动词时态和分类.doc

第八战役 动词的分类 时态和语态73北京中考2012攻坚战之第八战役动词的分类，时态和语态一、 装备：基础知识I. 直击中考动词的时态、语态这一讲，在中考试卷中占的比例非常大，难度较大，体现在单选、完型、阅读和作文各个题型中，通过本讲的学习，我们主要掌握以下几点： 了解动词的分类 掌握并能正确运用动词各种形式 区分和熟练运用八种时态的用法 掌握各种时态的被动语态 掌握被动语态的用法 了解被动语态的特殊用法II. 知识精讲1. 动词的分类动词主要用来表示动作，状态和性质，而动作和状态的发生有具体的时间和表现方式，这就是英语中动词的时态由动词的不同形式来表示。动词包括_、_、_和_。答案或提示: 实意动词（行为动词）、系动词、助动词、情态动词(1) 实义动词：实义动词是能够独立作谓语的动词。实义动词包括及物动词和不及物动词两类。 及物动词本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。宾语一般由名词或代词来充当，也可由动词不定式或动名词来充当。Examples :我非常喜欢这本书。_ .不要说话了。 _ .我想当一名医生。 _ . 不及物动词本身意义完整，其后无须跟宾语。如果接宾语时，需与介词一起搭配。如：Examples :他正站着。 _ .那个男孩坐在椅子上。 _ .关注成长每一天74【注意】有一些动词既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动词。区别它们，要看后面是否有宾语。Examples :他非常努力学习。 _ .他非常努力得学习英语。 _ .答案或提示：I like this book very much. Dont speak. I want to be a doctor.He is standing. The boy is sitting on the chair. He studies very much. He studies English very much.(2).系动词：连接主语和表语，表示主语身份、性质、状态的动词。表状态的系动词：be, look, seem, appear, taste, sit, stand 等。Examples :他友好且正直。 She _ kind and honest.你今天看起来非常漂亮。 You _ very beautiful today.答案或提示：is; look(3).助动词：本身无意义，不能单独作谓语。它和主要动词构成各种时态、语态和语气，以及帮助主要动词构成疑问句、否定句或强调句。常用的助动词有：do / does、be (is am are)、have / has、will、would、shall、should等。Examples :我已经去过北京两次了。 I _ _ to Beijing twice.汤姆的妈妈被救了。Toms mother was saved.今天下午将有一个会议。There _ _a meeting this afternoon.答案或提示: have been； will be(4) 情态动词：有一定词义，主要用来表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度和看法。它要和另一个动词构成谓语，情态动词无人称和数的变化。初中出现的情态动词有：can / could、may / might、must、shall / should、will / would、need.Examples :我能帮助你。 _ .你必须在五点前完成你的作业。 You _finish your homework before 5 oclock.答案或提示：I can help you; must(5) 动词的各种形式英语中动词的时态由动词的不同形式来表示。英语中动词的五种基本形式为：动词原形，第三人称单数，现在分词，过去时和过去分词。如：workworksworkingworkedworked.动词的五种基本形式变化表：形式构成例词动词原形不带to的动词不定式，也就是词典中一般给出的形式be, 有_ ,做_,学_第三人称单数形式在动词原形后加-sruns, 喜欢_第八战役 动词的分类 时态和语态75答案或提示：have; do; study; likes; teaches; washer; goes; tries; studies; flies; stays; plays; reading; teaching; living; writing; sitting; beginning; dying; lying; working; carrying; studying; living; stopping; planning.2. 八种时态的讲解与运用(1) 一般现在时用法，构成，句式，特征词构成：主语 + be，主语 + 行为动词原形（主语是第三人称单数，动词用三单形式）用法： 表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。我经常乘车去学校。 I _ _ _ school by bike. 表示客观事实和普遍真理。地球绕着太阳转。The earth _ _ the sun. 表示爱好等心理活动。他喜欢游泳。He _ swimming. 在时间、条件等状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。以ch, sh, s, o, x结尾的动词，在词尾加-esteach _wash_, go _以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先将y变i再加-estry_, study_fly_以元音字母加y结尾的动词在词尾加-sstay _play_现在分词在动词原形后加-ingread_teach , _以不发音字母e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-inglive_, write_以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写该辅音字母再加-ingsit_begin _少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y,再加-ingdie_, lie_过去时与过去分词（规则变化）在动词原形后加-edwork _,以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先将y变i,再加edcarry_, study_以e结尾的动词，直接加-dlive_,以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写该辅音字母再加-edstop_,plan_关注成长每一天76当我长大以后，我将去美国。When I _ _, I will go to America.特征词：often, always, usually, sometimes, once a week, every day等表示频度的词。Examples :他经常帮助他的妈妈做一些家务。He _ _ his mother _ some housework.太阳从东方升起。 The sun _ in the east.如果明天下雨，我们将不去公园。If it _ tomorrow, we won t go to the park.答案或提示：go to school; goes around; likes; grow up; often; helps with/with; rises; rains(2) 一般过去时构成：主语动词的过去时。用法： 表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态。今天早上我六点起床。I _ _ at six this morning. 用于since引导的从句。主句的谓语动词如果用现在完成时，since引导的从句要用一般过去时。自从1990年这家工厂来办以来，他就在这里工作。He has worked in the factory _ .特征词：last night, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1195, in the past, the other day（那天）, at that time, just now等时间状语连用Examples :我们上周参观了那个工厂。We _ the factory_ _.自从我上一次见到你以来，你没有大的变化。You havent changed much_答案或提示：got up; since the factory opened in 1990; since I met last time.(3) 一般将来时构成：主语+will/be going to+动词原形用法： 表示计划、打算做某事，常指已经决定的、很可能发生的事或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。他们下周将去上海。They _ _ _ShangHai next week. be doing 有时表示即将发生或安排好要做的事情。常用这种结构的动词有：go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin等。下周日你打算干什么？ What _you _ _do next Sunday?特征词：tomorrow, next week, in a few days, next Sunday等表示将来的时间状语连用。Examples :你将在两天后回来吗？_ you be back in two days?明天我的小妹妹就要上学了。My little sister _ _ _ school tomorrow.看那些乌云，暴风雨就要来临了。（客观迹象）Look at the clouds. There _ _ _ _ a storm.第八战役 动词的分类 时态和语态77我们就要动身去伦敦了。We _ _ _ London.他明天要去那里。She _ _there tomorrow.答案或提示：are going to; are going to; Will; will go to; is going to be; will go to; will go提示：此处表达形式较多，可根据学生具体水平做适当的补充，如：be doing 表示将来等特殊用法。词用法下文有讲述。(4) 现在进行时构成: 主语+be（am/ is/ are）+动词的现在分词。用法： 表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。你在干什么？ _ ? 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。他们这个学期学习一直很努力。They_ _ _ this term. go, leave, arrive, start等动词用现在进行时表将来。他要去上海。He _ _ _Shanghai.特征词：now, listen, look等Examples :我正在读英语。 I _ _ a book.这些天我们一直在农场摘苹果。We _ _ _ on a farm these days.车不久就回来了。_ .答案或提示：What are you doing; are working hard; is leaving for; am reading; are always working(5) 过去进行时构成：主语+be（_ / _）+动词的现在分词。用法：表示过去的某个时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作或存在的状态。I _ _ TV when he _ in. 当他进来的时候我正在看电视特征词：this time yesterday, at that time, then, at 9:00 last night等表示过去的时间状语连用Examples :-昨天的这个时候你在做什么？ What were you doing _ _ _ .？-我在看电视。 _ .答案或提示：was/ were；was watching, came; this time yesterday； I was watching TV(6) 现在完成时构成：主语+have/ has+动词的过去分词。用法： 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。我已经看过这部电视剧了。 I _ _ watched the TV play. 表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，持续到现在，也许还要持续下去，常与for或since短语连用，表示持续的动作或状态为延续性动词。关注成长每一天78从2000年开始我们一直住在这里。（说明一直住在这里，也许还要住下去）We have lived here _2000.特征词：already, yet, ever, never, just，yetExamples :你找到丢失的笔了吗？ _ you _ your lost pen yet?不，我还没有找到。 No. I _found it _.我学英语三年了。I have learned English _ three years.【注意】for 后接时间段，since后接表示过去的时间点或时间状语从句。对时间状语提问时，用how long。Uncle Wang has worked here since five years ago.= Uncle Wang has worked here for five years.王叔叔已经在这工作了五年了。Ive known LiLei for five years.我认识李磊已经五年了。非延续性动词延续性动词非延续性动词延续性动词buy_borrow_openbe openclosebe closedbegin/start_comebe heregobe awayfinishbe overdiedbe deadcatch a coldhave a coldput onwearget upbe upwake up_fall asleepbe asleeplosenot have_be（in）leave_arrive/reach_答案或提示：have already; since; Have found; havent yet; have; keep; be on; be up; get to; be away; be in(at)（7）过去完成时（了解）构成：主语+had+动词的过去分词。用法： 表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经完成的动作或状态。概括的说即为过去的过去。过去完成时在句中使用时一般必须有或者暗示一个发生在过去的动作与其相比较，使过去完成时中的动作发生在该动作之前。She had left by the time I arrived.我到达以前，她已经离开了。He had lived in Shanghai for ten years before he came here.在他来这之前，他已经在上海住了十年了。 表示某一动作在过去的某一时间已经开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间。The film had been on for ten minutes when we got there.当我们到达那时，电影已经开播了十分钟了。特征词：by last week, by the end of last year等，也可用when, before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。第八战役 动词的分类 时态和语态79（8）过去将来时(了解)构成： would/ should+动词原形（should用于第一人称）was/ were going to+动词原形用法：过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。I didnt know if she would come.我不知道她是否会来。Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle the next Saturday.王蕾说她打算下周六去探望她叔叔3. 各种时态的被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词的所表示的动作的执行者，是人们常用的语态；被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的_。(1) 被动语态的构成：助动词be +及物动词的过去分词他被听到在房间里唱歌。He was _ _ sing in his room.全世界的人们都喜欢足球。Football _ _ by people all over the world.各种时态的主动、被动语态结构表（以动词do为例）答案或提示：承受者；heard to；is played基础：时态主动语态被动语态例句主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesam/is/are + doneWe clean the classroomThe classroom is cleaned by us一般过去时didwas/were + doneHe made the kite.The kite was made by him.一般将来时will/shall/be going to + dowill/shall/be going to + be doneThey will plant trees tomorrow.Trees will be planted by them tomorrow.含有情态动词can/may/must + docan/may/must + be doneI can find him.He can be found by me.拓展：时态主动语态被动语态例句主动语态被动语态现在进行时am/is/are + doingam/is/are + being doneShe is watching flowers.Flowers are being watched by her.现在完成时have/has + donehave/has + been doneJim has finished the work.The work has been finished by Jim.过去进行时was/were + doingwas/were + beingShe was writing a letterA letter was being关注成长每一天80done this time yesterday. written by her this timeyesterday.过去完成时 had + done had been doneJim had finished thework.The work had beenfinished by Jim.过去将来时would/should/begoing to + dowould/should/begoing to + be doneHe said he would makea kite.He said a kite would bemade by him.（2）被动语态的用法被动语态中主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况： 不知道动作的执行者是谁。Example :Such books are written for children. 翻译：_。 没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。Example :More trees must _ _ every year. 每年都必须种植更多的树木。 需要强调或突出动作的承受者。Example :Chinese _ _ by more and more people in the world.世界上越来越多的人说汉语。答案或提示：这些书是为孩子们写的；be planted；is spoked（3）被动语态的特殊用法 主动语态变被动语态a. 要将主动句里的宾语成分变成被动句中的_成分，若主动句中的宾语是人称代词，要将宾格变为_格。b. 把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语，主格变为宾格，并由_引导。c. 谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。主动语态：动作执行者 + 谓语动词主动形式 + 动作承受者被动语态：动作_ + 谓语动词_形式 + 动作_Examples :Students plant trees. Trees are planted by students.We asked him to sing an English song. _.答案或提示：主语，主，by，承受者，被动，执行者, he was asked to sing an English song by us . 带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态时，既可以将间接宾语转换成主语，也可以将直接宾语转换成主语。若将间接宾语转换成主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转换成主语，则保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to 或for。Examples :She gave me a book. I was given a book.（间接宾语me 改为主语）She gave me a book. _.（直接宾语a book 改为主语）答案或提示：A book was given to me .第八战役 动词的分类 时态和语态81短语动词变为被动语态许多由不及物动词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。Examples :We should speak to old man politely. Old man should _ _ _ politely.（to 不可省略）老人应该被照顾好。 _ .【注意】短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变被动语态时，不能丢掉构成短语动词的介词,副词。答案或提示：be spoken to The old man should be taken good care of .带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语仍保留在原处，成为主语补足语。Example :I heard Jane playing the piano in her room. _ _ _ playing the piano in her room.答案或提示：Jane was heard被动语态后动词形式的选择主动句中在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice 等，以及使役动词let, make, have 等后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号to。Examples :He makes the girl stay at home. The girl is made to stay at home.I heard him sing songs in the room. He _ _ _ sing songs in the room.答案或提示：He was heard to【注意】主动形式表被动意义 (了解)a.打开_ ,锁_写_,读_,卖_,打扫_,清洗_,切_,开车_等词作不及物动词时，它们的主语为物，可用主动形式表被动意义。Examples :这个橘子很容易剥皮。This orange _ easily.这种样式的衬衫在这很好卖。This kind of shirt _ well here.这种布耐洗。This kind of cloth _ well.这辆车很好开。The car drives well.答案或提示：open, lock, write, read, sell, clean, wash, cut, drive; peels, sells, washesb. 看_,听_,尝_,闻_,感觉_等系动词用主动形式表被动意义。Examples :我们穿着制服很难看。 Uniforms _ ugly on us.月饼尝起来很好。 Moon cakes _delicious.这首歌听上去极棒。 The song _wonderful.答案或提示：look, sound, taste, smell, soundsc. 在be worth doing 中，doing 表被动意义。Example :关注成长每一天82这本书值得一读。 _ .这场足球赛很值得观看。The football match is well worth _.答案或提示：The book is worth reading. watchingd. want, need, require 等动词表示需要，后面常可跟v.+ ing 形式表被动，相当于to be done。如：My bike needs repairing. My bike needs to be repaired. 我的自行车需要修理。Your hair wants cutting. Your hair wants to be cut. 你的头发该理了。The room needs cleaning. The room needs to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。e. 当break out, take place, shut off, turn off, work out 等表示发生、关闭、制定等意思时用主动形式。如：The plan worked out successfully. 计划很切实可行。An earthquake took place in Tangshan in 1976. 1976 年唐山发生地震。二、攻略：例题精讲例题：1. What a nice bike! How long _ you _it?Just two weeks.A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had【解析】D 延续性动词和非延续性动词的使用错误2._ my dictionary? I cant find it anywhere.I _ it on the shelf when I came in.A. Did you see, have been B. Have you seen, sawC. Did you see, saw D. Have you seen, have seen【解析】B 现在完成时与一般过去时混淆3.I dont know if it _ tomorrow. If it _, I will stay at home.A. will rain, raining B. rains, will rainC. will rain, rains D. will rain, will rain【解析】C if / when 等引导的宾语从句和条件 / 时间状语从句混淆4. Do you know where the twins are?Yes. They_ Fuzhou.巧学妙记主动语态表被动意义割锁打开拼读写，洗净关上开车买；看着酷，听着美，闻起来香，尝起来鲜；烧过的食物感觉棒。第八战役 动词的分类 时态和语态83A. have gone to B. have been to C. have gone D. went to【解析】A本题考查have / has been to和 have / has gone to的区别。5.Did you go to Sams weekend party.No, I _.A. am not interested B. wasnt invitedC. havent invited D. didnt invite【解析】B 对语境理解，正确分析主语和动词之间的关系。6. The boys were seen _ around the policeman, listening to him carefully.A. sit B. sat C. to sit D. sitting【解析】C 含感官动词、使役动词的主动语态的主动结构如何变被动结构。7. Many flowers _ Miss Gao on TeachersDay.A. given B. were given C. were given to D. have given【解析】C 含双宾语主动结构如何变被动结构8. Your exercise-book should be _ after class.A. hand B. hand in C. handed D. handed in【解析】D 含有短语动词的主动结构如何变被动结构9.The book is worth _.A. read B. reads C. reading D. to read【解析】C 固定搭配10. Oh, the milk _ strange, do you think its OK to drink?A. was tasted B. tasted C. is tasting D. tastes【解析】D 系动词如何主动变被动11. All these computers need _.A. to require B. to be repaired C. be repaired D. to have repaired【解析】 B 表示“需要”的几个词的两种用法三 闯关：反馈练习第一关1.Light _ much faster than sound.A. travel B. travels C. traveled D. traveling2.Im sorry to hear that Bill failed the exam again.Dont worry about him. Im sure that he will never give up until he _.A. succeed B. succeeds C. succeeded D. succeeding3.He turned off the lights and then _ the classroom.A. leaves B. will leave C. is leaving D. left4.When _ you _ your old friend? The day before yesterday.关注成长每一天84A. will, visit B. did, visit C. have visited D. do, visit5.He has studied at this school since he _ to this city.A. comes B. come C. came D. has come6.Mr. Smith _ a talk on country music next Monday.A. gives B. gave C. has given D. will give7.Jim, can you help me to wash the dishes?Sorry, dad. I_ to the shop.A. go B. went C. am going D. have been8.Never trouble me while I _ in my room.A. will sleep B. asleep C. am sleeping D. slept9.I called you this morning, but nobody answered.I _ the flowers in my garden at that time.A. watered B. was watering C. water D. has watered10.The world without thieves is a very moving film. I _ it twice already.A. will see B. see C. saw D. have seen答案：1-5. BBDBC 6-10. DCCBD第二关：1.The Smiths moved to China ten years ago and _ there since then.A. has lived B. was living C. live D. have lived2.Premier Zhou _ for many years, but he still lives in the hearts of Chinese people.A. died B. had died C. has been died D. has been dead3. Did you see Tom at the party?No. he _ by the time I got there.A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left4.He told us that he _ us the next week.A. will visit B. would visit C. can visit D. have visited5.The children _ to swim last month and they can swim very well now.A. are taught B. were taught C. have taught D. taught6.Look! What a nice garden! Yes. It _ every day.A. has been cleaned B. is cleaned C. is being cleaned D. was cleaned7.The new computers _ to the village school as presents last month.A. are given B. given C. were given D. gave8.Where did you go last night?I _to go to Li Lei birthday party.A. asked B. am asked C. have been asked D. was asked9.A lot of food _ to that country after the war was over.A. was sent B. are sent C. is sending D. sent第八战役 动词的分类 时态和语态8510.Teaches should _ carefully.A. be listened B. be listened to C. listen D. listen to答案： 1-5. DDCAB 6-10. DCDAB关底：1.The baby now _ by the nurse in this hospital.A. looks after B. is looking afterC. is being looked after D. has looked after2.He was seen _ football at that time.A. play B. plays C. to play D. playing3.Tom is often made _ for twelve hours a day by the boss.A. work B. working C. to work D. to be working4.The book written by Mr. Wang_ easily.A. read B. reads C. is read D. is reading5.The idea to eat in KFC_ wonderful.A. tastes B. sounds C. smells D. feels6.The film is really worth _ twice.A. to see B. seeing C. to be seen D. be have seen7.These flowers _. Lets get some water.A. need to be watered B. need wateredC. have been watered D. are watering8.The World War I _ in 1914 and _ in 1918.A. broke out, over B. was broken, was overC. broke out, end D. broke out, ended（二）用括号里动词的正确形式填空9. Tom often _ (help) his parents do housework at home .10. The earth _(go ) a