斯伦贝谢LWD introduction.ppt

Presentedby WangRuo Aug2003 LWDIntroduction MWD LWDtechniques WhydoweuseLWD MWD LWDbasicsLWDMeasurementsResistivity PropagationandLaterologDensity Neutron SonictoolsLWDmeasurementsforhorizontalwell boresApplicationofImageandAzimuthalmeasurementsWellPlacement GeoSteering Methods WellPlanning DirectionalDrilling NewDrillingTechnologies WellPlanninginageologicalenvironmentSurveyUncertaintyDDNewTechnologies WhatisMWD LWD Real timeSurveysforDirectionalControlInclination azimuth toolfaceReal timeDrillingMechanicsdataforDrillingOptimisationandSafetyincluding Weight on Bit DownholeTorque at BitReal timeFormationMeasurementincluding Resistivity Density Porosity Asystemwhichprovidesreal timedatafrommeasurementsmadenearthedrillbitduringthedrillingprocess 1927 FirstWirelinelogruninFrancebySchlumbergerbrothers1929 Jokoskyfilesapatentontheconceptofmudpulsetelemetry1950 Arpinventspositivemudpulsesystem1960 s Teledrifttooldeveloped mechanicalinclinometerwithpositivemudpulse stillusedtodayGodbeyofMobildevelopsthemudsirensystem1971 FirstsuccessfultestofmudsirenbyMobilR D1978 TelecocommercialwithDirectionalMWD1980 Schlumberger Anadrillintroducesmulti sensorMWD ABriefHistoryofMWD theearlydays ABriefHistoryofMWD thebirthofLWD 1981 Gentrix Eastman introducesPPTdirectionalMWDExlogintroducesNPTmulti sensorMWD1983 TelecointroducesRGD1984 NLBaroidintroducesRecordedLithologyLog RLL ElectromagneticresistivityandGammaRaylogTeeco Anadrill Exlog andGearhartofferResistivityandGRservices1986 NLBaroidintroducesTripleComboLWD1989 SperryintroducesTripleComboLWDSchlumberger AnadrillintroducesTripleComboLWD ABriefHistoryofMWD imagingatthebit 1990 TelecocommercialwithTripleCombo1992 Schlumberger AnadrillintroducestheIDEAL IntegratedDrillingEvaluationandLogging systemincluding RAB ResistivityatBit GeoSteeringToolBoreholeImaging AcousticCaliper1993 Baroid NLSperry introducesNearBitInclinometer1995 Commercialslim holeresistivitytoolsdeveloped1996 Schlumberger AnadrillintroducesTripleComboforslimholes1999 SchlumbergerintroducesReal Timeformationimaging2001 SchlumbergerintroducesSeismicMeasurementWhileDrilling VISIONLWDServices Alphabetsoup ARCx ArrayResistivityCompensated 2MHzand400KHzresistivityARC4 4 OD Impulse ARC6 6 ODARC8 8 ODARC9 9 ODRABx ResistivityAttheBitUpgradedtoGeoVisionResistivity GVR GSTGeosteeringtool 6 OD ADNx AzimuthalDensityNeutronADN4 4 ODADN6 6 ODADN8 8 OD ISONIConlycalledISONIC MoreAlphabetsoup MWDImpulse4 ODPowerPulsePP66 ODPP88 ODPP99 ODToolCombinations Visionxxx Triplecombostring ARC MWD ADNVision475 4 OD Impulse ADN Vision675 6 OD ARC6 PP6 ADN6Vision825 81 4 OD ARC8 PP8 ADN8 FormationEvaluationOptimization WellDeviation SeismicorFormationEvaluationComplexity low low high high WhyuseLWD ScenarioAHighrigcostHighdrillingriskHighwellplacementriskLWDpreferred ScenarioBLowrigcostLowdrillingriskLowwellplacementriskWLpreferred or or and and What sSpecialAboutLWD MeasurementsaremadesoonafterdrillingBeforeformationalterationBeforeholewashesoutBeforefluidinvasionTimebecomesafactorininterpretation LWDsensorsareusuallyrotatingResistivity DensityImagesAzimuthalformationevaluation What sSpecialAboutLWD LWDtoolsareoftenruninhighangleboreholesHorizontalevaluation specialinterpretationissuesMayrequire3DinterpretationMeasurementsoftencrossingbedsAnisotropyissues LWDOperatingModes Telemetry cleansignalsthroughdirtymud MWDDataTransmission Designconsiderations ReliabilityMaximizeddataupdaterateMinimalimpactondrillingoperations AllMWDtoolsusemud pulsetelemetrytotransmitdatatosurface AnalogtoDigitalsignals 1and0 DigitalsignalstopressurepulsesPressurepulsestransmittedthroughthemudcolumn MWDTelemetrySystems Ahydraulicpoppetvalvemomentarilyrestrictstheflowofmudtogenerateanincreaseinpressure Controlledvalveventsmudbrieflytotheannulus decreasingthepressure Rotaryvalve siren restrictsthemudflowtocreateamodulatingpositivepressurewave MWDContinuousWaveTelemetry MudPulserandTurbineAssembly AsMudflowsthroughtheMWDtoolthepressurerequiredtoforcethemudtoflowchangesastheModulatoropensandcloses TestBench CombinedenvironmentVerticalshocksHightemperaturelifetestingMultipletoolsqualifiedLCMtestsat50lb bblmediumnutplugSeveralthousandpumpinghoursinflowloops EngineeringQualification ExampleTelemetryDataFrame TheOldWay LWD RealTime InTime Thehighestdataratesintheindustrymeanyougetthedatayouneed whenyouneedit Whyputupwithaminimalsuiteofpoorqualitylogsinrealtime Whycontrolthedrillingtogetgoodlogdata LWD RealTime InTime LWDisn tjustgivingyouwigglylines it syoureyestomonitorthedrillingprocess Whywait2minutesand10feetforyournextupdateofpressure surveysortoolface Whyrisknothavingthedatayouneed atthemomentyouneedit Whenyoucanhaveitevery20seconds Two waycommunicationcanavoidatripandsave RobusttelemetrycopeswithharshconditionsHighLCMcapacitymodulator MWDSystems PowerPulse Impulse SlimPulse ROPvsMeasurements At12bpsSchlumbergerprovidesa8secRTupdaterate 2datapointsperfootforRealTimeTripleCombo D I GR 2Resistivities Density Neutron At6bpsSchlumbergerprovidesa16secRTupdaterate At3bpsSchlumbergerprovidesa32secRTupdaterate MaxROPtohave2dataperfootversussamplingrate FundamentalsofLWDDepth WhichDepthisThat Whatisthedepthofthisformationtop MWDDepthMeasurement Time DepthData Time DepthFileExample DatavsTime DatavsDepth DatavsTime DatavsDepth DepthvsTime TimeBasedData TimetoDepthConversion 0 00GammaRay150 00 DepthBasedData 0 00GammaRay150 00 DepthCorrections MWD LWDDepthistiedtoDriller sDepthattheendofeachstand Depthcorrectionsaremanuallyenteredandstoredinthetime depthfilefutureuse Dataisstretchedorcompressedacrossaninterval Whereisthewell DownholeSurveys Whatisadownholesurvey Apointalongthepathofawellisdefinedbyadirectionalsurvey Thesurveydefinesthethreedimensionalpositionofthatpointinspace Thesurveyconsistsof AMeasuredDepthalongthewellpath AnInclinationatthatmeasureddepth AnAzimuthatthatmeasureddepth Whyarewellboresurveysnecessary Indicatetheactualshapeofthewellbore AllowustomonitorthatactualwellboreshapeVs ourdesiredwellboreshape Whydowewanttomonitorthis Toreachourtarget Staywithinleaseboundaries Satisfylocalregulatoryagencies Constructaccuratesubsurfacemaps InclinationandAzimuth RelativeSurveyToolAccuracy ToolfaceDisplay DatacanbedisplayedonmultiplelocationssimultaneouslyPresentationcanbeeditedtosuittheparticularapplication Remotemonitoringisalsopossible thisisparticularlyusefulforreal timewellcontrolbyshore basedteams GeosteeringSurveying Traditionalsurveyingmaygiveasystematicerror ContinuousD IinGeosteering HasthepotentialtoprovidehigherverticalresolutionCouldbecombinedwithAIMforfurtherimprovement ContD Iwouldprovidesurveysatanydesiredinterval LoggingWhileDrillingtools SLBFormationEvaluationtools ResistivityTools FundamentalsofResistivitymeasurement Pulsefires Wavetravelsthroughformation SignalchangesPhaseandStrengthasitpassesthroughformation 2MHzPropagationTools SignalchangeisproportionaltotheformationResistivity ARCToolFamily Basic2MHz 400KhzMeasurement 2MHzresistivityvolumeofinvestigation BoreholeCompensation AccuracyneedsBHC InvasionProfiling answerproduct MultipleDepthsofInvestigationallowsoftwareinversiontoevaluateTrueResistivityandinvasiondiameter ARCinversionsoftware AnswerproductRt RxoDi diameterofinvasion LaterologResistivityTools ElectrodesforceDirectCurrentintotheFormation CurrentleavingthetoolisinverselyproportionaltotheFormationResistivity GeoVISIONResistivityTool WirelineDualLaterologResponse HighResistivityCarbonateFormation GeoVisionResponse HighResistivityCarbonateFormation GeoSteeringTool ResistivityandGammaRaysensorsatthebitleadstoidentificationofgeologicalboundarieswhiledrilling Inclinationatthebitgivesaccurateplacementofthewellbore Trajectorycorrectionsbasedongeologicalresults Propagation theGoodandtheBad RelativelydeepdepthofinvestigationWillworkinnon conductiveboreholesAnisotropyprocessing usingmultiplePhaseandAttenuationmeasurements RelativelypoorverticalresolutionNon directionalmeasurementStronglyaffectedbyhigh angleeffects Laterolog theGoodandtheBad ExcellentverticalresolutionCanproduceimagesforstructureanalysisAzimuthalmeasurementMeasurepointcanbeverycloseto at thebitVerylittlehigh angleeffectsWillnotworkinnon conductiveboreholesRelativelyshallowdepthofinvestigation NeutronTools LWDNuclearmeasurements LWDNeutron Density WirelineNeutron Density AzimuthalDensityNeutron Azimuthallyfocuseddensityneutronmeasurements Providesdensity neutronporosity photoelectriceffectandultrasoniccaliper Sectordensitymeasurementsminimizeboreholeeffects Neutronporositymeasurementcorrectedforenvironmentaleffects Allazimuthaldatacanbeimagedforgeologicalinterpretationandgeosteeringapplications Canberuninallmudtypes NeutronDetectorsLINCCoilsNeutronSourceElectronicCarrierDensitySourceDensityDetectorsUltrasonicSensorBatteriesToolBus NuclearSafety Retrievablesourcesfor Safefishingoperations Easeofabandonment NolossofdataSafetyofpersonnel Radiationexposureminimized Rigcrewcanoperateonrigfloorwithoutexposuretoradiation LWDRepeat WLMainLog TAB 27hrs TAB 75hrs VISIONDensity AzimuthalDensityNeutron AzimuthalDensitymeasurementsareusedtosteerthewelltoproductivezones InZone A alldensityquadrantsindicategas InZone B theupperquadrantindicatesthewellboreisexitingthetopofthereservoir InZone C onlythebottomquadrantidentifiesthegaszonebelow A best densitymeasurementcouldnotdifferentiatebetweenthelayers Dipsfromdensityimages VISION825DensityNeutronToolmovinginboreholeROBBisimprovedbyIDD ImageDerivedDensity SonicWhileDrilling SONICWhileDrilling Features Real Timecompressionaldelta t 40 180us ft SonicPorosityasalternativetoNuclearPorosityCombinetogiveReal TimeQuadcombo SONICWhileDrilling Benefits BetterqualitydatabeforeboreholealterationEnhancesafetybyuseofreal timePorePressurepredictionReducedgeophysicalriskbyplacingthebitontheseismicmap Real timeLWDsonicdataiscombinedwithdensitymeasurements Fromthiscombination syntheticseismogramsarecomputedtoaccuratelyplacethedrillbitontheseismicmapwhiledrillingtoidentifycasingandcoringpoints ISONIC Correlatingwiththeseismic Real TimeOverpressureDetection GeosteeringTechnologies GeometricallyorGeologically MeasurementstoaidGeoSteering At Bitmeasurements AIM GSTReducereactiontimeAzimuthalMeasurements Images GVR ADNRealtimeformationdipResolvedirectionaluncertainty Atbitmeasurementsshortenreactiontime Shortenedreactiontime BenefitsofAtBitMeasurements Straighter smootherwellboreFewerinclinationcorrectionsmeanlesssliding greateroverallROPTightTVDtargets 0 5 TVD ImprovedaccuracyinlandinganddrillinghorizontalwellsSidetrackconfirmationwithin2 MD AIM InclinationattheBit ResistivityandGammaRaysensorsatthebitleadstoidentificationofgeologicalboundarieswhiledrilling Inclinationatthebitgivesaccurateplacementofthewellbore Trajectorycorrectionsbasedongeologicalresults GeoSteeringTool TheDistance to ContactQuestion Problem1 Faults Problem2 Dips AzimuthalReadings ScenarioA ScenarioB Limitationsofconventionalmeasurements Azimuthaltest Result AzimuthalMeasurements AsingledetectortakesaseriesofmeasurementsaroundtheboreholeasthedrillstringisrotatingADN 16DensityreadingsaroundtheboreholewallGVR 56Resistivityreadingsaroundtheboreholewall NewGenerationtoolsutilizeAzimuthalmeasurements Quadrants Sectors andBins Orientationcomponent AzimuthalLWD RealTimeImagesfromGVRTool JapexRTGVRImageExample Real timeDipsFromGeoVISION AzimuthalDensityGeoSteering AzimuthalDensitymeasurementsareusedtosteerthewelltoproductivezones InZone A alldensityquadrantsindicategas InZone B theupperquadrantindicatesthewellboreisexitingthetopofthereservoir InZone C onlythebottomquadrantidentifiesthegaszonebelow A best densitymeasurementcouldnotdifferentiatebetweenthelayers RM RT RM RT ADNReal timevsMemoryImage RTI RMI GoodagreementwithRMimageBandwidth 8scansofdatacompressedrequires 8bpshighresolutionoptionrecentlyadded 1 5bps GeometricVs Geologic Informationpriortodrilling Usually theonlyguidetoformationdipisastructuremap GeometricDrilling Aninitialformationmodel butisthestructurewhatwethinkitis However theformationactuallyis GeoSteeringkeepsthewellboreinthereservoir IfthewellboreisGeoSteered Structuremapsonlygiveavagueguide Therealstructureisoftendifferent Malaysiaexample Pre JobmodelPost JobInterpretation Ifthewellhadbeendrilledaccordingtoplan itwouldhavelandedbelowthetargetzone Geologicalerror Aerrorofonly1degreeintheformationdip willmeanthatthestructurewilldrop1mTVDinonly57mMD StructuraldipfromSeismicisoftenonlyaccurateto 2 to3 SeismicstructuremapscannotresolvesmallfeaturesSmallthrowfaults abandonedchannels featuressmallerthan20metc maynotbeseen Wellplacementprocessroadmap Phase 1Plan Phase 2Execute Phase 3Evaluate Buildinga1 DFormationModel Tobegin offsetdatamustbeloaded convertedtoTST thensquaredtoproducea1 Dformationmodel MergingwithGeologicalKnowledge Astructuremapandwelltrajectorythengivesanideaofapparentformationdip Givesa2 DGeologicalModel Oncetheformationdipisknown the1 Dformationmodelcanbestretchedinto2 Dandthetrajectorycanbelaidontop Fromthe2 DGeologicalModel Sincetheformationpropertiesareknown thesoftwarecanthensimulatethereadingsofspecifictools includinggeometricaleffectssuchasanisotropy polarization etc Thiscanbedonefor Resistivity PropagationandLaterolog GammaRayDensityNeutronSonic StructuralModel TheInform3D ModellingProcess Inform3D Model CurtainSectionisthefundamentalrepresentationofanInform3DmodelCurtainSectionhastwocomponentsStructuralframework 3Dmodel Propertydistributionwithinstructuralframework offsetwelldata StructuralModelisassembledfrom3Dprojector2DgridsSimplemodelscanbebuiltwithinInform3Ditself Areyoufeelingoverloaded NewMeasurementsTechnologies ProVisionNMR WhileDrilling RealTime LithologyIndependentPorosityBound FreeFluidVolumeFluidIdentificationPermeability EvolutionofMagneticResonance CMR Plus2000 Faster DMR HiRes EPM CMR 2001997FTotal SNR CMR A1995 FNMR BFV K T2dist NML1968 FFI K LWD NMR2002 Real time GeoSteering FluidID Wyman etal Lithology IndependentPorosity HorizontalWell WhileDrilling SlidingComparisonw CMR SONICWhi