_International_Trade_国际贸易实务.doc

International Trade 国际贸易课文及翻译Text A An Introduction to International Trade The Concept of International Trade International trade is the exchange of goods and services across international boundaries or territories. While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact. International trade represents a significant share of GDP in most of the countries. Most of the countries are engaging in international trade to overcome the various deficiencies in the resources not abundant in their home country and sourcing those resources from the neighboring or other countries to produce the goods and services for their needs and wants. In a modern business world due to globalization international business ventures are rapidly eyeing to establish their reputation firmly. International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics. Increasing international trade is basic to globalization. Economic Globalization Globalization of the economy depends on the role of human migration, international trade, movement of capital, and integration of financial markets. The International Monetary Fund notes the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions, free international capital flows, and move rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. The rise of technology has allowed the environment to be characterized as a global one. The global economy gave business the ability to market products and services all over the globe. It has also allowed them to develop partnerships and alliances throughout the world, which has become essential for success in todays business.Regulation of International TradeTraditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between tow nations. For centuries under the belief in mercantilism most nations had tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief become the dominant thought among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial. Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, thought they often engage in selective protectionism for those industries which are strategically important such as the protective tariff applied to agriculture by the United State and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United State, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However many other countries such as India China and Russia are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non-tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The letter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs procedures. The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 dependent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talk on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed large due to opposition from the populations of Latin American nation. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years. Risks in International TradeThe risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups: Economic risks:Risk of insolvency of the buyer Risk of protected default Risk of non-acceptanceRisk of exchange rate Political risks:Risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licensesRisk of expropriation or confiscation of the importers companyRisk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods Transfer risks War risks Text A 国际贸易简介国际贸易的概念 国际贸易是跨越国际边界和领土进行货物和服务的交换。国际贸易贯穿了人类大部分的历史，而且今年来它在经济，社会及政治上的重要性与日俱增。工业化、先进的运输、全球化、跨国公司、和外包都产生了巨大的影响。国际贸易在大部分的国家都占有较大比例的GDP。大部分国家从事国际贸易来克服本国资源不足带来的各种缺陷，并从邻国或其他国家获取资源来生产满足本国需求的产品和服务。在现代化商业世界里，由于全球化的趋势一些国际公司正迅速把目光放在牢固建立自己的声望上。国际贸易也是经济学的一个分支，它与国际金融形成了个更大的国际经济分支。增加国际贸易是全球化的基础。经济全球化经济全球化取决于人类迁徙的作用、国际贸易、资本的流动和整合的金融市场。国际货币基金会注意到，随着跨境交易的数量和种类的增长，国际资本的自由流动，技术迅速而广泛地传播，世界各国在经济上的相互依赖性日益加强。技术的增长使环境具有全球化的特征。全球经济使市场商品，服务的交易遍及全球。技术的增长也使全世界的发展合作和联盟成为今天商业上成功的根本。 国际贸易的规管 传统贸易监管是通过拖曳国家之间的双边条约。在几个世纪重商主义的信仰下，大多数国家对国际贸易有较高的关税和诸多限制。在19世纪，尤其是在英国，在自由贸易的信念成为最重要的。这种信念成为自那时以来西方国家的主导思想，尽管通过政策承认，采用这种思想的人在大不列颠普遍下降。在未来数年，自