大学英语精读第三册Unit8.doc

Lesson Eight “Were Only Human”ITeaching Objectives: After learning this unit, students are supposed to: 1. get familiar with the rules of word formation ; 2. get familiar with some grammatical points; 3. get familiar with some proper noun;4. have a thorough understanding of the whole text: “Were Only Human”5get a list of the new words and expressions and be able to use them freely in writing and daily conversation; II. Listening and speaking activities1. Listen to the recording of the text and fill in the blanks about the main ideas of the article.2 What constitutes moral actions?III. Reading Comprehension and Language Activities1. Pre-reading discussions:1) When some people say that they are only human, what do they mean?2) Is human behavior biologically determined ( or genes-determined)?2. Background knowledge: The author Dr. Laura C. Schlessinger was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1947. she has a Ph.D. in physiology from Columbia University and a post-doctoral certification in marriage, family and child counseling from the University of Southern California, where, upon graduation, she became a faculty member and taught for five years. Dr. Laura Schlessinger is the recipient of many national awards and the author of many New York Times best-sellers, including: Parenthood by Proxy: Dont Have Them if You Wont Raise Them(2000); Ten Stupid Things Men Do to Mess up Their Lives(1994); and How Could You Do That?! The Abdication of Character, Courage and Conscience(1996), a book based on Schlessingers conversations with her radio callers. The present text is an excerpt taken from the last book listed here, with some adaptations.Every day in the United States of America: 4,219 teenagers contract sexually transmitted diseases 2,329 teenagers unintentionally become pregnant 908 teenagers who didnt intend on becoming pregnant obtain abortions 1,000 adolescents begin drinking alcohol 500 adolescents begin using illicit drugs 16,000 crimes are committed on school There are 600,000 drug addicted children in the United States. 6% of boys between 16 and 18 carry guns outside the home for protection. While only four percent (4%) of inner-city school students report use of hard drugs, 13 percent (13%) report either dealing drugs or working for a drug dealer. 51% of graduating high school seniors admit having used illicit illicit ilisit adj. 违法的；不正当的drugs by the time they reach their senior year of high school3.Text analysis:The text can be divided into 4 parts:1. The first part explains altruism n. 利他；利他主义is representative of mankind in terms of moral observance.2. The second part illustrates how CHARACTER is the human source of pleasure.3. The third part describes the importance of courage for human moral development.4. The fourth part profoundly and comprehensively explains how conscience works in human morality. 4. Language points: 1)Vocabulary (1). bachelor party(AmE) a party for men only, esp the night before a mans wedding.(2). vegetable: someone who can not think or move because their brain is damaged.(3). to get in the way: to prevent somebody from doing sth (4)blueprint: (technical)the pattern in every living cell, which decides how the plant, animal or person will develop and how it will look like.(5)leap of faith: a belief or trust in something intangible or incapable of being proved, e.g. It requires a leap of faith to pursue this unusual step of transplanting an animal heart into a human patient.(6)at the expense of: with some harm done to, We have been developing our economy at the expense of our environment. It is unwise to increase production at the expense of quality.(7)to come in: to be involved Everybody has a part to play, where do I come in? I dont understand. It seems to be a very practical problem. Where does social responsibility come in?2)Grammatical points and structure Be elevated(p2): achieve a more important rank or status Be elevated to the post of chancellor Emotional stress can elevate blood pressure.(to increase in amount, significance or intensity) Elevate pop singers to idols (consider it to be more important than it really is)Drive(p6): a strong need or desire ; energy and determination n. 车道driveway I thought we might go for a drive.兜风 disk drive Rescuers battling through driving snow迎面扑来的劲雪 Chinas early intellectuals with background of oversea education played a major role in our nations drive toward democracy.(a special effort made by a group of people)Derive(p7): derive pleasure or benefit from sth or sb He is one of those happy people who derive pleasure from helping others. Defensive behavior patterns derive from our subconscious fears. (A word or feeling derives from / is derived from)Forge(p8) an alliance or relationship (create it through hard work and hope it to be lasting and strong) sth (achieve sth difficult): prisons often help inmates forge new careers. passport, banknote, document, painting, signature, etc. 伪造 a blade 铸剑Honor(p10) 授予Two American surgeons were last week ed with the Nobel Prize. 荣幸 Its my to have your/ Im ed by your confidence in me. 信守The two sides agreed to a ceasefire. 庆祝City Bank is holding a dinner in of the opening of their new branch in Shanghai. 感谢President Bush will attend a concert in his / in of firefighters.Commitment(p): a strong belief in an idea or system; 责任；承诺 to the ideals of Bolshevism Work s forced her to uproot herself from Vancouver. They made a to nuclear mit a crime or a sin;commit suicidebe ted to sth致力于The government ted billions of dollars for a program to reduce acid rain.(use specially专门用于)Think twice before you yourself to working Sundays.(decide to do)It isnt their diplomatic style to themselves on such a delicate issue. (say what you really think or want to do表态)If I could project you fifteen years into the future (p14): to device in the mindProject ones country oversea 向海外介绍自己的国家-He projected the weather for the coming week. 预测下个星期的天气 -The wall is projected in the middle.设计-A politician must project himself as a reformer if he wants to win an election. Project oneself as 营造自己形象 project slides onto a screen 放幻灯片 Project a new dam/carry out a projectSustain(p17) the weight / the extra expenses承受An unshakable faith me.支持 public interest/ the products quality a family / life 养家，维持 hardships / the shock / comparison经受 a defeat / a loss蒙受Sustainable growth可持续增长 Sustained illness/attacks 久病;持续进攻Initiative(p17)have/seize the initiative e.g.He did not have the initiative to start his own business.(掌握主动权)on ones own initiative e.g He went to see the headmaster in his own initiative.(主动地)take the initiative e.g Why dont you take the initiative and arrange a meeting? (带头)do sth. on ones own initiative 主动地做某事Courage is to life what broth is to soup. (simile) Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what / as Henry Ford was to cars.Conform to(p22) The meat market can continue only if it is radically overhauled全面检查 to conform with/to strict EU standards. (to meet the rules or the desired quality) I am well aware that we all conform to one stereotype or another. (very similar to) In conformity with a law or regulation or sbs wishes根据，符合Adam and Eve Adam from earth, and Eve from Adams rib, The Garden of Eden The temptation of the serpent The fall of man, the original sin The expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden Fulfill vows of penanceDevastating(p25): very destructive Affairs do have a devastating effect on marriage. He returned to his best with a devastating display of galloping and jumping. (very impressive) A few days before, a fire had devastated part of Windsor Castle. Transitory(p26): lasting only for a short time Most teenage romances are transitory. Temporary: lasting for only a limited time Most adolescent problems are temporaryMetonymy (借代)与Metaphor (隐喻)的区别 隐喻是不同类事物的比拟(comparing materials across domains),借代是同一类事物的比拟(comparing materials within domains)。 The city has its philharmonic (高雅之处) but also its poverty. 以典型的人体组织、四肢或器官借代抽象行为或能力Karajan had ruled his august orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic oh which he had been named conductor for life in 1995 with a brilliant ear and an iron fist.（卡拉扬在1955年被任命为柏林交响乐团终身指挥，从此他就以敏锐的听觉和坚强的手腕控制着这个尊严的乐队。） Economy Minister Zelia Cardoso de Mello is Brazils best foot forward.（经济部长卡多佐德梅洛代表了巴西的新人新政，正在全力以赴，奋起直追。） 以人名借代事物或观念 He reads Shakespeare. “There is no way to satisfy rival claims(相互冲突的要求),” said lieutenant colonel Patrick J. Garvey.” You want to use crack troops in a surprise attack, unexpected and covered, and yet you stage a Cecil B. De Mille （塞西尔 德米尔式的）operation. The effect is sure to be offset.” （著名导演以埃及艳后中的壮观场面而闻名）以动、植物借代某种特征 There was one great difference between us. My father had tremendous self-confidence in his judgment. I lacked that confidence, so I tried to get the smartest guys I could find around me. I wanted able people and I didnt care whether they were prickly pears （霸王树上的仙人果）or not. 地理上的局部借代整体 Business lobbyists政治说客 on Capitol Hill（国会）are keeping close tabs密切关注 on what is known as the “Family and Medical Leave Act”. 以工具或容器借代邻近的实体或概念 Palestinian strikes and Israeli curfews （宵禁）are the tit for tat of a lengthening struggle that is causing economic distress on both sides of the battle lines. The pain is great but so is the determination of the adversaries to soldier on, unaware that a two-way sword takes double toll.（巴勒斯坦人的罢工与以色列的宵禁针锋相对，长期的斗争使双方在经济上同样蒙受损失。双方虽都很痛苦，仍决意冲突下去，殊不知冤冤相报，两败俱伤。） He is a veteran member of the Massachusetts bar.（律师界） 以商品的商标唤起相近的联想 It reads like a movie script from 1960s, that landmark decade of idealism and day-glo politics.（目前的情形有如一部60年代写的电影脚本。那十年是理想主义抬头、浮夸政治盛行的十年。） 以专业术语借代特定的概念 Syracuse Universitys football team, Randy Edsall spends hours putting Xs and Os on blackboards and exhorting规劝 players in Saturday showdowns. As a defensive-backfield守卫型 coach forobject complementsa. as + noun phrase b. b.as + a what-clause, the object being “which”c.as + a gerund phrase d. an infinitive phrasee.a perfect present participle f.a passive infinitive phraseg.a comparative adjective phrase h. an adjective phrasei.a passive present participle phrase5.Post-reading discussion: Do you agree that “pleasure is an event; happiness is a process. Pleasure is an end point; happiness is a journey. Pleasure is material; happiness is spiritual. Pleasure is self-involved; happiness is outer-and other-involved”?6. Exercises: II Vocabulary1.Translation From Chinese to English1) to shape ones mind2) to honor ones commitment3) to sustain life4) to raise a family5) to make a judgment6) to focus ones attention7) to devastate the country8) to blame the weather9) to avoid sacrifice10) to demand justice11) to criticize the theory12) to condemn the war13) to emphasize education14) to acknowledge defeat15) to sustain economic growth16) to restore the building17) to cause trouble18) to resist the temptationOriginal items1) 塑造某人的思想2) 忠于承诺3) 维持生命4) 养家5) 做出判断6) 集中精力7) 摧毁国家8) 责怪天气9) 避免牺牲10) 要求公正11) 批判这种理念12) 谴责战争13) 强调教育14) 承认失败15) 维持经济增长16) 回复这幢建筑物17) 引起麻烦18) 抵制诱惑Into Chinese:1) 动物界2) 某种原因造成的结果3) 自由意志4) 条件反射5) 由生物本能而定的6) 自然选择7) 高级动物，万物之灵8) 适者生存9) 固有欲望10) 利他行为11) 社会地位12) 一个关键的晚上13) 正当地位14) 眼前一时痛快15) 蛮力16) 思想斗争17) 良心不安，良心有愧18) 对未经证实之事物的信仰19) 合同的例外条款20) 植物人的状态21) 长期目标22) 十分吸引人的电影23) 全心全意和孩子相聚的时间24) 价值观念体现Original items1) the animal kingdom2) a product of causation23）quality time3) free will4) reflexive reactions24）a value system5) biologically determined6) natural selection7) elevated beings of choices8) survival of the fittest9) innate drives10) altruistic behavior11) social status12) a fateful night13) a rightful place14) immediate pleasure15) brute strength16) an inner battle17) a guilty conscience18) leaps of faith19) an escape clause20) a vegetable state21) a long-term goal22) an absorbing movie3. Translation:1) As the saying goes: All roads lead to Rome.2) That wrong line led to a serious setback of the revolution.3) The discovery of a knife on his body led the police to suspect that he was the murder.4) We are leading he world in the production of rice, cotton hogs, and coal.5) Lack of exercise can lead to all kinds of health problems.6) Some political scientists in the West believe that a balanced of power could lead to world peace.7) Most of the leading economic power in the would are committed to global environment protection.8) Those traces of water led many scientists to believe that there might be some forms of life on that planet.9) Its amazing how she can balance herself on that ball.10) For most Chinese people, the unification of our county is a serious /solemn commitment.11) Yes, I taught her once. She struck me as quite a committed student.12) Many things in this world require a good balance. Once you lose balance, troubles begin.13) Mr. Smith said that it was his honor to be our business partner, and he assured us that his company is committed to help China wit her modernization effort.14) This treaty commits all member nations to develop their cooperation.15) Some European countries have not been able to balance their budgets.16) Its a matter of honor to repay my debts on time. But right now my total balance in the bank is only 20 dollars.17) The banking system of that country is in a terrible state.18) It was said that the Russian state-owned enterprises were privatized almost overnight.19) During the talks, he made an official statement that his government will not adopt a two China policy.4. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.1. of 2 for 3.out 4. out 5. up 6. of 7. up 8. down 9. at 10.out of 11. up 12. to , away from 13. on , in 14. on, by, of 15. In, instead of , to 16. to , on, at 17 in, by 18. with , For, on, In.III Grammar exercises4. Translate into Englisha. The Chinese in brackets, using passive verb forms:1) to be left alone for a while2) had been knocked unconscious3) was buried deep4) can and will be realized5) are expected to share household chores6) It is generally believed 7) being criticized in public8) being harassed/annoyed by hoodlums 9) are believed to be genuine10) would be found guilty , to be tried by another juryb. The sentences:1) The miners nicknamed their union leader “Lefty”.2) The media describe the event as epoch-making.3) I think it immoral to take advantage of their difficulty.4) In those days of poverty, the family kept their dreams alive.5) Well hold you responsible if anything happens to these children.6) We should see setbacks and failures as a necessary part of our lives.7) Lying in bed in the dark, he listened to the cold rain beating on the window.8) We look upon Professor Lin as instructor friend and adviser all in one.9) Their stories set us wondering what we would do under similar circum stances,.10) No matter how late she finishes the days work, she leaves everything in their place.11) To our disappointment, we found the new manager competent, but hard to get along with.12) He found himself unable to tolerate the indifference of the city and decided to leave.13) The computer is often referred to as the most important invention in the last century.14) When the bus drove near the oak tree, Vingo found it covered with hundreds of yellow ribbons.15) Michael Dell was made to promise to go back to school if he couldnt launch his own company in the summer.6. Complete each of the following sentences with the most likely answer:1-10 b c b c d a b a b d 11-15 b b c d b 7Assinment:1. Discuss : Is human behavior biologically determined (or genes-determined)? Or is it completely shaped by our environment? Or is it the result of the exercise of our free will?2. Go over the whole text and learn all the word and phrases about human nature.3