研究生英语精读李敦之等主编,第二册,第七单元课后答案.ppt

1 Week12 13 Unit7CellphoneRadiationMayAlterYourBrain 2 Lead in Exercises PassageStudy WritingPractice 3 Theme BasedDiscussion Lead in BackgroundInformation 4 1 WhatisCellPhoneRadiation cellphonesemitradiofrequencies RF atypeofnon ionizing 非电离 electromagneticenergythatfallsbetweenFMradiowavesandmicrowavesonthespectrum ItisnotlikeanX ray butmorelikeaverylow poweredmicrowaveoven Whatmicrowaveradiationdoesinmostsimplistictermsissimilartowhathappenstofoodinmicrowaves essentiallycookingthebrain 5 Theageofthepersonusingthephone Whethertheuserisusingspeakermodeorahandsfreedevice Thestrengthofthecellphonesignalatthetimeofuse Theamountofcellphonetrafficatthetimeofuse andThemodelofphoneused 2 Factorsdeterminingcellphoneradiation 6 glioma 神经胶质瘤 acousticneuroma 听神经瘤 meningioma 脑膜瘤 ortumorsofthesalivaryglands 涎腺肿瘤 CellPhoneRadiationwithCancerAndTumors 7 CellphoneRadiationtoChildren Children sskullsandscalpsarethinner Sotheradiationcanpenetratedeeperintothebrainofchildrenandyoungadults Theircellsareatadividingfasterrate sotheimpactofradiationcanbemuchlarger 8 TipstoReduceCellphoneRadiationExposure BUYALOW RADIATIONPHONEUSEAHEADSETORSPEAKERLISTENMORE TALKLESSHOLDPHONEAWAYFROMYOURBODYCHOOSETEXTINGOVERTALKINGPOORSIGNAL STAYOFFTHEPHONELIMITCHILDREN SPHONEUSESKIPTHE RADIATIONSHIELD 辐射防护屏 9 WhatisTawkon 10 SamsungKnack SCH U310 DistinctivekeypadLargeblur free2 2 displayscreenDedicatedhotkeystotextanddialfasterTextgraphicsandsoundwithQuickTextPhrase 11 Theme basedDiscussion TopicDiscussion Video 12 PassageStudy DetailedStudy TextAnalysis 13 Theeffectofmobilephoneradiationonhumanhealthisthesubjectofrecentinterestandstudy asaresultoftheenormousincreaseinmobilephoneusagethroughouttheworld asofJune2009 thereweremorethan4 3billionsubscriptionsworldwide Mobilephonesuseelectromagneticradiationinthemicrowaverange Otherdigitalwirelesssystems suchasdatacommunicationnetworks producesimilarradiation DetailedStudy Mobilephoneradiationandhealth 14 TheWHOhasclassifiedmobilephoneradiationontheIARCscaleintoGroup2B possiblycarcinogenic 致癌的 Thatmeansthatthere couldbesomerisk ofcarcinogenicity soadditionalresearchintothelong term heavyuseofmobilephonesneedstobeconducted Somenationalradiationadvisoryauthoritieshaverecommendedmeasurestominimizeexposuretotheircitizensasaprecautionaryapproach DetailedStudy 15 IARCInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer 国际癌症研究机构 TheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer IARC French CIRC isanintergovernmentalagencyformingpartoftheWorldHealthOrganizationoftheUnitedNations ItsmainofficesareinLyon France Itsroleistoconductandcoordinateresearchintothecausesofcancer Italsoconductsepidemiological 流行病学研究 studiesintotheoccurrenceofcancerworldwide Itmaintainsaseriesofmonographsonthecarcinogenicriskstohumansposedbyavarietyofagents mixturesandexposures DetailedStudy 16 DetailedStudy TheIARCcategorizesagents mixturesandexposuresintofivecategories Group1 carcinogenictohumans Group2A probablycarcinogenictohumans Group2B possiblycarcinogenictohumans Group3 notclassifiableastocarcinogenicityinhumans Group4 probablynotcarcinogenictohumans Onlyonesubstance caprolactam 己内酰胺 hasbothbeenassessedforcarcinogenicitybytheIARCandplacedinthiscategory 17 DetailedStudy EffectsManyscientificstudieshaveinvestigatedpossiblehealthsymptomsofmobilephoneradiation Thesestudiesareoccasionallyreviewedbysomescientificcommitteestoassessoverallrisks Arecentassessmentwaspublishedin2007bytheEuropeanCommissionScientificCommitteeonEmergingandNewlyIdentifiedHealthRisks SCENIHR Itconcludesthatthethreelinesofevidence viz Namely animal invitro 试管内 andepidemiologicalstudies indicatethat exposuretoRFfieldsisunlikelytoleadtoanincreaseincancerinhumans 18 RadiationabsorptionPartoftheradiowavesemittedbyamobiletelephonehandsetareabsorbedbythehumanhead TheradiowavesemittedbyaGSMhandsetcanhaveapeakpowerof2watts andaUSanaloguephonehadamaximumtransmitpowerof3 6watts Otherdigitalmobiletechnologies suchasCDMA2000 码分多址 接入系统 andD AMPS 数字先进移动电话服务 useloweroutputpower typicallybelow1watt Themaximumpoweroutputfromamobilephoneisregulatedbythemobilephonestandardandbytheregulatoryagenciesineachcountry DetailedStudy 19 Inmostsystemsthecellphoneandthebasestationcheckreceptionqualityandsignalstrengthandthepowerlevelisincreasedordecreasedautomatically withinacertainspan toaccommodatedifferentsituations suchasinsideoroutsideofbuildingsandvehicles TherateatwhichradiationisabsorbedbythehumanbodyismeasuredbytheSpecificAbsorptionRate SAR anditsmaximumlevelsformodernhandsetshavebeensetbygovernmentalregulatingagenciesinmanycountries 20 IntheUSA theFederalCommunicationsCommission FCC hassetaSARlimitof1 6W kg averagedoveravolumeof1gramoftissue forthehead InEurope thelimitis2W kg averagedoveravolumeof10gramsoftissue SARvaluesareheavilydependentonthesizeoftheaveragingvolume Withoutinformationabouttheaveragingvolumeused comparisonsbetweendifferentmeasurementscannotbemade Thus theEuropean10 gramratingsshouldbecomparedamongthemselves andtheAmerican1 gramratingsshouldonlybecomparedamongthemselves 21 SARdataforspecificmobilephones alongwithotherusefulinformation canbefounddirectlyonmanufacturers websites aswellasonthirdpartywebsites Itisworthnotingthatthermalradiationisnotcomparabletoionizingradiationinthatitonlyincreasesthetemperatureinnormalmatter itdoesnotbreakmolecularbondsorreleaseelectronsfromtheiratoms 22 Inaculturewherepeoplecradletheircellphonesnexttotheirheadswiththesameconstancyandaffectionthattoddlersholdtheirsecurityblankets itwasunsettlinglastmonthwhenastudypublishedinTheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationindicatedthatdoingsocouldalterbrainactivity 23 Cradle1 N COUNTAcradleisababy sbedwithhighsides Cradlesoftenhavecurvedbasessothattheyrockfromsidetoside 摇篮2 V TIfyoucradlesomeoneorsomethinginyourarmsorhands youholdthemcarefullyandgently 小心轻柔地 抱着例 Icradledherinmyarms 我把她小心轻柔地抱在怀中 24 Inthatregard theywillbecontinuingthesamequestthatbeganinthecradleofhumancivilization 从这方面来说 它们将会去继续从人类文明摇篮中就曾经开始了的同样的探求 Unfortunatelyforscience thenearestyoungstarsthatcouldbeproducingplanetsaresofarawaythatconventionaltelescopesareunabletodiscernwhatisinthecradle 对于科学来说很不幸地 最近的能够产生行星的年轻恒星是如此遥远 远到传统的望远镜都无法辨别摇篮里面有什么 25 UnsettlingIfyoudescribesomethingasunsettling youmeanthatitmakesyoufeelworriedoruncertain 令人担忧的 令人不安的例 Philhadseveralunsettlingdreamseverynight 菲尔每晚都做好几个令他不安的梦 26 Fromleft theWindowsPhone7 theAppleiPhoneandtheMotorolaDroid 27 Thereportsaiditwasunclearwhetherthechangesinthebrain anincreaseinglucosemetabolismafterusingthephoneforlessthananhour hadanynegativehealthorbehavioraleffects Butithasmanypeoplewonderingwhattheycandotoprotectthemselvesshortofusingalandline 28 landline1 电信学 陆上通信线 陆上线路 地面或地下的通讯电缆 2 美国俚语 电话 通话 略作L L Thedeclineinlandlineuse whichhasbeenunderwayforseveralyears haspickedupspeedinrecentmonths 固定电话用户几年中一直在下降 而近几个月速率明显加快 Unlessyou resureyourcellphoneserviceisgoingtobeperfect considerusingalandlineratherthanyourcellphonetoavoidadroppedcallorstaticontheline 除非确定手机服务通畅否则就考虑用固定电话而不是手机来避免出现通话中断或杂音 29 Cellphonesarefantasticandhavedonemuchtoincreaseproductivity saidDr NoraVolkow theleadinvestigatorofthestudyanddirectoroftheNationalInstituteofDrugAbuseattheNationalInstitutesofHealth I dnevertellpeopletostopusingthementirely 30 Yet inlightofherfindings sheadvisesuserstokeepcellphonesatadistancebyputtingthemonspeakermodeorusingawiredheadsetwheneverpossible ThenextbestoptionisawirelessBluetoothheadsetorearpiece whichemitradiationatfarlowerlevels Ifaheadsetisn tfeasible holdingyourphonejustslightlyawayfromyourearcanmakeabigdifference theintensityofradiationdiminishessharplywithdistance Everymillimetercounts saidLouisSlesin editorofMicrowaveNews anonlinenewslettercoveringhealthandsafetyissuesrelatedtoexposuretoelectromagneticradiation 31 inlightof onthebasisof upon根据 鉴于 从 观点Inarecentnationalsurvey 75percentoffamiliessayinlightofthecurrenteconomicdownturn they relookingforwaystoscrimp 精打细算 onchildcare 在最近的一次全国调查中 75 的家庭表示受到了当前经济危机的冲击 并正在寻找缩减用于儿童看护的开支 Ingeneral thementorinfluenceswhatheorshecaninlightofpersonalexperience passion andtheconstraintsoftheworkplace 总的来说 指导者根据个人经验 热情 和工作场所的约束条件影响他本人能够影响的范围 32 countIfsomethingorsomeonecountsforsomethingorcounts theyareimportantorvaluable 1 Surelyitdoesn tmatterwherecharitiesgettheirmoneyfrom whatcountsiswhattheydowithit Ifsomethingcountsoriscountedasaparticularthing itisregardedasbeingthatthing especiallyinparticularcircumstancesorunderparticularrules 看作2 Nooneagreesonwhatcountsasadesert 33 Ifyoucountsomethingwhenyouaremakingacalculation youincludeitinthatcalculation 把 计算在内It sunder7percentonlybecausestatisticsdon tcountthepeoplewhoaren tqualifiedtobeintheworkforce 数字不到7 这只是因为统计没有把未达劳动力标准的人算在内 countistheactionofcountingaparticularsetofthings orthenumberthatyougetwhenyouhavecountedthem 点数 点出的数目 34 NewsletterAnewsletterisoneormoreprintedsheetsofpapercontaininginformationaboutanorganizationthatissentregularlytoitsmembers 组织等定期印发给其成员的 内部通讯Theorganizationnowhasaround18 000memberswhoreceiveaquarterlynewsletter 该组织目前约有18000名会员收到内部通讯季刊 35 Socrushingyourcellphoneintoyoureartohearbetterinacrowdedbarisprobablyabadidea Gooutsideifyouhavetotakeormakeacall Andyoumightnotwanttoputyourcellphoneinyourbreastorpantspocketeither becausethatalsoputsitrightupagainstyourbody Carryitinapurseorbriefcaseorgetanonmetallicbeltclipthatorientsitawayfromyourbody 36 crush into把 塞进Decidewhethertocrusheverythinginyourpathorcollectobjectstobuildyourveryownutopia 做好决定是否准备在你前进的路上摧毁一切 亦或搜集道具 建造自己的乌托邦式的世外桃源 37 Somestudieshavesuggestedalinkbetweencellphoneuseandcancer lowerbonedensityandinfertilityinmen Butotherstudiesshownoeffectatall Giventhemixedmessagesandcontinuingresearch RobertKenny aFederalCommunicationsCommissionspokesman saidinane mail Asalways wewillcontinuetostudythisissueandcoordinatewithourfederalpartners 38 Giventakingintoaccountsomefact condition factor etc considering giventhechancemeans ifIhadthechance 如果有 机会等 Writedownthesortofthingyouwouldliketodo giventheopportunity 如果有机会 请写下你想做的那类事 Givenhowhardthetestwas I mnotsurprisedshefailed 39 Asalways同平时一样 作为通常情况Asalways ifwe vemissedsomething pleaseletusknowinthecomments 一如既往地 如果我们遗漏了什么 请在评论中告知 Wewill asalways firmlysupportyourjuststruggle 我们将一如既往坚决支持你们的正义斗争 40 ThephoneusedinDr Volkow sstudywasaSamsungKnack modelSCH U310 aflipphonethatwasinwideusewhenshebeganplanningherexperimentstwoandhalfyearsago Buttoday subiquitoussmartphonesemitevenmoreradiationastheytransmitmore andmorecomplex data 41 UbiquitousIfyoudescribesomethingorsomeoneasubiquitous youmeanthattheyseemtobeeverywhere 无所不在的 FORMAL 例 Sugarisubiquitousinthediet 糖在饮食中到处可见 42 Smartphone智能手机Asmartphoneisamobilephonebuiltonamobilecomputingplatform withmoreadvancedcomputingabilityandconnectivitythanafeaturephone 功能 非智能手机 Thefirstsmartphonesweredevicesthatmainlycombinedthefunctionsofapersonaldigitalassistant PDA andamobilephoneorcameraphone Today smodelsalsoservetocombinethefunctionsofportablemediaplayers low endcompactdigitalcameras pocketvideocameras andGPSnavigationunits Modernsmartphonestypicallyalsoincludehigh resolutiontouchscreens webbrowsersthatcanaccessandproperlydisplaystandardwebpagesratherthanjustmobile optimizedsites andhigh speeddataaccessviaWi Fiandmobilebroadband 43 YoucangetanideaoftherelativeamountsofradiationvariouscellphonemodelsemitbylookingattheirSAR orspecificabsorptionrate Thisnumberindicateshowmuchradiationisabsorbedbythebodywhenusingthehandsetatmaximumpower AcellphonecannotbesoldintheUnitedStatesunlessanF C C approvedlaboratorysaysitsSARisbelow1 6wattsperkilogram InEurope themaximumis2wattsperkilogram 44 specificabsorptionrate吸收速率比值Specificabsorptionrate SAR isameasureoftherateatwhichenergyisabsorbedbythebodywhenexposedtoaradiofrequency RF electromagneticfield although itcanalsorefertoabsorptionofotherformsofenergybytissue includingultrasound Itisdefinedasthepowerabsorbedpermassoftissueandhasunitsofwattsperkilogram W kg SARisusuallyaveragedeitheroverthewholebody oroverasmallsamplevolume typically1gor10goftissue Thevaluecitedisthenthemaximumlevelmeasuredinthebodypartstudiedoverthestatedvolumeormass 45 TheSARnumberisnotdisplayedwhenyoucomparecellphonesatyourlocalwirelessstore andtryingtofinditinthefineprintofyourusermanualisanexerciseinfrustration TheF C C maintainsthatSARvalues donotprovidesufficientinformation toreliablycomparecellphoneradiationemissionsbecausecertainphonesmightrarelyoperateatmaximumpower Still theEnvironmentalWorkingGroup anonprofitorganization hasacomprehensivelistoftheSARvaluesformostcellphonesavailablefrommajorcarriersonitsWebsite Forinstance theAppleiPhone4islistedat1 17wattsperkilogram theMotorolaDroidat1 5andtheLGQuantumat0 35 46 Butmoreimportantthanlookingforalow SARphoneishowyouuseit Manycellphonesemitthemostradiationwhentheyinitiallyestablishcontactwiththecelltower makingtheir digitalhandshake Toreduceexposureit sbesttowaituntilafteryourcallhasbeenconnectedtoputyourcellphonenexttoyourear 47 Duringtheensuingconversation it sadvisabletotiltthephoneawayfromyourearwhenyouaretalkingandonlybringitinclosetoyourearwhenyouarelistening Thatbitofteeter totterworksbecausetheemissionofradiationis significantlylesswhenacellphoneisreceivingsignalsthanwhenitistransmitting saidLinZhong assistantprofessorofelectricalandcomputerengineeringatRiceUniversityinHouston 48 EnsueIfsomethingensues ithappensimmediatelyafteranotherevent usuallyasaresultofit 随即发生例 IftheEuropeansdidnotreducesubsidies atradewarwouldensue 如果欧洲不减少补贴 贸易战将随即爆发 49 teeter totter跷跷板Theoutdoortoyusuallycalledaseesawhasanumberofregionalnames NewEnglandhavingthegreatestvarietyinthesmallestarea InsoutheastNewEnglanditiscalledatiltoratiltingboard SpeakersinnortheastMassachusettscallitateedleboard intheNarragansettBayareathetermchangestodandleordandleboard TeeterorteeterboardisusedmoregenerallyinthenortheastUnitedStates whileteeter totter probablythemostcommontermafterseesaw isusedacrosstheinlandnorthernstatesandwestwardtotheWestCoast Bothseesaw fromtheverbsaw andteeter totter fromteeter asintoteeterontheedge demonstratethelinguisticprocesscalledreduplication 重叠词 whereawordorsyllableisdoubled oftenwithadifferentvowel Reduplicationistypicalofwordsthatindicaterepeatedactivity suchasridingupanddownonaseesaw 50 RiceUniversityWilliamMarshRiceUniversity commonlyreferredtoasRiceUniversityorRice isaprivateresearchuniversitylocatedonaheavilywooded295 acre 1 19km2 campusinHouston Texas UnitedStates TheuniversityissituatedneartheHoustonMuseumDistrictandadjacenttotheTexasMedicalCenter Openedin1912afterthemurderofitsnamesakeWilliamMarshRice Riceisnowapreeminentresearchuniversitywithadistinctundergraduatefocus Itsemphasisonundergraduateeducationisdemonstratedbyasmallstudentbodyand5 1student facultyratio amongthelowestinthetopAmericanuniversitiesincludingtheIvyLeague Ricealumniareprominentineverysectorofsocietytoday Theuniversityhasproduced101FulbrightScholars 20MarshallScholars and12RhodesScholars Theuniversityhasaveryhighlevelofresearchactivityforitssize with 115 3millioninsponsoredresearchfundingin2011 Riceisnotedforitsappliedscienceprogramsinthefieldsofartificialheartresearch structuralchemicalanalysis signalprocessing spacescience andnanotechnology ItwasrankedfirstintheworldinmaterialsscienceresearchbytheTimesHigherEducation THE in2010 51 Moreover yourcellphoneemitslesswhenyouarestationarybecausewhenyouaremovingrapidly say inacarortrain itmustrepeatedlyissuelittleburstsofradiationtomakedigitalhandshakeswithdifferenttowersasitmovesinandoutofrange 52 StationarySomethingthatisstationaryisnotmoving 静止不动的例 Stationarycarsintrafficjamscauseagreatdealofpollution 交通堵塞中停止不前的车辆造成大量污染 53 IssueIfyouissueastatementorawarning youmakeitknownformallyorpublicly 发表 声明 发出 警告 例 Lastnightheissuedastatementdenyingtheallegations 昨天晚上 他发表了一项声明否认那些说法 例 Thegovernmentissuedawarningthatthestrikersshouldendtheiractionorfacedismissal 该政府发出了警告 罢工者们应停止他们的行动 否则将被免职 54 Wantanotherreasontocomplainaboutyourcarrier spoorcoverage Anysituationwhereyourcellphonehasaweaksignalindicatesithastoworkharderandthuswillemitmoreradiation Fewerbarsmeansmoreradiation saidOmGandhi professorofelectricalengineeringattheUniversityofUtahinSaltLakeCity Insidebuildingsandelevators inruralareas theGrandCanyon thesearenotgoodplacestomakeacallifyou retryingtoreduceyourexposuretoradiation 55 theGrandCanyon 56 TheGrandCanyonisasteep sidedcanyoncarvedbytheColoradoRiverintheUnitedStatesinthestateofArizona ItiscontainedwithinandmanagedbyGrandCanyonNationalPark theHualapaiTribalNation andtheHavasupaiTribe PresidentTheodoreRooseveltwasamajorproponentofpreservationoftheGrandCanyonarea andvisiteditonnumerousoccasionstohuntandenjoythescenery ItisconsideredoneoftheSevenNaturalWondersoftheWorld 57 TheGrandCanyonis277miles 446km long upto18miles 29km wideandattainsadepthofoveramile 6 000feet 1 800metres NearlytwobillionyearsoftheEarth sgeologicalhistoryhavebeenexposedastheColoradoRiveranditstributariescuttheirchannelsthroughlayerafterlayerofrockwhiletheColoradoPlateauwasuplifted WhilethespecificgeologicprocessesandtimingthatformedtheGrandCanyonarethesubjectofdebatebygeologists recentevidencesuggeststheColoradoRiverestablisheditscoursethroughthecanyonatleast17millionyearsago Sincethattime theColoradoRivercontinuedtoerodeandformthecanyontoitspresent dayconfiguration 58 59 Ofcourse parentsusingtheiriPhonestopacifycrankykidsmightwanttoreconsiderrattles Children sdevelopingbrainsandtissuesarethoughttobemostvulnerabletocellphoneradiation HealthauthoritiesinBritain France GermanyandRussiahaveallissuedwarningsagainstallowingsmallchildrentousecellphonesforextendedperiods ifatall 60 PacifyTobringpeaceto aplaceorsituation byendingwar fighting violence angeroragitation Toappease someone e g Tensionpacifyanxiety fear willsleeppeacefully 安抚焦虑紧张 恐惧 有助安眠 Trytopacifythechild he sbeencryingforhours 快哄哄孩子 他哭了好几个钟头了 61 crankygiventofretfulfussiness readilyangeredwhenopposedWhetherwe rekeptawakebyourpartner ssnoringorwestayuptoolatewatchingTV wewakeuptired groggy andcranky 不论是因为配偶的打鼾声还是熬夜看电视让我们没有睡觉 在醒来的时候 我们都是感到疲惫 稀里糊涂和易怒 62 extendedperiods延长期 持续期Theyprefertoretaintraineesforextendedperiodswhereverpossible 他们在任何有可能扩张的领域保持雇佣水平 Hereheexplainshowdifficu