上海市某旅游区商品房项目基坑工程设计【毕业设计论文计算说明书CAD图纸平面】
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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的： 基坑支护体系是临时结构，安全储备较小，具有较大风险。在实际工程中，每个基坑的平面尺寸、开挖深度、水文地质条件和周围环境都不一样，为了解决复杂的基坑工程问题，需对具体基坑支护结构进行设计。考虑工程周边环境及地质条件，选择适合的支护形式。应用朗肯土压力理论，用等值梁法计算支护结构内力，确定等设计参数，根据计算成果，绘制基坑支护设计施工图。本基坑设计遵循安全可靠、经济合理、方便施工的原则，完全能够满足基坑土方开挖过程中支护结构本身和周边环境安全保护的要求。2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）： 1拟建的“海湾旅游区海湾路东侧、海泉路南侧区域商品房项目（一期）”位于上海市奉贤旅游区，四周临界：东至上海师范大学、北至海泉路、东至海湾路，南毗上海旅游专科学校。基地自然环境良好，地势基本平整。本次基坑设计为一层的地下车库，基坑开挖深度为6.00m。2、设计资料 （1）场地地形、地貌该拟建场地位于长江三角洲入海口东南前缘，地貌单一，属于河口沙咀沙岛类型。勘察期间，场地地形平坦，地面标高变化在3.334.88之间，高差1.25m。（2）岩土层分布及分布特征各土层自上而下为：填土（Q43）：主要由灰色粘土组成，含植物根茎，场区普遍分布。；1粉质粘土夹粘质粉土（Q43）：灰色，含云母夹薄层粘性土，摇震反映中等，光泽反映中等无韧性，干强度中等，该层普遍分布。；2砂质粉土夹粉质粘土（Q43）：灰色，含云母夹薄层粉质粘土，摇震反映迅速，光泽反映无，韧性低，干强度低，该层普遍分布。1淤泥质粉质粘土（Q42）：灰色，含有机质局部夹薄层粉土，摇震反映无，光泽反映稍显光滑，韧性中，干强度中，该层普遍分布。2砂质粉土夹粉质粘土（Q42）：灰色、，含云母夹薄层粉质粘土，摇震反映中等，光泽反映无，韧性低，干强度低，该层普遍分布。1粘土（Q41）：灰色、含有机质，腐殖质土质均匀，摇震反映无，光泽反映光滑，韧性高，干强度高，该层普遍分布。2 粘质粉土（Q41）：灰色，含云母夹薄层粘性土，摇震反映中等，光泽反映无，韧性低，干强度低，该层普遍分布。3淤泥质粉质粘土（Q41）：灰色，含云母，有机质，土质较均匀，摇震反映无，光泽反映稍显光滑，韧性中等，干强度中等，该层普遍分布。粉质粘土（Q32）：暗绿色，含氧化铁斑点，土质均匀，摇震反映无，光泽反映光滑，韧性高，干强度高，该层普遍分布。1砂质粉土（Q32）：草黄色，含云母夹薄层粘性土，摇震反映迅速，光泽反映无，韧性低，干强度低，该层普遍分布。2粉砂（Q32）：草黄色，含云母石英，摇震反映迅速，光泽反映无，韧性低，干强度低，该层普遍分布（3）场地地下水特征场地浅部地下水属潜水类型，设计时，地下水位可按上海市年平均高水位0.50m、低水位.50m考虑。本场地地下水、土对混凝土无腐蚀性。3、技术要求和工作要求：1. 基坑支护设计资料收集：1）.场地岩土工程勘察报告，基坑支护设计参数。2）.建筑红线、施工红线的地形平面图及基础结构设计图；建筑场地及其附近的地下管线、地下埋设物的位置、深度、结构形式及埋设时间等。3）.基坑附近的地面堆载及大型车辆的动、静荷载情况。4）.临近的已有建筑物的位置、层数、高度、结构类型、完好程度。已建时间以及基础类型、埋设深度、主要尺寸、基础距基坑的净距离等。5）.基坑周围的地面排水情况，地面雨水与污水、上下水管排入和漏入基坑的可能性。6）.已有相似基坑支护的经验性资料。2. 基坑支护方案和降水方案的选择，确定基坑支护围护结构布置，止水、降水技术方案，基坑开挖、监测方案。基坑支护计算断面的确定。3. 按确定的计算断面分别进行基坑支护围护结构、支撑体系设计计算，降水方案计算，基坑稳定性验算，抗隆起验算。4.要求编写完整的基坑支护设计报告。5. 按照工程设计和施工要求绘制基坑支护设计相关图纸。毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求： 一、文字部分：1、设计说明书、结构计算书；2、外文资料翻译（英-汉），设计摘要翻译（汉-英）。二、图纸部分基坑支护设计方案说明、平面布置图、支撑布置图、降水方案布置图1张； 基坑支护设计结构剖面图、支撑大样图、降水大样图1张4主要参考文献： 1.建筑地基基础设计规范 GB50007-20122.岩土工程勘察规范 GB50021-20133.南京地区地基基础设计规范DB32/112-95,20124.基坑工程手册 候学渊，刘建航 中国建筑工业出版社，20105.建筑基坑支护技术规范 JGJ120-20136.混凝土结构设计规范GB50010-20127.岩土工程手册 中国建筑工业出版社，2010毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：起讫日期工作内容2015-12-22015-12-20毕业设计任务布置、熟悉工程情况、收集资料，攥写开题报告，翻译专业文献资料。2015-12-212016-1-12收集资料、确定基坑支护设计方案，完成开题报告。翻译专业文献资料。2016-1-132016-2-29土压力、支护结构、支撑设计计算，理正软件校核手算结果。打印专业文献翻译。2016-3-12016-4-30止水帷幕、降水方案设计计算。基坑支护设计计算书编写、打印，基坑支护平面图、支护结构图纸绘制。2016-5-12016-5-5基坑支护设计计算书图纸校对、打印，上交毕业设计成果。毕业设计成果包括： 1任务书；2开题报告；4设计报告；5图纸；6专业文献翻译及原文2016-5-62016-5-10毕业设计报告成文，包括计算书和图纸。2016-5-112016-5-14制作多媒体答辩材料，准备答辩。所在专业审查意见：通过负责人： 2015 年 12 月21 日 译文题目： 质量控制和安全施工 Quality Control and Safety during Construction1 Quality and Safety Concerns in ConstructionQuality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects，re-construction may be required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. In the worst case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occur on the project.As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original designs and planning decisions.While conformance to existing design decisions is the primary focus of quality control, there are exceptions to this rule. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. While these changes may be motivated by the concern for quality, they represent occasions for re-design with all the attendant objectives and constraints. As a second case, some designs rely upon informed and appropriate decision making during the construction process itself. For example, some tunneling methods make decisions about the amount of shoring required at different locations based upon observation of soil conditions during the tunneling process. Since such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions, the facility design may be more cost effective as a result. Any special case of re-design during construction requires the various considerations.With the attention to conformance as the measure of quality during the construction process, the specification of quality requirements in the design and contract documentation becomes extremely important. Quality requirements should be clear and verifiable, so that all parties in the project can understand the requirements for conformance. Much of the discussion in this chapter relates to the development and the implications of different quality requirements for construction as well as the issues associated with insuring conformance.Safety during the construction project is also influenced in large part by decisions made during the planning and design process. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to implement, whereas other, comparable plans may considerably reduce the possibility of accidents. For example, clear separation of traffic from construction zones during roadway rehabilitation can greatly reduce the possibility of accidental collisions. Beyond these design decisions, safety largely depends upon education, vigilance and cooperation during the construction process. Workers should be constantly alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid taken unnecessary risks.2 Organizing for Quality and SafetyA variety of different organizations are possible for quality and safety control during construction. One common model is to have a group responsible for quality assurance and another group primarily responsible for safety within an organization. In large organizations, department dedicated to quality assurance and to safety might assign specific individuals to assume responsibility for these functions on particular projects. For smaller projects, the project manager or an assistant might assume these and other responsibilities. In either case, insuring safe and quality construction is a concern of the project manager in overall charge of the project in addition to the concerns of personnel, cost, time and other management issues.Inspectors and quality assurance personnel will be involved in a project to represent a variety of different organizations. Each of the parties directly concerned with the project may have their own quality and safety inspectors, including the owner, the engineer/architect, and the various constructor firms. These inspectors may be contractors from specialized quality assurance organizations. In addition to on-site inspections, samples of materials will commonly be tested by specialized laboratories to insure compliance. Inspectors to insure compliance with regulatory requirements will also be involved. Common examples are inspectors for the local governments building department, for environmental agencies, and for occupational health and safety agencies.The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) routinely conduct site visits of work places in conjunction with approved state inspection agencies. OSHA inspectors are required by law to issue citations for all standard violations observed. Safety standards prescribe a variety of mechanical safeguards and procedures; for example, ladder safety is covered by over 140 regulations. In cases of extreme non-compliance with standards, OSHA inspectors can stop work on a project. However, only a small fraction of construction sites are visited by OSHA inspectors and most construction site accidents are not caused by violations of existing standards. As a result, safety is largely the responsibility of the managers on site rather than that of public inspectors.While the multitude of participants involved in the construction process require the services of inspectors, it cannot be emphasized too strongly that inspectors are only a formal check on quality control. Quality control should be a primary objective for all the members of a project team. Managers should take responsibility for maintaining and improving quality control. Employee participation in quality control should be sought and rewarded, including the introduction of new ideas. Most important of all, quality improvement can serve as a catalyst for improved productivity. By suggesting new work methods, by avoiding rework, and by avoiding long term problems, good quality control can pay for itself. Owners should promote good quality control and seek out contractors who maintain such standards.In addition to the various organizational bodies involved in quality control, issues of quality control arise in virtually all the functional areas of construction activities. For example, insuring accurate and useful information is an important part of maintaining quality performance. Other aspects of quality control include document control (including changes during the construction process), procurement, field inspection and testing, and final checkout of the facility.3 Work and Material SpecificationsSpecifications of work quality are an important feature of facility designs. Specifications of required quality and components represent part of the necessary documentation to describe a facility. Typically, this documentation includes any special provisions of the facility design as well as references to generally accepted specifications to be used during construction.General specifications of work quality are available in numerous fields and are issued in publications of organizations such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), or the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI).Distinct specifications are formalized for particular types of construction activities, such as welding standards issued by the American Welding Society, or for particular facility types, such as the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges issued by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. These general specifications must be modified to reflect local conditions, policies, available materials, local regulations and other special circumstances.Construction specifications normally consist of a series of instructions or prohibitions for specific operations. For example, the following passage illustrates a typical specification, in this case for excavation for structures:Conform to elevations and dimensions shown on plan within a tolerance of plus or minus 0.10 foot, and extending a sufficient distance from footings and foundations to permit placing and removal of concrete form work, installation of services, other construction, and for inspection. In excavating for footings and foundations, take care not to disturb bottom of excavation. Excavate by hand to final grade just before concrete reinforcement is placed. Trim bottoms to required lines and grades to leave solid base to receive concrete.This set of specifications requires judgment in application since some items are not precisely specified. For example, excavation must extend a “sufficient” distance to permit inspection and other activities. Obviously, the term “sufficient”in this case may be subject to varying interpretations. In contrast, a specification that tolerances are within plus or minus a tenth of a foot is subject to direct measurement. However, specific requirements of the facility or characteristics of the site may make the standard tolerance of a tenth of a foot inappropriate. Writing specifications typically requires a trade-off between assuming reasonable behavior on the part of all the parties concerned in interpreting words such as “sufficient” versus the effort and possible inaccuracy in pre-specifying all operations.In recent years, performance specifications have been developed for many construction operations. Rather than specifying the required construction process, these specifications refer to the required performance or quality of the finished facility. The exact method by which this performance is obtained is left to the construction contractor. For example, traditional specifications for asphalt pavement specified the composition of the asphalt material, the asphalt temperature during paving, and compacting procedures. In contrast, a performance specification for asphalt would detail the desired performance of the pavement with respect to impermeability, strength, etc. How the desired performance level was attained would be up to the paving contractor. In some cases, the payment for asphalt paving might increase with better quality of asphalt beyond some minimum level of performance.Quality Control ()1 Total Quality ControlQuality control in construction typically involves insuring compliance with minimum standards of material and workmanship in order to insure the performance of the facility according to the design. These minimum standards are contained in the specifications described in the previous section. For the purpose of insuring compliance, random samples and statistical methods are commonly used as the basis for accepting or rejecting work completed and batches of materials. Rejection of a batch is based on non-conformance or violation of the relevant design specifications. Procedures for this quality control practice are described in the following sections.An implicit assumption in these traditional quality control practices is the notion of an acceptable quality level which is an allowable fraction of defective items. Materials obtained from suppliers or work performed by an organization is inspected and passed as acceptable if the estimated defective percentage is within the acceptable quality level. Problems with materials or goods are corrected after delivery of the product.In contrast to this traditional approach of quality control is the goal of total quality control. In this system, no defective items are allow ed anywhere in the construction process. While the zero defects goal can never be permanently obtained, it provides a goal so that an organization is never satisfied with its quality control program even if defects are reduced by substantial amounts year after year. This concept and approach to quality control was first developed in manufacturing firms in Japan and Europe, but has since spread to many construction companies. The best known formal certification for quality improvement is the International Organization for Standardizations ISO 9000 standard. ISO 9000 emphasizes good documentation, quality goals and a series of cycles of planning, implementation and review.The traditional micro economic view of quality control is that there are an “optimum” proportion of defective items. Trying to achieve greater quality than this optimum would substantially increase costs of inspection and reduce worker productivity. However, many companies have found that commitment to total quality control has substantial economic benefits that had been unappreciated in traditional approaches. Expenses associated with inventory, rework, scrap and warranties were reduced. Worker enthusiasm and commitment improved. Customers often appreciated higher quality work and would pay a premium for good quality. As a result, improved quality control became a competitive advantage.Of course, total quality control is difficult to apply, particular in construction. The unique nature of each facility, the variability in the workforce, the multitude of subcontractors and the cost of making necessary investments in education and procedures make programs of total quality control in construction difficult. Nevertheless, a commitment to improved quality even without endorsing the goal of zero defects can pay real dividends to organizations.质量控制和安全施工1在施工中存在的质量和安全问题质量控制和安全问题对项目经理来说变得越来越重要。施工过程中的设备缺陷或故障可能会导致非常大的成本。即使有轻微缺陷, 也可能需要重新建设使设施运营受损。导致成本的增加和延误结果。在最坏的情况下，故障可能导致人身伤害甚至死亡。在施工过程中的事故可能导致人身伤害和巨大的花费。保险，检验和监管的间接成本迅速增加，会导致直接成本的增加。好的项目经理应尽量确保在第一时间完成任务，并且在工程中没有重大事故发生。随着成本的控制，关于已完成设施的质量的最重要的决策是在设计和规划阶段，而不是在施工阶段。正是在该组件的配置，材料规格和功能性能这些初步阶段而决定的。施工过程中的质量控制主要是确保其是否符合原先的设计和规划决策。虽然符合现有的设计决策是质量控制的首要重点，但也有例外的情况。第一，不可预见的情况下，错误的设计决策或希望通过在设备功能的所有者权益变动，可能在施工过程中要求对设计决策进行重新评估。虽然这些变化可能是出于关心质量，但他们意味着随之而来的所有目标和限制因素都要进行重新设计。至于第二种情况，一些明智且适当的设计决策就是取决于施工过程本身，例如，一些隧道要求在不同的位置作出一定数量支护的方法，就是根据土壤条件，观察在隧道里面的过程而做出的决策。由于这样的决定是基于有关工地的实际情况，因此该设施的设计可能会更符合成本效益的结果。任何特殊的情况下，重新设计的施工过程中都需要考虑各种因素。在施工过程中以讲究一致性作为质量的衡量标准，质量要求的设计和合同文件中的说明将变得极为重要。质量要求应该是明确的、可验证的，能使项目中的各方都能够理解的一致性要求。本章的大部分讨论均涉及到发展和建设的不同质量要求，以及确保符合性的相关问题。建设项目中的安全性也在很大程度上影响到规划设计过程中的决策。一些设计或施工计划本身就是又危险又很难实现的，而其他类似的计划，则可以大大降低事故发生的可能性。例如，从施工区域内修复巷道使得交通分道行驶可以大大降低意外碰撞的可能性。除了这些设计决策，在施工过程中安全在很大程度上取决于教育，提高警惕，合作。工人应对可能发生意外保持时刻警惕，避免不必要的风险。2组织的质量和安全在施工过程中，各种不同的组织均可对质量和安全进行控制。一个常见的模式是由一个组负责质量保证而另一个组则主要负责集团内的安全组织。在大型的组织中，各部门致力于确保质量和安全，可能会指定专人来承担这些具体项目的责任。对于较小的项目，项目经理或助理可能会承担相应责任。在任一情况下，确保安全和质量建设是项目经理在除人事、成本、时间和其他管理问题以外必须重点关注并全面负责的。检查人员和质量保证人员将代表各种不同的组织共同参与一个项目。跟项目直接相关的各方都可能有自己的质量和安全检查，包括业主，工程师/设计师，和各种构造公司。这些检查员可以从专业的质量保证机构组织选择担任。除了现场检查，材料样品通常会由专门的实验室测试，以确保其权威性。为了保证符合监管要求，相关部门也将参与其中。常见的例子是当地政府建设部门的督察，环境机构，和职业健康与安全机构。美国职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）与获批准的国家检验机构合作，定期对工作场所进行实地考察。OSHA的检查人员必须依法对所有违背标准的行为进行采证。以保障安全标准规定的各种机械措施和程序; 例如，梯子的安全有超过140个法规。在极端不符合标准上面法规的情况下，安全检查员可以停止在一个项目的工作。然而，只有一小部分的建筑工地是由OSHA督察巡视的，大多数施工现场的事故并非由违反现有标准造成的。因此，安全问题在很大程度上应由现场管理人员而非公共督察负责。而施工过程中的众多参与者都需要检查人员的服务，也不能过于强调检查人员只检查质量控制的过程。好的质量控制应该是一个项目团队所有成员的首要目标。管理者
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