大学写作课程第五章大纲.doc

4 写作第五章大纲Part Five The Whole CompositionThe Steps in Writing a CompositionLead-inThe Steps in Writing a Composition1. Selecting a topic A title should undertake the following tasks:It should indicate what the essay is about.It should provoke interest in the essay.It should be as brief as possible.It is often a fragment rather than a complete sentence.2. Planning a composition (1) Discovering useful material (2) Deciding on the thesis statement3. Outlining the compositionThe layout of a standard outline 书P 147These are usually two kind of outline used in writing: the topic outline, and the sentence outline. Rules for writing outlines书P149-1504. Writing the first draft5. Revising the first draft6. Making the final copyOrganizationThe structure of a compositionThe structure of an essay is as follows: title, introduction, body, and conclusion. Some principles书P 153 IntroductionThere are different ways to write an effective opening of a composition. The following are some examples for a good lead-in: 书 P 155-157 The body Conclusion(1) With an emphatic summary (2) With a quotation (3) With a prophecy or a warning based on the thesis(4) With a question(5) With a call for action (6) With a figurative languageThe Types of WritingLead-inDescription1 What is a descriptionA description essay is generally developed through sensory details or the impressions of ones senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. 2 How to write a descriptionGeneral rules:A. Establish (Create) a dominant impressionB. Appeal to the senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch)C. Include details and use specific languageD. Arrange description in spatial order, sometimes in temporal orderE. Use the physical and mental point of view 2.1 Logical patternfrom left to right or from right to left,from top to bottom or from bottom to top,from front to back or from back to front, andfrom the center to the outside or from the outside to the center.2.2 Two ways of descriptionIn describing an object, a place or a certain person, there are two ways to describe them in the body part.(1). Objective Description(2). Subjective Description2.3 Four categories of descriptionDescription of person Description of a place Description of an object Description of a scene2.4 Ways to enhance the vividness(1)By using concrete details(2)By appealing to other senses in addition to sight(3) By using figures of speech Narration1 What is narrationNarration is the telling of a storythe recounting of events, usually in chronological order.2 How to write a narration2.1 Logical pattern2.2 Point of viewFirst Person observes or participates in the storys actions; use I, we, and other first person pronouns;Third Person observes do not participate in the storys action; relates the words and objective actions of others but not their thoughts and feelings of all characters;. Exposition1 What is expositionAn expository paper explains or explores something.2 Five categories of exposition2.1 Exposition of illustration(1) Relevant examples(2) Specific examples(3) Sufficient examples2.2 Exposition of classification and division(1) Choosing the principles to classify 书 P 187(2) Testing the effectiveness 书 P 1872.3 Exposition of comparison and contrastGenerally speaking，there are two ways to do comparison and contrast: subject-by-subject and point-by-point.2.4 Exposition of cause and effect(1) Distinguishing between cause and effect(2) Organizing cause and effect(3) Sentence patterns(4) Paragraph writing2.5 Exposition essay of definition(1) What is a definition(2) When to use a definition(3) How to write a definition Argumentation1 The relationship between exposition and argumentation Argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading. 2 Basic components of argumentation(1) Introduction(2) Exposition(3) Refutation (4) Confirmation (5) Conclusion3 How to write an argumentation3.1 Writing methods of the beginningCome straight to point / Use an arresting question / Use statistics / The narrative hook / An apt quotation3.2 Writing methods of the endingRepeat or generalize the main idea / Use an answer to t