。我提起精神，开始重新审视大学生活。 eg. But when I went to the kitchen to get a drink, something clicked and made me realize that the solution might be quite simple. 当我去厨房喝饮料的时候，我突然间灵机一动，意识到解决问题的方法实际上可能很简单。 A word hadclickedin peters brain .一个词突然在彼得脑里一闪。3. The American college as we used to know it is coming to an end. (Para.3) 这里的 the American college as we used to know it 指的是美国大学曾经是产生激进社会变革的发源地，即 an incubator of radi