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Building with Nature: in search of resilient storm surge protection strategies 遵循自然规律，寻找弹性风暴潮保护策略Low-lying, densely populated coastal areas worldwide are under threat, requiring coastal managers to develop new strategies to cope with land subsidence, sea level rise and the increasing risk of storm-surge-induced floods. 地势低洼,全球人口稠密的沿海地区正受到威胁,要求沿海管理者提出新的策略来应对地面沉降、海平面上升和增加风暴潮诱导洪水的风险。Traditional engineering approaches optimizing for safety are often suboptimal with respect to other functions and are neither resilient nor sustainable. Densely populated deltas in particular need more resilient solutions that are robust, sustainable, adaptable, multifunctional and yet economically feasible. 传统优化安全的工程方法通常是次优的关于其他功能,既没有弹性,也没有持续性。人口稠密的增量尤其需要更有弹性的解决方案即健壮的、可持续的、可适应的、多功能、但经济上可行的方案。In natural environments, flood-induced inundations may be regular and beneficial phenomena that bring new sediment and nutrients onto the land, thus offsetting subsidence or sea-level rise. In densely populated parts of the world, however, flooding is perceived as an undesirable event against which defences are needed. In this fight against water, dikes, barriers and other hard structures have become common instruments, focusing primarily on the area to be protected rather than on the water system.在自然环境中,洪水引起的毁灭性洪水可能会规律和有益的现象,将为土地带来新的沉积物和营养,从而抵消掉到地面沉降或海平面上升的影响。然而,世界上部分人口稠密的地区,洪水被认为是不受欢迎的事件，对它的防御系统是必要的。在这个“对抗水”,堤防、障碍和其他硬结构已经成为常见的仪器,主要关注是保护该地区,而不是在水系统。Once flood defence technology had become sufficiently reliable, demographic and economic drivers led people to settle in and extend the protected areas, thus enhancing the potential risk of casualties and damages if the defences are broken,一旦洪水防御技术变得非常可靠,人口和经济的机制导致人们定居和扩展受保护区域,从而提高潜在风险的人员伤亡和损失如果防御都损坏了。One of these is that the barrier blocks all sediment transport, in or out, thus morphologically separating the estuary from the sea. This will inevitably have undesirable long-term effects. For instance, the outer delta will tend to rise with the rising sea level, but the bed in the basin behind the barrier will not because of the lack of sediment transport.其中一个是障碍物阻止所有沉积物移动进出，因此河口形态从海上分离。这将不可避免地会有长期的不良影响。例如,外部三角洲将趋于上升随着海平面上升,但在障碍物后面的盆地床背将不会因为缺乏沉积物运移。tragic consequences of Hurricane Katrina on the Gulf Coast, and in New Orleans in particular, have highlighted the importance of addressing ecosystem servicessuch as the storm surge protection that wetlands providein management decisions involving coastal settlement and infrastructure policies 卡特里娜飓风造成的悲惨后果墨西哥湾海岸,在新奥尔良特别是,凸显了解决生态系统的重要性的各类风暴潮保护湿地管理决策提供在涉及沿海定居点和基础设施政策 New approaches have been institutionalized in Dutch flood defence policies (Van der Brugge et al. 2005) with campaigns such as living with water and increasing the resilience of our flood defences新方法在荷兰已经成为制度化的洪水国防政策(Van der布鲁日et al . 2005)和活动如“生活与水”和“增加弹性的防洪设施”。recently issued a position paper on its Working with Nature approach, which is described as an integrated process which identifies and exploits winwin solutions with respect to nature, which are acceptable to both project proponents and environmental stakeholders最近发布了一份关于与自然友好相处的方法的重要文件,它被描述为“一个集成的过程,识别并利用双赢的解决方案来尊重自然,项目支持者和环境保护着都能够接受。The various approaches mentioned above have emerged from scientific discourses that aim to reframe the relationship between human societies and their natural environment. 上面提到的各种方法已经从科学角度论述,旨在重新定义人类社会与自然环境之间的关系。In the second half of the twentieth century, the Enlightenment ideal of subduing nature for the benefit of mankind was rejected in recognition of the need to mitigate the negative impacts of human interventions on the environment. 在20世纪下半叶,为人类的利益而征服自然的启蒙运动思想被驳回并且承认在环境方面需要减轻人类干预的负面影响。Both of these positions, however, assume a boundary between mankind and nature as if they are two separate entities. 然而，这两种立场假设人类与自然之间有边界,就好像他们是两个独立的实体。The new discourses start from the premise that humans are part of the natural system.新的言论开始的前提是人类是大自然的一部分。Fig. 1 The three perspectives of the Building with Nature programme图1这三个视角与自然的建筑项目The Building with Nature innovation programme uses a triangle to depict the relationship between the three subsystems that are relevant in coastal protection:the biotic and abiotic environment, man-made infrastructures and the governance of society (Fig. 1). 遵循自然规律的创新项目在沿海保护方面使用一个三角形描述三个子系统之间的关系: 这个生物和非生物环境,人为的基础设施和政府治理社会(图1)。The natural system encompasses hydro-morphological processes (sedimentation and erosion, water- and wind-induced sediment transport) and ecological processes (food webs, the influence of bioengineering) in the coastal zone.在沿海地带，自然系统包括水力形态过程(沉降和侵蚀,包括水,风引起的沉积物传输)和生态过程(食物网,生物工程的影响)。 The engineering system represents all human interventions that aim to influence the natural system (dams, dikes, groins, harbours, shipping lanes, reclamation projects, etc.).工程系统代表了所有人为的旨在影响自然系统的干预措施,(水坝,海堤,腹股沟、港口、航运、填海工程,等等)。 The societal system represents the institutional side, both formal (laws, regulations, standards, decision-making structures and stakeholder involvement) and informal (political power, networks, agreements and established practices). 社会系统的代表机构方面,包括正式的(法律、法规、标准、决策结构和利益相关者的参与)和非正式的(政治权力、网络、协议和规范)的机构。The state of a coastal protection scheme is the result of interactions between these three subsystems.国家的海岸保护方案之间的相互作用的结果,这三个子系统。If system variables or environmental conditions that induce slow system changes (drift) are overlooked, the system may undergo crises (Holling 1998) or critical transitions.如果诱导系统变化(漂移)的系统变量或环境条件被忽略,这个系统就可能发生危机(Holling 1998)或关键的转变。In this conceptual framework, we use three elements of socio-ecological systems: resilience, social learning and the use of ecosystem services. 在这个概念框架,我们使用社会生态学系统:弹性,社会学习和使用的生态系统服务这三个元素。The first element of our conceptual framework is resilience, defined as the capacity of a dynamic system to absorb shocks while maintaining its structure and functioning.我们概念框架的第一个元素是弹性,定义为在维持吸收冲击的动态系统能力的同时保持其结构和功能。A resilient infrastructure is able to adapt to changing conditions that influence safety thresholds or standards in the long run. 从长远来看，一个有弹性的基础设施能够适应影响安全阈值或标准的不断变化。In contrast, traditional engineering works (dams, dikes, etc.) are usually designed to withstand events with a given probability of occurrence at the time of their construction and accept failure under more severe conditions.相比之下,传统的工程(水坝、堤坝等)通常是用来抵御一定时间的可能发生的事件或者接受更严峻条件下的失败。The third element of our conceptual framework is the capability to produce robust ecosystem goods and services, which represent the benefits of human populations derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions第三个基本概念是创造健康的生态系统产品和服务的能力，它由生态系统的功能直接或间接地代表了人类利益的产生。Taking the “Waste” Out of “Wastewater” for Human Water Security and Ecosystem Sustainability为了人类的用水安全和生态系统的可持续性净化污水Humans create vast quantities of wastewater through inefficiencies and poor management of water systems. 人类通过低效的、管理不善的水系统制造了大量的污水。The wasting of water poses sustainability challenges, depletes energy reserves, and undermines human water security and ecosystem health.水资源的浪费造成了持续的问题，消耗能源储备并且破坏了人类用水和生态系统的健康。2.7 billion lack access to sanitation, and many millions die each year from preventable waterborne diseases.27亿缺乏卫生设施,使得每年数百万人死于可预防水源性疾病。Water use can be classified as consumptive or nonconsumptive, depending on how readily the used water can be reused.水的利用可分为消耗性利用和非消耗性利用,划分依据是水再利用的难易程度。Consumptive use converts water into a form that cannot be reused. 消耗性利用将水转变成一种不能重利用的形式。A portion of the water used for irrigation, for example, is evaporated, transpired, and incorporated into plant biomass.一部分的水用于灌溉,例如,水蒸发并被吸收,最终纳入植物生物量。In contrast, after nonconsumptive use, water can be captured, treated, and reused.相比之下,非消耗性利用后,水可以被捕获、处理和重用。If a nonconsumptive use degrades the quality of the water (for example, by adding contaminants), it is said to generate wastewater.如果一种非消耗性利用降低了水的质量(如通过添加污染物)就会产生废水。In principle, domestic wastewater can be collected, treated to remove human pathogens and other contaminants, and then reused for potable or nonpotable purposes.原则上,国内废水可以收集,处理,去除人类病原体和其他污染物,然后重新被用作饮用水或非饮用水。 Globally, the largest consumptive use of water is for agriculture, whereas the largest nonconsumptive use of water is for industrial and municipal supplies .全球最大的消耗性用水是农业用水,而最大的非消耗性用水是为工业和市政供水。Addressing threats to human water security and biodiversity will require getting the most out of locally available water resources.解决威胁人类水资源安全和生物多样性的问题需要得到最大的本地可用水资源。 But what does that mean in practice? One way to evaluate water use is to consider its “productivity,” defined as the value of goods and services produced per unit of water used.但在实践中,这意味着什么?衡量水资源利用的一个方式是考虑它的“生产力”,定义每单位水利用所产生的商品和服务的价值View larger version查看更大的版本:In this window在这个窗口In a new window在一个新的窗口Download PowerPoint Slide for Teaching下载幻灯片用于教学Fig. 1(Left) Three complementary approaches for improving the productivity of higher-quality water. 图1(左) 提高高质量水的生产力的三个互补的方法。The water level in each glass shows how much water is used in producing a fixed value of goods and services. 每个玻璃杯的水位展示了生产一个固定价值的商品和服务的用水量Substitution uses lower-quality water in place of higher-quality water for some activities. 一些活动中用低质量的水代替高质量的水使用Regeneration transforms lower-quality water into higher-quality water by treatment.通过水处理将低质量的水再生转换成高质量的水Reduction achieves the same value of goods and services using less higher-quality water. 使用质量不高的得到到相同价值的商品和服务In these hypothetical examples, each option cuts by half the use of higher-quality water and therefore doubles its productivity. 在这些假设的例子,每个削减了一半高质量水的使用量的选择都使其生产率加倍。Potable substitution can also be implemented at neighborhood and single-home scales (Fig. 2).饮用替代也可以实现在社区和独栋房的规模尺度(图2)。 Rainwater (from roofs) and graywater (from laundry, dishwashing, and bathing) can be used in place of drinking water for a variety of activities. 雨水(来自屋顶)和可再利用废水(来自洗衣服、洗碗、沐浴)可以代替饮用水用于很多活动中The energy cost, water savings, and reliability associated with rainwater harvesting depend onengineeringconsiderations (e.g., contributing roof area and storage tank volume), local climate, connected end uses (e.g., toilet, laundry, and hot water), and temporal patterns (10).能源成本花销、节约用水和收集雨水的可靠性取决于工程方面的考虑(如贡献屋顶面积和储罐容积)、当地气候、连接终端用途(如卫生间、洗衣和热水)和时态模式(10)。 In a case study of a model home in Melbourne, Australia, the use of rainwater tanks to supply water for laundry, dishwashing, toilets, and an outside garden reduced household municipal water use by 40% (9).在一个在澳大利亚墨尔本模型家庭案例的研究中,用雨水集水罐为洗衣、洗碗、冲厕所、浇灌室外花园，减少了家庭市政用水的40%View larger version: 视图放大In this window在这个窗口中In a new window在一个新的窗口中Download PowerPoint Slide for Teaching下载教学PPT Fig. 2Practical examples of substitution (A), regeneration (B), and reduction (C) at the household scale. 代替物（A）重生（B）减少（C）在家庭范围中的实例。Substitution includes watering a garden with rainwater from a rainwater tank and flushing toilets and washing laundry with treated stormwater effluent from a biofilter. 代替包括用来自雨水收集槽的雨水浇灌花园和用经过细菌过滤器处理的雨水废水冲洗厕和洗衣服。For regeneration, a waste stabilization pond (WSP) transforms sewage from the house into high-quality water used for irrigating an orchard. 对于再生来说，一个废水稳定塘把来自家庭的污水转换为用于灌溉果园的高质量水。Reduction includes repairing leaks in the water distribution system, drip irrigation, a dual-flush toilet, a low-flow shower rose, and a front-loading clothes washer. 减少包括维修配水系统中的泄漏，采用滴灌技术、使用双冲水马桶,低流量喷头,和前置式洗衣机等。Other water infrastructure elements shown include a conventional drinking water plant (DWTP); a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP); and a river diversion (supplying the orchard).其他水利基础设施元素显示包括传统的饮用水植物(DWTP)，传统的污水处理厂(WWTP)和河流改道(供给果园)。Stormwater runoff from roads and other impermeable surfaces is another locally available source of water, but here the challenge is harvesting and storing the runoff (which can be generated over very short periods of time) and adequately removing contaminants (pathogens, metals, and organic pollutants). 来自道路的雨水径流和其他不透气的表面是另一个本地可用的水源,但这里的挑战是收集和存储径流(可以在很短时间内生成的)和充分去除污染物(病原体,金属和有机污染物)。These challenges can be overcome through the integration of natural treatment systems into the urban landscape, including green roofs, rain gardens, biofilters, and constructed wetlands.这些挑战可以通过把自然处理系统的整合进入城市景观来克服,包括绿色屋顶、雨水花园、生物绿地、人工湿地。Plants play a key role, taking up excess nutrients and serving as both a source of organic carbon to fuel denitrification, and a source of oxygen through their root systems to fuel nitrification. 植物发挥了关键的作用，占用了过多的养分并担任两个源的有机碳燃料脱氮和氧源通过它们的根部系统燃料硝化作用。As runoff moves through natural treatment systems, a portion of the water returns to the atmosphere (evapotranspiration); a portion infiltrates into the subsurface (groundwater recharge); and the rest can be harvested, stored, and ultimately used for nonpotable purposes.当径流穿过自然处理系统时,一部分水通过蒸散返回到大气中;一个部分水渗透到地下，即地下水补给过程;其余的可以收割,储存,并最终用于非饮用水目的including storm water reuse schemes in new greenfield and brownfield developments until 2050 could result in a sevenfold increase in nonpotable water availability for the city (35 Gl year1or 9.8% of municipal water use) (16).包括城市周边未开发地区和棕色地带发展的雨水再利用计划，可能在2050年前使城市可利用的非饮用水增加七倍(35 Gl年1或9.8%的城市用水)Integrating natural treatment systems into urban landscapes confers many benefits beyond improving human water security. 把自然处理系统整合到城市规划中，能带来诸多益处，不仅仅是提升人类水安全。In warmer climates, the evapotranspiration of runoff moderates the urban heat island effect, whereas infiltration recharges the groundwater and providesenvironmentalwater for local wetlands and riparian zones. 在温暖的气候中,径流蒸散减轻城市热岛效应,而渗透过程补给地下水并为当地湿地和河岸区域提供环境需水。The construction of new wetlands or reinvigoration of existing wetlands creates habitats for resident and migratory species and sustains biodiversity by enhancing habitat heterogeneity, connectivity, and food web support (18). 新湿地的建设或现有湿地的恢复，建立了居民和迁徙物种的栖息地,并通过增强生境异质性,栖息地连接,和食物网支持维持生物多样性。When storm water is locally detained and retained throughout the catchment, less runoff enters rivers and streams, pollutant loads are reduced, and flow regimes more closely resemble predevelopment conditions (19). 当雨水贮存在本地流域中，更少的径流进入河流和小溪,污染物负荷减少，并且水流状态更接近前期发展条件。Among the centralized options for augmenting potable water supplies, potable reuse is preferable to interbasin water transfers for several reasons (25): 在增加可饮用水供应的几种选择中,饮用水再利用比跨流域调水更合适的几个原因：(i) Interbasin water transfers reduce the water available at the source for critical ecosystems and agricultural production; 流域间水转移会减少关键的生态系统和农业生产的可利用水源(ii) transporting water over long distances can be energy- and carbon-footprintintensive; 长距离运输水可以增加能源和碳足迹密集; (iii)and the water transmission systems are vulnerable to disruption by natural and human-made disasters, such as earthquakes and acts of terrorism.并且水运输系统很容易因自然和人为灾难受到破坏，如地震和恐怖主义行为。The depletion of source waters in the state has led to habitat deterioration, the decline and extinction of native fish species, the near-collapse of the SacramentoSan Joaquin River Delta ecosystem (27), 该州的水资源消耗已导致生物环境恶化，本地鱼类的下降和灭绝,萨克拉门托圣华金河流三角洲生态系统濒临崩溃，and the desiccation of Owens Lake, whose dry lake bed is arguably the single largest source of asthma- and cancer-inducing respirable suspended particles in the United States (28).欧文斯湖的干涸湖床可以说是美国最大的可诱发哮喘和癌症的可吸入悬浮颗粒物单一来源。Primary concerns associated with wastewater reuse include the buildup of contaminants and salts in soils (in the case of wastewater irrigation) and the possibility that incomplete removal of chemical or microbiological hazards during treatment may cause disease in an exposed population.与废水再利用相关的主要问题包括污染物和土壤盐分(在废水灌溉情况下)的积累，以及在处理过程中未完全去除化学及微生物危害因素导致人类疾病的可能性。The energy situation and its sustainable development strategy in China能源状况及中国的能源可持续发展战略These trends are most likely to continue with Chinas plan to accomplish its social and economy development goals. 这些趋势很可能继续中国实现其社会和经济发展的目标的计划。To address these problems and also respond to increasing world pressure for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, 为了解决这些问题,并回应世界减少温室气体排放量日益增加的压力,the Chinese government plans and has legislated promotion of energy conservation, efficiency, renewable energy technologies and use, and reduction of energy-related environmental impacts to reduce energy intensity by 20% during the 20062010 period, and to reduce the CO2 emission/GDP ratio by 40-45% by 2020 relative to 2005.中国政府计划并已经立法以促进节能、高效、可再生能源技术的研发和使用,并减少能源相关的环境影响,在2006年至2010年期间降低能源（消耗）强度20%，相对于2005年，2020年的二氧化碳排放/ GDP比率要减少40 - 45%。It is recognized that energy development must, however,follow a sustainable path to coordinate economy growth, social development, and environmentalprotection.然而我们认识到能源发展必须遵循协调经济增长、社会发展和环境保护关系的可持续发展道路。Energy is one of the most important fundamental elements for human development and even survival. 能源是影响人类发展甚至生存的一个最重要的基本要素。In the path towards the establishment of a more affluent society for Chinas 1.3 billion people, energy is thus of significant importance to economic and social development. 对于中国的13亿人口来说，在建立一个更富裕的社会的道路上，能量对于经济和社会发展具有关键的重要性。Energy is one of the most important fundamental elements for human development and even survival.能源是人类发展甚至生存的最重要的基本要素之一。In the path towards the establishment of a more affluent society for Chinas 1.3 billion people, energy is thus of significant importance to economic and social development. 在通往为中国13亿人口建立一个更富裕的社会的进程中,能源对经济和社会发展来说是如此的重要。It is a long-term and formidable task to accomplish sustainable development of the economy alongside the sustainable development of energy, further noting that sustainable development in China will play an important role in that of the world .这是一项长期而艰巨的任务来实现经济和能源的可持续发展，进一步指出，中国的经济和能源可持续发展在世界上起着重要的作用。As China is in the process of rapid industrialization, urbanization and modernization, it is expected that energy consumption will continuously increase. 随着中国正在快速工业化、城市化和现代化的过程中,预计能源消耗将不断提高。The coal-based energy production and consumption energy system, however, faces many significant p