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S195 diesel engine In order to produce small and medium-sized power diesel engine.we famous at home and abroad of a joint stock limited company, its representative works from the 1970s when genera of brilliant today, and the product S195 diesel engine from birth to grow the development history, just like a song, impassioned asperses a venture in bold and unrestrained, fluent in the ups and downs of the development of ups and downs, cantabile melody, achieve goes out the Chinese national brand splendid movement. Time to flow to the early 1960s. To accelerate the pace of development of Chinese agricultural economy, central committee and chairman MAO issued the fundamental way out for agriculture in mechanization respectively, as was in the manufacture of various types internal combustion engines as the main line, but no definite leading products of the factory, it will undoubtedly find engine.we to our development orientation. In 1966, in tractors for rural mechanization symbol in the age of changzhou tractor factory to engine.we proposed project of dongfeng -12 type new tractors manufacturing heart, will engine.we with other research unit joint development of 195B diesel engine weight from eighty-five kilograms drop vitally 120 kilos power from 8 to 12 horsepower increase horsepower. Several design trial-produce, researchers have developed X195 type diesel engine, but to the field experiment than found in vibration 195B big, in order to reduce vibration, benefit farmers operation, engine.we technicians through intensive research, puts forward a bold vision is to uniaxial balance for double-axis balance, and on the transmission system to carry on the design research. After a great deal of data access and many times, a single argument for evaluation of gear transmission system six best design in engine.we technical personnels hand was born. In 1967 spring a month lang star sparse of evening, Chinas first designed and manufactured by the S195 diesel engine finally in the product test to grind engine.we room once starting, then, to success for power of dongfeng 12 walking tractor also every trial-production success. Engine.we people with own wisdom and two-handed created a S195 diesel engine, and the planned economy times show prominent economic benefits, the enterprise itself is relying on the marketable, popular with farmers welcomed new power products and accelerated the development. Annual output jumped dramatically, promoting economic benefit in successive years up the steps. In the first year, engine.we production 250 whip show a bright prospect, namely the 1970 and annual sales income, 1254 super million yuan, profit for 284 million yuan. To 1995 engine.we S195 diesel engine output of reaching a peak, the annual production 980977 stage. In 1994, enterprise restructuring into the listed company USES fund superiority, engine.we S195 diesel engine for main varieties with single machine production continued to expand, to 1997 annual turn to 1550008 platform, and sales income 25.2 billion yuan, and profit 2.8 billion yuan, export reached us $20 million, this one is by far the highest yield engine.we history already history, becoming the contemporary engine.wes pride. Production and sales glove.lowest price and is very popular in the vast rural welcome products, laid engine.we national quality-benefit advanced enterprise foundation, the enterprise also in 1973 to 1978 six years, annual won the title of quality product of and was awarded the national YiJiBu small power industry pacesetter pennant. But engine.we people do not for complacency, but deep feeling, although product is very popular in the rural market welcome, but compared with the similar foreign models are still himwith gap, but only by the traditional experience management has been hard to improve the quality of products. Therefore, engine.we in 1978 domestic just beginning to promote the overall quality management when he takes the lead in the promotion, and became the first execute TQC enterprise. Meanwhile, the factory formally put forward by the Japanese foreign horse products for surpassing goal, in the plant created a learning TQC, the implementation of the TQC tide, through improving starting performance, eliminate the leakage, maintain stable, fuel consumption with total quality management method, from raw material inspection, process control, product factory technical service and so on has set a quality management system, thus it can effectively promote the upgrading of product quality, make the leading product S195 quality have been improved greatly. In 1981, the early engine.we S195 diesel engine with Japan again the horse comparison has already obtained seven super three even slightly less outstanding achievements. Products which successively obtains national silver once, national JinZhiJiang twice, total quality management award and became a national production material products the first well-known trademark. Along with the development of engine.we S195 diesel engine production time, for Chinese earth manufacturing 195 diesel engine manufacturers springing up up, when the eighth machinery industry is clearly stipulates that a S195 diesel engine production drawings to prevail, every year tasseled engine.we diagrams, engine.we provided free for their own design and manufacturing technology. To the mid 1970s horse across the country, the small tank diameter diesel factory according to the product drawing the engine.we conducted a large-scale production, thus S195 became the most popular market coverage, the biggest product yield the glorious status and continuing to the mid eighties. In changzhou area, because a S195 diesel engine and dongfeng 12 walking tractor supporting effect, agriculture character overhead makes practice and drive a batch of supporting enterprises, especially the vigorous development of township enterprises, changzhou region therefore become when the economic development of typical. A S195 not only give engine.we and other production enterprises brought countless honor and considerable economic benefit, and more important is it accelerated the pace of development of Chinese agricultural mechanization. By the 1980s later, with the development of agricultural machinery industry, agriculture and entered the great development period, and as the single machine supporting power has obviously cannot satisfy a S195 horsepower needs, and so in 195 again on the foundation S1105 S1100 prompted tractors.powerful diesel engines, etc. Nowadays, in the region, is already engine.we 13 home diesel factory, the annual yield of national one-third of above, agricultural machinery has as an industry in changzhou has an important important position, agricultural machinery enterprises in changzhou engine.we leading position is an indisputable fact. It has been predicted that major introduction of information communication technology (ICT) for health care organisations (HCO) over the next 10 years will be used to achieve the universal coverage and improve the quality of health care delivered to people. Which is the best strategy on ICT transfer, adoption and adaptation for the local Mozambican HCO? This paper argues that a sociotechnical approach of ICT development can help policy makers and health managers to address the technology transfer in a better and more appropriate way to their social context and to the public health reforms in progress. The urgency of health care demands (e.g. AIDS epidemic) and the institutional changes implemented by the Government and the local Ministry of Health (MOH), open a dynamic process of re-organisation inside the health institutions in the next years. This process needs to be monitored and initiatives planned, which places pressure on the evolution of health information system (HIS). The increase in the use of ICT can be an ally for health managers. The emergence of the open source software (OSS) and the recent ICT market trends towards networking may also enable local HCO to better face and solve the long process of health care standardisation, which usually prepares and accompanies any introduction of ICT. On the other side, the “big bang” introduction of electronic packages, devices and software applications may be an obstacle framing and anchoring local HCO to external settings, “modern” and universal models. Thus, a uniform step-by-step implementation of hospital-based health information system is desirable. The experiments were undertaken to obtain the knowledge necessary for raising the thermal efficiency of mixed oil composed of cottonseed oil and conventional diesel oil and for improving the performance of engine fuelled by the mixture. The experimental results obtained showed that a mixing ratio of 30% cottonseed oil and 70% diesel oil was practically optimal in ensuring relatively high thermal efficiency of engine, as well as homogeneity and stability of the oil mixture. A quadratic regressive orthogonal design test method was adopted in the experiment designed to examine the relationship between specific fuel consumption and four adjustable working parameters (intake-valve-closing angle (), exhaust-valve-opening angle (), fuel-delivery angle () and injection pressure (P, in 104 Pa) when the above-mentioned oil mixture was used. The mathematical equations characterizing the relationship were formulated. The equation of specific fuel consumption derived from the regressive test under each operating condition was set as the objective function and the ranges for the four adjustable working parameters were the given constraint condition. Models of non-linear programming were then constructed. Computer-aided optimization of the working parameters for 30:70 cottonseed oil/diesel oil mixed fuel was achieved. It was concluded that the predominant factor affecting the specific fuel consumption was fuel-delivery angle , the approximate optimal value of which, in this specific case, was 35 in advance of that for engine fuelled by pure diesel oil. The experimental results also provided useful reference material for selection of the most preferable combination of working parameters.An experimental investigation on the application of the blends of ethanol with diesel to a diesel engine was carried out. First, the solubility of ethanol and diesel was conducted with and without the additive of normal butanol (n-butanol). Furthermore, experimental tests were carried out to study the performance and emissions of the engine fuelled with the blends compared with those fuelled by diesel.The test results show that it is feasible and applicable for the blends with n-butanol to replace pure diesel as the fuel for diesel engine; the thermal efficiencies of the engine fuelled by the blends were comparable with that fuelled by diesel with some increase of fuel consumptions, which is due to the lower heating value of ethanol. The characteristics of the emissions were also studied. Fuelled by the blends, it is found that the smoke emissions from the engine fuelled by the blends were all lower than that fuelled by diesel; the carbon monoxide (CO) were reduced when the engine ran at and above its half loads, but were increased at low loads and low speed; the hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were all higher except for the top loads at high speed; the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were different for different speeds, loads and blends.This study was undertaken to obtain the knowledge necessary for reducing noise of mixed oil composed of rapeseed oil and conventional diesel oil and for improving the performance of engine fuelled by the mixture. A S195 (8.8 kW) type single-cylinder diesel engine was used to determine the effect of four adjustable working parameters, i.e. intake-valve-closing angle (), exhaust-valve-opening angle (), fuel delivery angle () and injection pressure (P, in 104 Pa) on noise when an oil mixture of 30% rapeseed oil and 70% diesel oil was used. Single-factor and multi-factor quadratic regressive orthogonal design test method were adopted in the experiments to find the relationship between noise and four adjustable working parameters. Relationship between these parameters and noise was analysed under two typical operating conditions and mathematical equations characterizing the relationship were formulated. The equation of noise from the regressive test under each operating condition was set as the objective function and the ranges for the four adjustable working parameters were the given constraint condition. Models of nonlinear programming were then constructed. Computer-aided optimization of the working parameters for 30:70 rapeseed oil/diesel oil mixed fuel was achieved. Field test verified that the engine (in use) working condition was found to be bad at maladjustment. The optimum working parameters for two working conditions of the engine were used to adjust the four working parameters. Test results showed that optimum adjustment could achieve noise reduction between 2 and 4 dB and that the power could be increased by 0.61.8 kW. The experimental results also provided useful reference material for selection of the most preferable combination of working parameters. Known as the Chinese agricultural machinery industry products - S195 diesel engine, pearl from hard development to fill pin fromgenerations historical will。S195柴油机以生产中小功率柴油机而闻名国内外的常柴股份有限公司，其“代表”作品当属从七十年代辉煌至今的S195柴油机，而该产品从诞生到成长发展的历史，就像一首歌，激昂中挥洒出创业的奔放，流畅中跌宕着发展的起伏，如歌的旋律，奏出了中国民族品牌辉煌的乐章。时光到流到上世纪六十年代初。为加快我国农业经济的发展步伐，党中央和毛主席发出了“农业的根本出路在机械化”的号召，作为当时以制造各种型号内燃机为主线，但没有明确的主导产品的常柴厂来说，无疑寻找到了自己的发展方向。1966年，在以手扶拖拉机为农村机械化象征的年代里，常州拖拉机厂向常柴提出课题，为东风12型新手扶拖拉机制造心脏，要将常柴与其它科研单位联合开发的195B柴油机的重量从185公斤降至为120公斤，功率从8马力提高到12马力。几经设计试制，研究人员开发出X195型柴油机，但到田间试验中发现振动要比195B大，为了减少振动，利于农民操作，常柴的技术人员通过潜心研究，提出了一个大胆的设想，就是改单轴平衡为双轴平衡，并为之对传动系统重新进行了设计攻关。经过大量的查阅资料和无数次地评审论证，一个单排为六个齿轮的传动系统最佳设计方案在常柴技术人员的手中诞生。在1967年春天一个月朗星稀的傍晚，中国第一台自行设计制造的S195柴油机终于在常柴厂的产品试研室里一次起动成功，随后，以此为动力的东风12型手扶拖拉机也一举试制成功。常柴人用自己的智慧和双手创造出了S195柴油机，并在计划经济年代里显现出突出的经济效益，企业自身也依托这一适销对路、广受农民欢迎的新颖动力产品而加速了发展。年产量大幅跃升，带动经济效益连年上台阶。第一年，常柴生产250台后即展现出亮丽前景，第二年的1970年产量便超万台，销售收入1254万元，创利284万元。到1995年常柴的S195柴油机产量达到了顶峰，全年生产了980977台。1994年企业改制成上市公司后，利用资金优势，常柴以S195柴油机为主要品种继续扩大单缸机产量，到1997年产量翻至1550008台，销售收入25.2亿元，创利润2.8亿元,出口创汇达到了2000万美元，这一到目前为止也是常柴历史上的最高产量已载入史册，成为了当代常柴人的骄傲。生产和销售质优价廉并广受广大农村欢迎的产品，奠定了常柴“全国质量效益型先进企业”的基础，企业也在1973年至1978年的六年中，年年获得部优质产品称号，并被一机部授予了全国小动力行业标兵奖旗。但常柴人并没有为此而沾沾自喜，而是深切感到，虽然产品广受农村市场的欢迎，但与国外同类机型相比却仍然存着差距，而且，仅靠传统的经验管理已很难提高产品质量。为此，常柴在1978年国内刚刚开始推行全面质量管理时就率先进行了推广，并成为了全国首批实行TQC的企业。与此同时，工厂正式提出了以日本“洋马”产品为赶超目标，在全厂掀起了一个学习TQC、推行TQC的浪潮，通过改进起动性能、消除“三漏”、保持燃油消耗稳定，以全面质量管理方法，从原材料验收、生产过程控制、产品出厂技术服务等方面建立起一整套质量管理制度，从而有效地推动了产品质量的升级，使主导产品S195质量有了显著提高。到1981初，常柴的S195柴油机再与日本洋马进行比较时，已取得了“七超三平一略差”的优异成绩。产品由此而先后获得了国家银质奖一次、国家金质奖两次、全面质量管理奖和成为全国生产资料类产品中的首个驰名商标。伴随着常柴S195柴油机生产的发展，一时间中国大地上制造195柴油机的生产厂家如雨后春笋般建立起来，当时的第八机械工业部就明确规定，S195柴油机生产图纸以常柴为准，每年统图，常柴为此而无偿提供着自己的设计和制造技术。到七十年代中期，全国各地上马的小缸径柴油机厂都按常柴厂的产品图纸进行了大规模的生产，由此S195成为了市场上覆盖率最广、产量最大的产品，这一辉煌状况并一直延续到了八十年代中期。在常州地区，由于S195柴油机与东风12型手扶拖拉机的配套效应，“农字当头滚雪球”的作法又带动了一批配套企业、特别是乡镇企业的蓬勃发展，常州地区因此而成了当时全国的经济发展典型。S195不仅给常柴以及其它的生产企业带来了数不清的荣誉和可观的经济效益，而且更重要的是它加快了我国农业机械化的发展步伐。到了八十年代后期，随着农机运输业的发展，农用车又进入了大发展时期，而作为单缸机配套动力的S195已显然不能满足马力的需求，因此在195基础上又促使了S1100、S1105等大马力柴油机的发展。现如今，在常柴的地区，就已有了13家柴油机厂，每年的产量占到全国总产量的三分之一以上，农机制造已作为一项产业在常州具有了举足轻重的重要地位，常柴在常州农机企业中领头羊地位又是一个不争的事实。它已经被预言，主要介绍信息通讯技术