2-COVER_LETTER(投稿信)实用指南.doc

【投稿经验】COVER LETTER（投稿信）实用指南1、 什么是cover letter？指的是投稿信2、cover letter的内容主要包括那些？应该简述所投稿件的核心内容、主要发现和意义，拟投期刊，对稿件处理有无特殊要求等（如“not to review” list）。另外，请附上主要作者的中文姓名、通讯地址、电话、传真和e-mail地址。此外有的杂志要求推荐几位审稿人及其联系方式。以及谁已经阅读过该文（当然是牛人）。我投的那个杂志是要求说明你论文研究的意义，以及与这个杂志的相关性，另外还有的可能要写明你没有一搞多投等。此外临床实验要求写明符合伦理学要求。3、 如何写cover letter？各个杂志的具体要求是不一样的，在杂志的guide for authors一般会有要求。如果没有具体的要求，大家可按照通用要求处理。4、常用模板：（1）Cover letterDear Mr. *1. The work described has not been submitted elsewhere for publication, in whole or in part, and all the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed.2. I have read and have abided by the statement of ethical standards for manuscripts submitted to Neuroscience.kind regards.Your sincerely,通讯作者（2）Dear Dr. 主编name:We submit our manuscript entitled " 文章title" to 杂志名for publication.接着简单介绍你文章的主要创新点和意义，不易过多，但要突出新意和关键点。All authors have seen the manuscript and approved to submit to your journal. Thank you very much for your attention and consideration. Sincerely yours, 通讯作者真的不掉线吗？、？（3）Dear Dr. 主编name:We submit our manuscript entitled " 文章title" to 杂志名for publication.接着简单介绍你文章的主要创新点和意义，不易过多，但要突出新意和关键点。All authors have seen the manuscript and approved to submit to your journal. Thank you very much for your attention and consideration. Sincerely yours, 通讯作者（4）Dr. *Editor-in-Chief, *(add address) January 22, 2003 Dear Dr. *,Enclosed herewith please find 3 copies of a MS by: *. * and * entitled: “*”, which we would like to submit for publication in the *.Looking forward to your decision,With kind personal regards,Sincerely yours,*Professor of *（5）Dear Prof. Gil:This is a manuscript by*and *entitled “.”. It is submitted to be considered for publication as a “.” in your journal. This paper is new. Neither the entire paper nor any part of its content has been published or has been accepted elsewhere. It is not being submitted to any other journal.We believe the paper may be of particular interest to the readers of your journal as it .Correspondence should be addressed to *at the following address, phone and fax number, and email address:.Thanks very much for your attention to our paper. Sincerely yours,*5、 例文：下面例文都来自丁香园战友，在此一并感谢。真的不掉线吗？、？（一）Date: Sep 15, 2003Dear Editors:On behalf of my co-authors, I am submitting the enclosed material “ TITLE ” for possible publication in JOURNAL. We certify that we have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for the appropriateness of the experimental design and method, and the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data.We have reviewed the final version of the manuscript and approve it for publication. To the best of our knowledge and belief, this manuscript has not been published in whole or in part nor is it being considered for publication elsewhere.Best Regards.Yours Sincerely,NAME,ADRESS,EMAIL,FAX（二）Dear Dr Regino Perez-Polo：Enclosed are a manuscript by su jian, yang kun, chen zhihuaSu jian titled“Hypothermia after Acute Ischemic Stroke”It is submitted to be considered for publication as a“review" in your journalThis paper isNeither the entire paper nor any part of its content has been published or has been accepted elsewhere It is not being submitted to any other journalWe believe the paper may be of particular interest to the readers of your journal.Correspondence and phone calls about the paper should be directed to Su jian at the following address，phone and fax number，and e-mail address：Su jianInstitute:, Adress:Tel：Fax:E-mail：Thanks very much for your attention to our paperSincerely yours，Su jian真的不掉线吗？、？（三）Dear Editor,We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled "GDNF Acutely Modulates Neuronal Excitability and A-type Potassium Channels in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons", which we wish to be considered for publication in Nature Neuroscience. GDNF has long been thought to be a potent neurotrophic factor for the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which are degenerated in Parkinsons disease. In this paper, we report an unexpected, acute effect of GDNF on A-type potassium channels, leading to a potentiation of neuronal excitability, in the dopaminergic neurons in culture as well as in adult brain slices. Further, we show that GDNF regulates the K+ channels through a mechanism that involves activation of MAP kinase. Thus, this study has revealed, for the first time, an acute modulation of ion channels by GDNF. Our findings challenge the classic view of GDNF as a long-term survival factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons, and suggest that the normal function of GDNF is to regulate neuronal excitability, and consequently dopamine release. These results may also have implications in the treatment of Parkinsons disease. Due to a direct competition and conflict of interest, we request that Drs. XXX of Harvard Univ., and YY of Yale Univ. not be considered as reviewers. With thanks for your consideration, I am Sincerely yours,（四）Dear *.We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled " * ", which we wish to be considered for publication in *journal. We believe that two aspects of this manuscript will make it interesting to general readers of *journal. First, *. Second, *. Further, *.Thank you very much your considering our manuscript for potential publication. Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.Best wishes.（五）To: SOLA Chief EditorDivision of Geoenvironmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba 305-8572, JAPANE-Mail: solasakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp真的不掉线吗？、？Dear Sirs,I am sending herewith a copy of the manuscript, which I would like to submit to SOLA, the Electronic Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan.The paper is entitled:Energy Spectrum Proportional to the Squared Phase Speed ofRossby Modes in the General Circulation of the Atmosphereby H. L. Tanaka, Yasushi Watarai, and Takahiro Kanda.Copy of the Abstract:In this study, energy spectrum of the large-scale atmospheric motions is examined in the framework of the 3D normal mode decomposition. The horizontal scale of disturbance is measured by the phase speed of a Rossby mode c. According to the analysis result for the barotropic component of the atmosphere, we obtain a characteristic energy spectrum with distinct slopes for the turbulence and wave regimes separated by the spherical Rhines speed. In order to explain the observational finding that the energy spectrum is proportional to c2, we put forward a hypothesis based on the criterion of Rossby wave breaking such that the local meridional gradient of potential vorticity becomes negative, dq/dy < 0, somewhere in the domain. With a constant m describing a total mass of the atmosphere for unit area, we have shown that the barotropic energy spectrum of the general circulation E can be represented as E=mc2.Corresponding Author:Dr. Hiroshi L. TanakaDivision of Geoenvironmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba 305-8572, JAPANTel: +81-29-853-4502Fax: +81-29-853-6879E-Mail: tanakasakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jpI hereby certify that this paper consists of original, unpublished work which is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.Desired Editors in Charge:Kimoto, Masahide University of TokyoMak, Mankin University of IllinoisFive Potential Reviewers:Name-1, e-mail address-1Name-2, e-mail address-2Name-3, e-mail address-3Name-4, e-mail address-4Name-5, e-mail address-5The original manuscript and figures will be transferred, following the instruction by the Editorial Committee when the paper is accepted. I hope your favorable consideration for publication to SOLA.Sincerely,Hiroshi L. TanakaAttachment: PDF file of the manuscript. 真的不掉线吗？、？. NET Framework介绍Alex Kriegel1.NET Framework是Microsoft为开发应用程序而创建的一个富有革命性的新平台。这句话最有趣的地方是它的含糊不清，但这是有原因的。首先，注意这句话没有说“在Windows操作系统上开发应用程序”。尽管.NET Framework的Microsoft版本运行在Windows操作系统上，但以后将推出运行在其他操作系统上的版本，例如Mono，它是.NET Framework的开发源代码版本(包含一个C#编译器)，该版本可以运行在几个操作系统上，包括各种Linux版本和Mac OS.Microsoft .NET Compact Framework(基本上是完整 .NET Framework的一个子集)。使用.NET Framework的一个主要原因是它可以作为集成各种操作系统的方式。另外，上面给出的.NET Framework定义并没有限制应用程序的类型。这是因为本来就没有限制。.NET Framework可以创建Windows应用程序、Web应用程序、Web服务和其他各种类型的应用程序.NET Framework的设计方式保证它可以用于各种语言，包括C#语言,C+、Visual Basic、JScript，甚至一些旧的语言，如COBOL。为此，还推出了这些语言的.NET版本，目前还在不断推出更多的.NET版本的语言。所有这些语言都可以访问.NET Framework，它们还可以彼此交互。C#开发人员可以使用Visual Basic程序员编写的代码，反之亦然。所有这些提供了意想不到的多样这也是.NET Framework具有诱人前景的部分原因。2.NET Framework主要包含一个非常大的代码库，可以在客户语言(如C#)中通过面向对象编程技术(OOP)来使用这些代码。这个库分为不同的模块，这样就可以根据希望得到的结果来选择使用其中的各个部分。例如，一个模块包含Windows应用程序的构件，另一个模块包含联网的代码块，还有一个模块包含Web开发的代码块。一些模块还分为更具体的子模块，例如在Web开发模块中，有用于建立Web服务的子模块.其目的是，不同的操作系统可以根据 自己的特性，支持其中的部分或全部模块。例如，PDA支持所有的核心.NET功能，但不需要 某些更深奥的模块。 部分.NET Framework库定义了一些基本类型。类型是数据的一种表达方式，指定其中最基础的部分(例如32位带符号的整数)，以便使用.NET Framework在各种语言之间进行交互操作。这称为通用类型系统(Common Type System，CTS).真的不掉线吗？、？除了支持这个库以外，.NET Framework还包含.NET公共语言运行库真的不掉线吗？、？(Common Language Runtime，CLR)，它负责管理用.NET库开发的所有应用程序的执行。3.如何用.NET Framework编写应用程序.使用.NET Framework编写应用程序，就是使 用.NET代码库编写代码(使用支持Framework的任何一种语言).VS是一种强大的集成开发环境，支持C#(以及托管和非托管C+、Visual Basic和其他一些语言)。这个环境的优点是便于把.NET功能集成到代码中。我们创建的代码完全是C#代码，但使用.NET Framework，并在需要时利用VS中的其他工具。为了执行C#代码，必须把它们转换为目标操作系统能够理解的语言，即本机代码，这种转换称为编译代码，由编译器执行。但在.NET Framework下，这个过程分为两个阶段。4. MSIL和JIT在编译使用.NET Framework库的代码时，不是立即创建操作系统特定的本机代码，而是把代码编译为Microsoft中间语言(Microsoft Intermediate Language，MSIL)代码，这些代码不专用于任何一种操作系统，也不专用于C#。其他.NET语言，如Visual Basic .NET也可以在第一阶段编译为这种语言，当使用VS开发C#应用程序时，编译过程就由VS完成。显然，要执行应用程序，必须完成更多的工作，这是Just-In-Time(JIT)编译器的任务，它把MSIL编译为专用于OS和目标机器结构的本机代码。这样OS才能执行应用程序。这里编译器的名称Just-In-Time反映了MSIL仅在需要时才编译的事实。过去，常常需要把代码编译为几个应用程序，每个应用程序都用于特定的操作系统和CPU结构。这通常是一种优化形式(例如，为了让代码在AMD芯片上运行得更快)，但有时是非常重要的(例如对于工作在Win9x 和 WinNT/2000环境下的应用程序)。现在就不必要了，因为顾名思义，JIT编译器使用MSIL代码，而MSIL代码是独立于机器、操作系统和CPU的。目前有几种JIT编译器，每种编译器都用于不同的结构，我们总能找到一个合适的编译器创建所需的本机代码。 这样，用户需要做的工作就比较少了。实际上，可以不考虑与系统相关的细节，把注意力放在代码的功能上就够了。5. 程序集在编译应用程序时，所创建的MSIL代码存储在一个程序集中，程序集包括可执行的应用程序文件(这些文件可以直接在Windows上运行，不需要其他真的不掉线吗？、？程序，其扩展名是.exe)和其他应用程序使用的库(其扩展名是.dll)。除了包含MSIL外，程序集还包含元信息(即程序集中包含的数据的信息，也称为元数据)和可选的资源(MSIL使用的其他数据，例如声音文件和图片)。元信息允许程序集是完全自我描述的。不需要其他信息就可以使用程序集，也就是说，我们不会遇到下述情形：不能把需要的数据添加到系统注册表中，而这种情形在使用其他平台进行开发时常常出现。因此，部署应用程序就非常简单了，只需把文件复制到远程计算机上的目录下即可。因为不需要目标系统上的其他信息，所以只需从该目录中运行可执行文件即可(假定安装了.NET CLR)。当然，不必把运行应用程序所需要的所有信息都安装到一个地方。可以编写一些代码，执行多个应用程序所要求的任务。此时，通常把这些可重用的代码放在所有应用程序都可以访问的地方。在.NET Framework中，这个地方是全局程序集高速缓存(Global Assembly Cache，GAC)，把代码放在这个高速缓存中是很简单的，只需把包含代码的程序集放在包含该高速缓存的目录下即可。6. 托管代码在把代码编译为MSIL，再用JIT编译器把它编译为本机代码后，CLR的任务还没有全部完成。用.NET Framework编写的代码在执行(这个阶段通常称为运行时(runtime)时是托管的。即CLR管理着应用程序，其方式是管理内存、处理安全性，以及允许进行跨语言调试等。相反，不在CLR控制之下运行的应用程序是非托管的，某些语言如C+可以用于编写这类应用程序，例如，访问操作系统的低级功能。但是，在C#中，只能编写在托管环境下运行的代码。我们将使用CLR的托管功能，让.NET自己与操作系统进行交互。7. 垃圾回收 托管代码最重要的一个功能是垃圾回收(garbage collection)。这种.NET方法可确保应用程序不再使用某些内存时，这些内存就会被完全释放。在.NET推出以前，这项工作主要由程序员负责，代码中的几个简单错误会把大块内存分配到错误的地方，使这些内存神秘失踪。这通常意味着计算机的速度逐渐减慢，最终导致系统崩溃。 .NET垃圾回收会频繁检查计算机内存，从中删除不再需要的内容。它没有设置时间帧，可能一秒钟内会进行上千次的检查，也可能几秒钟检查一次，或者随时进行检查，但可以肯定进行了检查。 这里要给程序员一些提示。因为这项工作在不可预知的时间进行，所以在设计应用程序时，必须记得要进行这样的检查。需要许真的不掉线吗？、？多内存才能运行的代码应自己执行这样的检查，而不是坐等垃圾回收，但这不像听起来那样难。8. 把它们组合在一起 在继续学习之前，先总结一下上述创建.NET应用程序所需要的步骤：(1)使用某种.NET兼容语言(如C#)编写应用程序代码，如图1-1所示。 (2)把代码编译为MSIL，存储在程序集中. (3) 在执行代码时(如果这是一个可执行文件，就自动运行，或者在其他代码使用它时运行)，首先必须使用JIT编译器将代码编译为本机代码，如图1-3所示。(4)在托管的CLR环境下运行本机代码，以及其他应用程序或过程.9. 链接在上述过程中还有一点要注意。在第(2)步中编译为MSIL的C#代码不一定包含在单独的文件中，可以把应用程序代码放在多个源代码文件中，再把它们编译到一个程序集中。这个过程称为链接，是非常有用的。原因是处理几个较小的文件比处理一个大文件要简单得多。可以把逻辑上相关的代码分解到一个文件中，以便单独处理它，这也更易于在需要代码时找到它们，让开发小组把编程工作分解为可管理的块，让每个人编写一小块代码，而不会破坏已编写好的代码部分或其他人正在处理的部分。真的不掉线吗？、？.NET Framework IntroduceAlex Kriegel1.NET Framework for the development of Microsoft applications and the creation of a rich a revolutionary new platform. This case is most interesting is its vague, but this is a reason for this. First of all, pay attention to this statement did not say in the Windows operating system development and application procedures. Although. NET Framework version runs on Microsoft Windows operating system president, but future operations will be launched in other versions of the operating systems, such as Mono, It yes. NET Framework development of the source code version (including a C # compiler). This version can run on several operating systems, including Linux and the Mac OS.Microsoft. version NET Compact Fr amework (basically intact. NET Framework of a subset). Use. NET Framework is a major cause of it as the operating system of integrating all kinds of ways. In addition, as given above. NET Framework definition does not limit the type of application. This is because there is no restriction. . NET Framework can create Windows applications, Web applications, Web and various other types of procedures should be used . NET Framework design approach to ensure that it can service to be used in various languages, including C #, C + +, Visual Basic, and JScript. even some of the old language, such as COBOL. Therefore, in addition to the implementation of these languages. NET version, currently still has introduced more. NET version of the language. All of these languages can visit. NET Framework, they can cross each other. C # developers can use Visual Basic programmers to prepare the code, and vice versa. All of these provide an unexpected diversity, This is. NET Framework with the enticing prospect of reasons. 2.NET Framework mainly contains a very large code library. customers in 真的不掉线吗？、？languages (such as C #) through object-oriented programming (OOP) to use these codes. The library is divided into different modules, thus can expect the result to choose to use the various parts. For example, a module includes Windows application components, another networking module containing the code block, There is also a Web module contains the code block. development Some modules also divided into more specific sub-module, such as the Web module development for the establishment of a Web module. service its purpose is different operating systems under their own identity, support for some or all modules. For example, the PDA support all of the core. NET function, but it does not need some of the more esoteric modules. Part. NET Framework defines some of the basic types. Data type is a form of expression, designated one of the most basic elements (such as 32-bit integers with the symbol) to use. NET Framework in various languages between interoperability. This is known as the Common Type System (Common Type System. CTS). In addition to supporting the library, . NET Framework also includes. NET common language runtime (Common Langua ge Runtime, CLR), which is responsible for management use. NET development for all applications implementation. 3. How to use. NET Framework applications development. Use. NET Framework preparation of applications, is used. NET code for the preparation of code (using the Framework support any language). VS is a powerful integrated development environment, support for C # (and managed and unmanaged C + +. Visual Basic and other languages). The environmental advantages of the facilitates. NET to integrate the functions of the code. We build the code is C # code, but use. NET Framework, and, if necessary, the use of VS other tools. In order to implement C # code, which must be converted to target operating system to solve language, which is the machine code This change as compiled code, the compiler implementation. But. NET Framework, the process is divided into two phases4. Keyword and the JIT compiler in use. NET Framework library code, instead of immediately creating an operating system specific code of the machine, but put code 真的不掉线吗？、？compiler for Microsoft intermediate language (Microsoft Intermedi ate Language, keyword) code, the code is not exclusive to any one operating system. not exclusive to C #. Other. NET language, If Visual Basic. NET can be compiled in the first stage of this language, When using VS C # application development, build on the process completed by VS. Obviously, the implementation of the applicable procedures must complete more work, This is Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler task It put keyword compiler for OS and dedicated to the goal of the machine structure for the code. This OS can implement applications. Here compiler Just-In-Time the name reflects the keyword only need to do a translation of the facts. Past, we often need to compile code for several applications, Each application procedures for specific operating systems and CPU structure. This is usually an optimal form (for example, in order for the code in the AMD chips run faster). But sometimes it is very important (for instance, in Win9x WinNT/2000 environment and the application process Prologue). Now unnecessary because, as the name implies, JIT compiler uses keyword code and keyword code is independent of machine, operating system and CPU. There are several JIT compiler, each compiler are used for different structures, We can always find a suitable compiler is the creation of the machine code. Thus, users need to do a far less. In fact, they do not consider the details related to the system, giving attention to the functional code will be enough. 5. Program Set compiled application, citing the keyword code stored in a centralized procedure. Set procedures including the application executable files (which can be directly run on Windows. no need for other procedures, expansion are. exe) and other applications that use the library (expansion are. dll). In addition to include keyword, the procedures set also includes meta-information (that is, procedures focus on th