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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的： 作为土木工程专业的必修实践环节，毕业设计主要是对学生所学知识和技能的综合运用和训练过程，是对学生素质培养和工程实践能力培养的全面检验，使学生了解和熟悉科学研究的基本环节和研究方法，学会撰写学术论文和学位论文。（1）熟练掌握高速公路的设计原理与相关设计规范；（2）熟练运用Auto CAD及相关软件来进行路线平面设计绘图；（3）熟悉相关道路的纵断面设计；（4）熟悉相关道路的横断面设计；（5）熟悉相关道路总体设计和相关设计。 2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）： 本设计主要是进行高速公路的路线设计、整理相关计算表格、应用CAD和相关的软件绘图，使学生能够在知识运用、程序开发、文献检索、论文撰写等各个方面有一定的提高，为今后从事高速公路工程项目的设计及施工奠定良好的基础。（1）该道路建设的可行性研究，调查项目区域的地质，地形，自然条件与该道路交叉的其他道路情况；（2）确定路线选线的要求和设计原则；（3）确定道路的技术等级和设计指标；（4）确定路线的控制点选择；（5）确定路线方案；（6）路线的纵断面设计；（7）路线的横断面设计；（8）说明书。毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求： （1）高速公路平面图；（2）高速公路的纵断面设计图；（3）高速公路的横断面设计图；（4）逐桩表、单元表、土石方表；（5）路线设计说明书；（6）直线，曲线及转角表；（7）纵断面要素表；（8）路基相关设计表格。4主要参考文献： 1杨少伟.道路勘测设计M.北京:人民交通出版社，2004年.2方守恩.高速公路M.北京:人民交通出版社，2002年.3JTGB01-2003，公路工程技术标准S.4JTGD20-2006，公路路线设计规范S.5JTGD60-2004，公路桥涵设计通用规范S.6邓学钧.路基路面工程M.北京:人民交通出版社，2005年.7邵旭东.桥梁工程M.北京:人民交通出版社，2007年.8周商吾.交通工程M.上海:同济大学出版社，1987年.9廖正环.公路施工技术与管理M.北京:人民交通出版社，2006年.10JTGD62-2004，公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范S.11JTJ018-1997，公路排水设计规范S.12邱棣华.材料力学M.北京:高等教育出版社，2004年.13李廉锟.结构力学M.北京:高等教育出版社，2004年.14顾孝烈，鲍峰，程效军.测量学M.上海:同济大学出版社，1999年.15JTJ013-1995，公路路基设计规范S.16JTJ006-1998，公路环境保护设计规范S.17高大钊，袁聚云.土质学与土力学M.北京:人民交通出版社，2003年.18JTJ014-1997,公路沥青路面设计规范S.19陆春其.公路工程造价M.北京:人民交通出版社，2007年.20JTGB03-2006，公路建设环境影响评价规范S.20JTJ022-1985，公路砖石及混凝土桥涵设计规范S.21JTJ023-1985，公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范S.22JTJ017-1996，公路软土地基路堤设计与施工技术规范S.23JTG/TD71-2004，公路隧道交通工程设计规范S.24JTJ074-1994，高速公路交通安全设施设计及施工技术规范S.25GBJ50162-1992，道路工程制图标准S.毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：2016-01-232016-01-30 道路设计资料收集；2016-02-122016-03-05 完成道路路线方案初步设计；2016-03-062016-03-13 完成翻译；2016-01-232016-04-07 完成道路平纵横设计、工程量计算等；2016-04-082016-05-08 完成并整理设计说明计算书；2016-05-092016-05-14 评阅、答辩。所在专业审查意见：通过负责人： 2015 年 12 月21 日 译文题目： The road(highway) 原文：The road (highway)The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel. It is made of the roadbed, the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility.The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder, side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to routes plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding.The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture. The road surface require being smooth, having enough intensity, good stability and anti-slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic.The route marking is one kind of traffic safety facility painted by oil paint or made by the concrete and tiles on high-level, less high-type surface. Its function is coordinating the sign to make the effective control to the transportation, directing the vehicles skip road travel, serving unimpeded and the safe purpose. Our countrys road route marking has the lane median line, the traffic lane boundary, the curb line, the parking line, the conduction current belt, the pedestrian crossing line, the four corners center circle, the parking azimuth line. The route marking has the continual solid line, the broken line and the arrow indicator and its color uses the white or the yellow.The arch of bridge is the structure which strides over rivers, mountain valley and channel. It is made generally by steel rod, concrete and stone. The tunnel is the cave which connects both sides of the road. The technique of this construction is very complex, the cost of the projects is higher than common road .However, it reduces the driving distance between two places, enhances the grade of the technical in building the road and guarantees the cars can drive fast and safely, thus reduces the cost of transportation.The protective project is to protect and consolidate the roadbed in order that it can guarantee the intensity and the stability of the road, thus maintains the automobile to pass through safely.In order to guarantee that safe operation of the highway transportation, besides the highway engineering and the vehicles performance, it must have some traffic signal, route marking, each kind of director and demonstrate facility. The highway marking uses certain mark and draw symbol, simple words and number, then installs in the suitable place to indicate the front roads condition or the accident condition including the informational sign, the warning signal, the prohibitory sign, the road sign and so on.The road which Join city, village and industry, mainly are used for the automobile and has certain technical standard and the facility path can be called the highway. “The highway” in Chinese is the modern view, but it was not existed in old day. It gets the name from the meaning of being used for the public traffic. Where are the human, there are the road. It is a truth. However, the road is not the highway. If we talk the history about the road, the earliest highway is that built by the old Egyptians for making the pyramid. Next is the street which built by the Babylon people about 4000 years ago. All these are much earlier than our country.About 500 B.C., the Persian Empire road has linked up East and West, and connected the road to China. It is the earliest and longest Silk Road. 2500 years ago, it might be the greatest road .The ancient Rome Empires road was once celebrated; it took Rome as the center, all around built 29 roads. Therefore it came out one common saying: every road leads to Rome.The roads construction is the process to enhance technique and renew the building materials. The earliest is the old road, it is easy to build but it is also to destroy. If there is too much water or cars, it will be uneven and even be destroyed. The macadam road appeared in the Europe which outbalanced the earliest mud road. Then the brick road appeared which was earlier than China. It was one great breach that we molded bitumen on the macadam road. From ancient times to the present, China has courier station and courier road, while the first more advance road was the one that from Long Zhou in Gang Xi to Zhen Nan Guan in 1906. The difference between Road and pathThe path is the project for each kind of vehicles and people to pass through. According to its function, we can divide it into the urban road, the road, the factories and mines path, the forest road and county road.The classification of roadFirst, according to administrative rank, it includes national highway, province road, county road and the special road. Generally the national highway and province road are named main line; the county road is named branch line. The national road is the main line and has political and economy significance, including the important national defense road and the road collecting our capital with other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. It is also the road links the economy center, seaport hinge, factory and important strategic place. The highway striding over different provinces are built, protected and managed by the special organizations which are approved by the ministry of communications. The provincial road is the main line built, protected, managed by the road manage department .It is full of political and economic sense to the whole province. The single way four levels of roads can adapt below each day and night medium-duty truck volume of traffic 200.The county route is refers to has county-wide (county-level city) politics,the economic significance, connects in the county and the county the main township (town), the principal commodities production and the collection and distribution center road, as well as does not belong to the federal highway, provincial roads county border the road. The country route by the county, the city road Department responsible for the work is responsible to construct, the maintenance and the management. The township road refers to mainly the road which for the township (town) the village economy,the culture, the administration serves, as well as does not belong to above the country route between roads township and the township and the township and the exterior contact road. Township is responsible by the peoples government to construct, the maintenance and the management. The special-purpose road is refers to feeds specially or mainly supplies the factories and mines,the forest region, the farm, the oil field, the tourist area, the military important place and so on and the external relations road. The special-purpose road is responsible by the special-purpose unit to construct, the maintenance and the management. May also entrust the local road department to construct, the maintenance and the management.Second, according to the use duty, the function and adapts the volume of traffic division.According to our country present Highway engineering Technical standard the road according to the use duty, the function and the adaptation volume of traffic divides into highway,arterial road, second-class road, tertiary highway, four level of road five ranks:1st, the highway to feed specially the automobile and should control the difference completely respectively toward the dividing strip on roads travel the multiple highway. The four traffic lane highways ought to be able to adapt each kind of automobile reduce passenger vehicles year mean diurnal volume of traffic 2500055000. The six traffic lane highways ought to be able to adapt each kind of automobile reduce passenger vehicles year mean diurnal volume of traffic 4500080000.The eight traffic lane highways ought to be able to adapt each kind of automobile r-educe passenger vehicles year mean diurnal volume of traffic 60000100000.2nd, the arterial road to supply the automobile and may according to need to control the difference respectively toward the dividing strip on roads travel the multiple highway. The four traffic lane arterial roads ought to be able to adapt each kind of automobile reduce passenger vehicles year mean diurnal volume of traffic 1500030000. The six traffic lane arterial roads ought to be able to adapt each kind of automobile reduce passenger vehicles year mean diurnal volume of traffic 2500055000.3rd, the second-class road to supply the automobile travel the two-lane highway.Can adapt each day and nights 30007500 medium-duty truck volume of traffic generally. 4rd, tertiary highways to mainly supply the automobile travel the two-lane highway. Can adapt each day and nights 10004000 medium-duty truck volume of traffic generally.The 5, four levels of roads to mainly supply the automobile travel the two-lane or the single-lane highway. The two-lane four levels of roads can adapt below each day and night medium-duty truck volume of traffic 1500. Highway engineering includes Highway planning location design and maintenance. Before the design and construction of a new highway or highway improvement can be undertaken there mint be general planing and consideration of financing As part of general planning it is decided what the traffic need of the rea will be for a considerable period, generally 20 years, and what construction will meet those needs. To assess traffic needs the highway engineer collects and analyzes information about the physical features of existing facilities, the volume, distribution, and character of present traffic, and the changes to be expected in these factor. The highway engineer must determine the most suitable location layout, and capacity of the new route and structures. Frequently, a preliminary line or location and several alternate routes are studied. The detailed design is normally begun only when the preferred location has been chosen.In selecting the best route, careful consideration is given to the traffic requirements terrain to be traversed value of land needed for the right-of-way. and estimated cost of construction for the various plans. The photogrammetric method, which makes use of aerial photographs is used extensively to indicate the character of the terrain on large projects where it is most economical. On small project,Financing considerations determine whether the project can be carried out tt one time or whether construction must be in stages with each stage initiated as funds become available. In deciding the best method of financing the work, the engineer makes an analysis of whom it will benefit. Important highways and streets benefit* in varying degrees, three groups* users owners of adjacent property and the general public.Users of improved highways benefit from decreased cost of transportation, greater travel comfort, increased safety and saving of time. They also obtain recreational and educational benefits. Owners of abutting or adjacent property may benefit from better access, increased property value, more effective police and fire protection, improved street parking greater pedestrian traffic safety, and the use of the street right-of-way for the location of public utilities such as water lines and sewers.Evaluation of various benefits from highway construction is often difficult but is a most important phase of highway engineering. Some benefits can be measured with accuracy, but the evaluation of others is more speculative. As a result numerous methods arc used to finance construction, and much engineering work may he involved in selecting the best procedure.Environmental evaluation. The environmental impact of constructing highways has received increased attention and importance. Many projects have been delayed and numerous others canceled because of environmental problems. The environmental study or report covers many factors, including noise generation, air pollution disturbance of areas traversed destruction of existing housing and possible alternate routes. Highway engineers must also assist in the acquisition of right-of-way needed for new highway facilities. Acquisition of the land required for construction of expressway lending into the central business areas of cities has proved extremely difficult i the public is demanding that traffic engineers work closely with city planners, architects, sociologists and all groups interested in beautification and improvement of cities to assure that expressways extending through metropolitan areas be built only after coordinated evaluation of all major questions, including the following;(1) Is sufficient attention being paid -to beautification of the expressway itself? (2) Would a change in location preserve major natural beauties of the city? (3) Could a depressed design he logically substituted for those sections where an elevated expressway is proposed? (4) Can the general design he improved to reduce the noise created by large volumes of traffic? (5) Are some sections of the city being isolated by the proposed location?Detailed design of a highway project includes preparation of drawings or blueprints to be used for construction. These plans show, for example, the location, the dimensions of such elements as roadway width* the final profile for the road, the location and type of drainage facilities, and the quantities of work involved, including earthwork and surfacing.In planning the grading operations the design engineer considers the type of material to be encountered in excavating or in cutting away the high points along the project and how the material removed can best be utilized for fill or for constructing embankments across low areas elsewhere on the project. For this the engineer must analyze the gradation and physical properties of the soil, determine how the embankments can best be compacted, and calculate the volume of earthwork to be done. Electronic calculating procedures are now sometimes used for the last step. Electronic equipment has also sped up many other highway engineering calculations. Powerful and highly mobile earth moving machines have been developed to permit rapid and economical operations.Selection of the type and thickness of roadway surfacing to be constructed is an important part of design. The type chosen depends upon the maximum loads to be accommodated, the frequency of these loads and other factors. For some roads, traffic volume may be so low that no surfacing is economically justified and natural soil serves as the roadway. As traffic increases, a surfacing of sandy clay, crushed slag, crushed stone chalice crushed oyster shells, or a combination of these may be applied. If gravel is used, it usually contains sufficient clay and fine material to help stabilize the surfacing. Gravel surfaces may be further stabilized by application of calcium chloride, which also aids in controlling dust. Another surfacing is composed of Portland cement and water mixed into the upper few inches of the sub grade and compacted with rollers. This procedure forms a soil-cement base that can be surfaced with bituminous materials. Roadways to carry large volumes of heavy vehicles must be carefully designed and made of considerable thickness.Much of highway engineering is devoted to the planing and construction of facilities to drain the highway or street and lo carry streams across the highway right-of-way.Removal of surface water from the road or street is known a surface drainage. It is accomplished by constructing the road so that it has a crown and by sloping the shoulders and adjacent areas so as to control the flow of water either toward existing natural drainage, such as open ditches, or into a storm drainage system of catch basins and underground pipes. If a storm drainage system is used, as it would be with city streets, the design engineer must give consideration to the metal area draining onto the street, the maximum rate of runoff expected, the duration of the design storm, the amount of ponding allowable at each catch basin, and the proposed spacing of the catch basins along the street. From this information the desired capacity of the individual catch basin and the size of the underground piping network are calculated. In designing facilities to carry streams under the highway the engineer must determine the area to be drained the maximum probable precipitation over the drainage basin, the highest expected runoff rare.And then, using this information, must calculate the required capacity of the drainage structure. Generally designs are made adequate to accommodate not only the largest flow ever recorded for that location but the greatest discharge that might be expected under the most adverse conditions for a given number of years.Factor considered in calculating the expected flow through a culvert opening include size, length, and shape of the opening, roughness of the walls, shape of the entrance and downstream end of the conduit, maximum allowable height of water at the entrance, and water level at the outletMuch engineering and construction work has been done to provide rest stops along major expressway routes especially the national system of interstate highways. These facilities must be carefully located to permit easy and safe exit and return access to the highway. Many units have been built scenic locations in forested areas to permit picnic grounds and walkways through the forest. These rest areas are especially beneficial to thoe drivers traveling long distances with few stops. The control and reduction of noise along busy routes, especially expressways, has become an important part of highway engineering. In many communities high walls have been built along either side of the expressway. Such walls can he costly to construct, hut can prove very beneficial, barriers can reduce overall noise levels by over 50%.Construction operations. Although much engineering and planing must be done preliminary to it, the actual construction is normally the costliest part of making highway and street improvements.Upon the award of a construction contract following the preparation of the detailed plans and specifications t engineers go onto the details and lay out the project. As part of this staking out limits of earthwork are shown, location of drainage structures indicated, and profiles established.Heavy rollers are used to compact the soil or sub grade below the roadway in order to eliminate later settlement. Pneumatic tired rollers and sheep-horn rollers (steel cylinders equipped with numerous short steel teeth or feet J are often employed for this operation. Vibratory rollers have been developed and used on some projects in recent years. One type vibrates up to 3400 times/min, compacting the underlying material to an appreciable depth.Maintenance and operation. Highway maintenance consists of the repair and upkeep of surfacing and shoulders, bridges and drainage facilities? signs, traffic control devices, guard rails, traffic striping on the pavement, retaining walls, and side slopes. Additional operations include ice control and snow removal, because it is valuable to know why some highway designs give better performance and prove less costly to maintain than others, engineers supervising maintenance can offer valuable guidance to design engineers. Consequently, maintenance and operation arc important parts of highway engineering.中文译文：公路（高速公路） 公路是供汽车或其他车辆行驶的一种线形带状结构体。它是由路基、路面、桥梁、涵洞和隧道等基本部分组成。此外，还有路线交叉、防护工程和交通工程及沿线设施等。路基是路面、路肩、边坡、边沟等部分的基础，如下图所示。它是按照路线的平面位置和设计高程在地面上开挖和填筑成一定断面形式的线形人工土石料构造物。路基作为行车部分的基础，必须保证有足够的强度和稳定性，能防止水及其他自然灾害的侵蚀。路面是公路表面部分。它是用一定级配的混合料铺筑于路基之上的单层或多层结构物。路面要求平整，具有足够的强度，良好的稳定性和抗滑性能。路面质量的好环，直接影响到行车的安全性、舒适性和车辆的通行能力。 路面标线是在高级、次高级路面上用漆类物质喷刷或用混凝土预制块、瓷瓦等作的一种交通安全设施。它的作用是配合标志牌对交通运输作有效的管制，指引车辆分道行驶，达到畅通和安全的目的。我国公路路面标线有行车道中线、车道分界线、路缘线、停车线、禁止超车线、导流带、人行横道线、交叉路口中心圈、停车方位线、导向箭头等。路面标线有连续实线、间断线和箭头指示线等三种形式，其颜色采用白色或黄色。桥涵是公路跨越河流、山谷、通道等障碍物而架设的结构物。一般用钢筋混凝土、块石等材料建造而成。隧道是连接山岭两侧公路的一条山洞。隧道修筑施工技术复杂，工程造价比一般路面高，但它缩短了两地间行车距离，提高了公路的技术等级，保证了行车快速安全，从而降低运输成本。公路防护工程是对路基进行防护和加固，以保证路基的强度和稳定性，从而维持正常的汽车通行和行车安全。 交通标志为了保证公路运输的安全运行，除公路工程和车辆性能所要求的设备和条件外，还必须有交通标志、路面标线等各种指挥、显示设施。公路标志，是用一定的标记，绘以符号、图案、简单文字、号码等，装设在适当的地点，预示前方公路的状况或事故发生的状态。包括指示标志、警告标志、禁令标志、指路标志等。 联接城市、乡村和工矿基地之间，主要供汽车行驶并具备一定技术标准和设施的道路称公路。中文所言的“公路”是近代说法，古文中并不存在，“公路”是以其公共交通之路得名，外国人叫它highway。 看来是它建设地基较高，利于行车而来。有人必有路，走的人多势必成路，这是真理。不过，这路并非公路。若说公路的历史，公元前三千年，古埃及人为修建金字塔而建设的路，应是世界上最早的公路。次之是大约公元前二千年古巴比伦人的街道，比我们中国公路要早很多。 公元前五百年左右，波斯帝国大道贯通了东西方，并连接起通往中国的大道，形成了世界上最早、最长的丝绸之路，这可算是二千五百年前最伟大的公路了。古罗马帝国的公路曾经显赫一时，它以罗马为中心，向四外呈放射形修建了二十九条公路，号称世界无双。所以产生了至今人们还常用的外国俗语，“条条道路通罗马”。 公路的修建也有个不断提高技术和更新建筑材料过程。最早当然是土路，它易建但是也易坏，雨水多些，车马多此，便凹凸不平甚至毁坏了。欧洲较早出现了碎石路，这比土进了一大进。再后出现了砖块路，也比中国早很多。在碎石上铺浇沥青是公路史上一大突破，这是近代的事了。中国自古有驿站驿路，但是真正第一条较先进的公路，是1906年铺设的广西龙州至镇南关的公路。公路和道路的区别道路是供各种车辆（无轨）和行人通行的工程设施。按其使用特点分为城市道路、公路、厂矿道路、林区道路及乡村道路等。公路的分类一、按行政等级划分公路按行政等级可分为：国家公路、省公路、县公路和乡公路（简称为国、省、乡道）以及专用公路五个等级。一般把国道和省道称为干线，县道和乡道称为支线。 国道是指具有全国性政治、经济意义的主要干线公路，包括重要的国际公路，国防公路、连接首都与各省、自治区、直辖市首府的公路，连接各大经济中心、港站枢纽、商品生产基地和战略要地的公路。国道中跨省的高速公路由交通部批准的专门机构负责修建、养护和管理。省道是指具有全省（自治区、直辖市）政治、经济意义，并由省（自治区、直辖市）公路主管部门负责修建、养护和管理的的公路干线。县道是指具有全县（县级市）政治、经济意义，连接县城和县内主要乡（镇）、主要商品生产和集散地的公路，以及不属于国道、省道的县际间公路。县道由县、市公路主管部门负责修建、养护和管理。乡道是指主要为乡（镇）村经济、文化、行政服务的公路，以及不属于县道以上公路的乡与乡之间及乡与外部联络的公路。乡道由人民政府负责修建、养护和管理。专用公路是指专供或主要供厂矿、林区、农场、油田、旅游区、军事要地等与外部联系的公路。专用公路由专用单位负责修建、养护和管理。也可委托当地公路部门修建、养护和管理。二、按使用任务、功能和适应的交通量划分根据我国现行的公路工程技术标准（JTJ001-1997），公路按使用任务、功能和适应的交通量分为高速公路、一级公路、二级公路、三级公路、四级公路五个等级：1、高速公路为专供汽车分向分车道行驶并应全部控制出入的多车道公路。四车道高速公路应能适应将各种汽车折合成小客车的年平均日交通量2500055000辆。六车道高速公路应能适应将各种汽车折合成小客车的年平均日交通量4500080000辆。八车道高速公路应能适应将各种汽车折合成小客车的年平均日交通量60000100000辆。2、一级公路为供汽车分向分车道行驶并可根据需要控制出入的多车道公路。四车道一级公路应能适应将各种汽车折合成小客车的年平均日交通量1500030000辆。六车道一级公路应能适应将各种汽车折合成小客车的年平均日交通量2500055000辆。3、二级公路为供汽车行驶的双车道公路。一般能适应每昼夜30007500辆中型载重汽车交通量。4、三级公路为主要供汽车行驶的双车道公路。一般能适应每昼夜10004000辆中型载重汽车交通量。5、四级公路为主要供汽车行驶的双车道或单车道公路。双车道四级公路能适应每昼夜中型载重汽车交通量1500辆以下。单车道四级公路能适应每昼夜中型载重汽车交通量200辆以下。 高速公路工程包括高速公路计划.选址.设计和高速公路保养。当一项高速公路工程设计建设或是改造之前，必须大致地计划考虑一下费用问题。作为概要计划的一部分，该地区在可预见的时段内（如20年）的交通流量，以及何种建设才能满足这种需求将是决定因素。为了评估交通需求量，高速公路工程师通过采集分析现有设备提供的物理数据信息包括车流量，分布，现有交通工具的特征以及蕴涵在这些因素中的可以预知的变化。高速公路工程师必须决定新路线建筑最适合的位置.布局以及容量。通常情况下，一条初步的线路或选址和若干备选路线都会被拿来研究。细节方面设计通常在一个更佳的选址确定下来之后才开始。 为了选择最佳路线，需要仔细考虑的问题包括：交通需求，（路线）横贯的地带，可通行道路的土地价值以及各种方案的结构开销的预算。在一些大型项目中，利用了航拍技术的