【托福TPO】小马备考包使用攻略——托福长难句训练(上).docx

智课网TOEFL备考资料【托福TPO】小马备考包使用攻略托福长难句训练(上) 摘要： 是否因为单词认识还是读不懂或听不懂而头痛，学习一下长难句吧。小马托福备考包每包10个长难句的训练是最佳的句子训练的材料，自己学习并参考小马备考包解析锦囊，里面有每个句 是否因为单词认识还是读不懂或听不懂而头痛，学习一下长难句吧。 小马 托福 备考包每包10个长难句的训练是最佳的句子训练的材料，自己学习并参考小马备考包解析锦囊，里面有每个句子的解析。本文是对托福句子训练的一个理论补充，大家学习之前可以阅读本贴，同时，等学习了几个备考包后再重新参考本贴定会有质的飞跃. .开始吧! 句子分类概述： 托福的句子分为三种：简单句、并列句和复合句，其中并列句和复合句又是由若干个简单句组成。简单句的基本结构有5种： 1主语+谓语 2主语+连系动词+表语 3主语+谓语+宾语 4主语+谓语+直接宾语/间接宾语 5主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 虽然托福句子的分类很简单，但是由于表达意思的复杂化，句与句之间的衔接照应、修词的使用和语言省略原则使原本很简单的这五种句子的基本结构在实际运用中呈现了复杂化、多样化的趋势。特别在长句中，这种趋势表现尤为突出。因此常常造成了阅读的障碍，是整个句子或争端化的意思不能连贯地理解下来，或理解上出现错误。 并列平行结构 I概念综述 并列平行结构使用并列连词或标点符号将两个或两个以上的同等成分连接起来组成一种并列或平行的结构，以表达一种复杂的多层次的含义。连接的同等成分可以是多种成分，例如动词的宾语，名词的定语、同位语，介词短语等，使用并列连词连接两个或多个句子构成则并列句。使用并列结构可是文字简洁，结构紧凑，避免重复。由于这种结构组成方式不同，或其他句子成分的介入，或多重并列平行的存在，往往使读者在阅读时不易分辨清除，找不到句子的主干，形成在阅读中遇到的障碍。 常见的并列连词：and，but，so，yet，however，for，nor，or，still，not onlybut also，eitheror，neithernor等 还需注意的是，并列连词在句中所起的不仅仅是简单的连接作用，还可 以表示其他关系，例如结果、条件、连续、选择、原因、对比等等 II分类概述 1名词的平行结构： 11作主语的名词平行结构： Cool temperatures, shade, moist, and the presence of deadorganic material provide the ideal living conditions for mushrooms. (moist应改为moisture) 凉爽的温度、阴暗处和有死去的有机物的地方，为蘑菇提供了理想的生活条件。 Many of the most damaging and life-threatening types of weathertorrential rains, severe thunderstorms, and tornadoes-beginquickly, strike suddenly, and dissipate rapidly, devastating small regionswhile leaving neighboring areas untouched. 许多破坏性最大、对生命威胁最厉害的天气类型暴雨、剧烈的雷暴和龙卷风来得迅疾，袭击得突然，消散得快速，毁灭了一些小范围的区域，但却丝毫没有碰到其周围地区。 12作表语的名词平行结构： Threefundamental aspects of forest conservation are the protection of immature trees,the use of proper harvesting methods, and provide for an environment that supportsreproduction.(provid 应改为provision) 森林保护的三个基本方面是，保护未成熟的树木、使用适当的采伐方法、为创造有利于更新幼林的环境预先做好准备。 These are the central nervous system (the nerve cordmentioned above),consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and theperipheral nervous system,consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheralnerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. 该句含有两个并列表语，各自又带有一个现在分词短语作为解释说明这是由大脑、脊髓组成的中枢神经系统（前面提到的神经带）和周边神经系统，它由头盖骨、脊柱、周围的神经以及它们的运动和感觉末梢构成的。 13作宾语的名词平行结构： The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted, smell, orcolor.(tasted 应改为taste) 我们所呼吸的空气中的氧是无味、无嗅和无色的。 A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or tosoften it,the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, froma liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance. 本句主干为Aseries of mechanical improvements finally produced an instrument；主语后面跟了两个现在分词短语作状语，解释说明主语；后面的现在分词短语还跟了三个平行的宾语； 一系列机械改良一直持续到19世纪，包括引进延长或柔化音调的踏板；完善金属构架，使用品质极优的钢丝。从而最终产生了一件拥有多种音调效果的乐器，包括从最细致的和声到管弦乐队般饱满的声音，从流动的歌唱声到尖锐的打击乐器般的辉煌声音。 14作介词宾语的名词平行结构： Colonial efforts to manufacture glass at Jamestownand later attempts near Philadelphia and Bostonfailed despite the abundantof fuel and good raw materials. (abundant 应改为abundance) 尽管有充足的燃料和优质的原料，殖民地居民起初在詹姆斯敦、后来在费城和波士顿附近制造玻璃的企图还是失败了。 The ability of falling cats to right themselves inmidair and land on their feet has been a source of wonder for ages. 该句主干为The ability has been a source of wonder；ability后面的介词应该用to源自be able to do而capability后面应用of，源自be capability；该句中to 后面加了两个不定式短语表示动作的连续；for ages意思是“很长时间以来”。很久以来降落中的猫在半空中平衡身体并以脚落地的能力一直是令人好奇 的。 15作同位语的名词平行结构： Lumbering, the remove of timber from the forest, isa major industry in the northwest region of North America.(remove 应改为removal) 把木材运出森林的伐木业是北美洲西北部地区的一项主要产业。 The creatures found range from insects and birds togiant ground sloths, buta total of 17 proboscidesanimals with a proboscis or long noseincluding mastodons and Columbian mammothshave been recovered, most of them from Pit 9, the deepest bone-bearing deposit, which wasexcavated in 1914. 16名词数的平行结构： Most bats roost in crevices, caves, or building by day andare active at night or twilight. (Building 应改为buildings) 大多数蝙蝠白天在裂缝、洞穴或建筑物中栖息，而在夜间、黎明或黄昏时则非常活跃。 Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interestsand inclinations, strategies and scams. 因为非常善于学习，每只乌鸦都有非常不同的兴趣和爱好，策略和诡计。 2. 限定动词的平行结构。 Fluids exert equal pressure in all directions, have identicalproperties throughout their volume, and theoretically offering noresistance to flow in any direction.(offering 应改为offer) 流体对各个方向的压力均等，其特性不因体积的不同而变化，而且从理论上说，不向任何方向的流动施加阻力。 With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearrangesperspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition, andspeaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude. 该句连续用了三个动词来说明讽刺文学的做法，其主语都是satire，用这种方式来展开句子能充分体现动词的平行结构。讽刺作品用自然的嘲讽态度重新设置了观察角度，将熟悉的事物自相矛盾地安排在一起，讽刺文学用自己的语言，而不是采用抽象的陈词滥调来表达其意。 3 时态的平行结构： 31 一般现在时的平行结构： 1）Nomadic hunter and gatherersocieties have access to only a limited amount of foodin an area and moved on when they have exhausted each locality.(movedon 应改为move on) 从事狩猎和采集的游牧部落在一个地区只能获得有限数量的食物，因此，当他们耗尽了这个地方的食物之后就会移到另一个地方去。 2）Passive plant defense comprises physicaland chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or rendertissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. 该句主干为Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemicalbarriers；后面是定语从句修饰barriers；定语从句中有两个动词是并列关系，即prevent和render。植物的消极防御包括用物理和化学等障碍阻止病原体（比如细菌）进入，让入侵者产生该食物难吃的感觉或直接毒杀入侵者。 32 一般过去时的平行结构： 1）In the 1800sstore owners sold everything from a needle to a plow, trust everyone, and never took inventory. (trust 应改为trusted) 在19世纪，商店的老板从针到犁什么都卖，他们相信每一个人， 而且从来不盘店存货。 2）The largest, later named Pueblo Bonito (Pretty Town) by the Spanish,rose in five terraced stories, contained more than800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1,000 or more. 本句主语是“The largest”，省略了后面的名词“pueblo”；主干包含三个动词，即rose，contained和could havehoused，构成三个并列句最大的一座后来被西班牙人叫做Pueblo Bonito（美丽的城镇），它有五层楼高且带有走廊，有800多间房子，能够容纳1000人甚至更多。 33 一般将来时的平行结构： Mr. And Mrs. Chan are going to Brazilnext week and they would go to Mexico later in a month. (would go 应改为will go) 詹先生和詹夫人打算下个星期去巴西，然后在一个月之后去墨西哥。 34 现在完成时的平行结构： Although I have often met and spoke with him, I am not yetuset to his manner.(spoke 应改为spoken) 虽然我经常遇到他，也和他说话，但是我还不习惯他的举止。 35 过去完成时的平行结构： By 1988 Gordon Parks had made two documentary films, wrotetwo bestselling books, and had accrued thirty years of experience in stillphotography.(wrote 应改为had written) 到1988年，戈登帕克斯已经完成了两部记录片，写了两本畅销书，并且积累了30年的静物摄影的经验。 4 被动语态的平行结构： 1）It was in the 1920s that the arched-top guitar wasfirst developed commercially inthe United Statesand use in dance bands. (use 应改为used) 顶部呈拱形的吉他的初次商业性开发并在舞会的乐队中使用时间是在20世纪20年代。 2）Wooden planks were joined, covered withgesso to prepare the surface for painting, and then polished smooth withspecial tools.该句含有三个被动语态的谓语，第三个后面加了一个宾语补足语，说明动作的程度和结果。 首先要在厚木板上覆盖一层底料来准备油画的表面，然后用特殊的工具抛光。 3）Environmentalsounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated hisses and blips can be recorded,manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical composition.（2001-10-1）该句主语后的插入语是由三个并列的名词thunder、hisses和blips构成，谓语部分也是由三个并列的动词构成，由于结构相同都是被动形式，并且be 前有情态动词can，所以后面的两个动词结构将相同的部分略去。 5 含情态动词谓语的平行结构： A smile can be observed, described, and reliably identify;it can also be elicited and manipulated under experimental conditions. (identify 应改为identified) 笑能够被观察、描述和可靠地识别；在实验条件下，笑也可以被诱发和控制。 6 谓语动词数的平行结构： Usually an atom having one, two, or three electrons in itsvalence band readily contributes electrons to and receive electrons fromneighboring atoms.(receive 应改为receives) 在原子价带中含有一个、两个或三个电子的原子通常易于给相邻的原子提供电子，也易于从它们那里得到电子。 7 不定式的平行结构： 1）The badger is a clumsy creature, unable to climb trees, swim ormoving very fast. (moving 应改为move) 獾是一种很笨拙的动物，不能爬树，不能游泳，跑的也不很快。 2）Satire serves to prod people into anawareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.该句从句中的to是跟在prod后面的介词，它与into an awareness of truth处于同一个并列层次，而不是跟在serve后面的不定式的标记。讽刺作品有助于人们认识真理，尽管很少会促使人们为真理而行动。 3）AfricanAmericans were urged by Locketo be collaborators and participators with other Americans in art, literature, and music; and at the same time to preserve, enhance, and promote theirown cultural heritage.该句的谓语部分由两个并列的不定式短语tobe collaborators and participators和to preserve, enhance, and promote their own culturalheritage构成，都对谓语动作were urged进行补充说明。 8 动名词的平行结构： 1）People use muscles to make various movements such as walk, jumping,or throwing. (walk 应改为walking) 人们用肌肉来作步行、跳跃或投掷之类的各种运动。 2）Drying, smoking, and salting could preservemeat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited;there was no way to prevent spoilage.晒干、熏制和用盐腌制能够短时间内保存肉类，但新鲜肉类的供应就像新鲜牛奶一样非常有限；人们没有办法防止食物变质。 9 分词的平行结构 91现在分词的平行结构： 1）The watchman does his routine every night, trying every door,walking through everyhall and listens for any unusual sounds. (listens 应改为listening) 巡夜人每天晚上都要例行公事，试试每一个门，看看其是否关上，穿过每一个过道，听听是否有异样的声音。 2）They began as early as it appeared feasibleto do so in the spring, clearing the land, using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting. 只