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Balzac （巴尔扎克：社会现实主义） Balzac was a French novelist and playwright. Due to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature. He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters. “ the human comedy” “Eugenie Grandet” about miserliness “Jane Eyre” Edward Rochester. In spite of the dark, brooding elements, it has a strong sense of right and wrong, of morality at its core. Homer （“荷马史诗”艺术的作用）Homer is an ancient Greek epic poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. “Odyssey” The poem mainly centers on the Greek hero Odysseus and his long journey home following the fall of Troy. Wright brothers （莱特兄弟：实践的作用）The Wright brothers were two Americans who are generally credited with inventing and building the worlds first successful airplane and making the first controlled, powered human flight, on December 17, 1903. They gained the mechanical skills essential for their success by working for years in their shop with printing presses, bicycles, motors, and other machinery. 不断的实践 Edvard Munch “The Scream” （艺术表达内心情感感）Edvard Munch was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, printmaker and an important forerunner of expressionistic art. His best-known composition, The Scream- pain and agony, is part of a series The Frieze of Life, in which Munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death, and melancholia. Mount Rushmore National Memorial （艺术作用：国家身份认同）Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a granite sculpture by Gutzon Borglum, representing 60-foot sculptures of the heads of former United States presidents.Big Ben EnglandStatue of Liberty USATaj Mahal India. Taj Mahal is built by an Emperor in memory of his favorite wife. The Taj Mahalis considered the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles.Sydney Opera House Sydney798 Art Zone Beijing. obsolate factory buildings, but faces impending destruction from the forces driving Beijings urban sprawl. (Greenwich Village; SoHo) Aerial perspective （绘画科学：空间透视）Aerial perspective was used in paintings from the Netherlands in the 15th Century. Leonardo da Vinci used aerial perspective in many of his paintings such as the “Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper”. Science of color; Different characteristics among different media Gothic architecture verticality, light, height （哥特建筑）Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeal to the emotions. Renaissance architecture （文艺复兴建筑形态） symmetry, proportion, geometry, regularityRenaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, in which there was a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. The Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts Rococo luxurious, showy （洛可可）Rococo is a style of 18th century French art and interior design. Rococo rooms were designed as total works of art with elegant and ornate furniture, small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, and tapestry complementing architecture, reliefs, and wall paintings. Isadora Duncan邓肯：美国现代舞之母Isadora Duncan was an American dancer. She is considered by many to be the creator of modern dance. Duncans insistence on more natural movement than that performed in ballet, along with the use of unrestricted costumes and utilization of emotional expressionthese were highly influential on other dancers. Vincent van Gogh （梵高：生前被忽视）Vincent van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter whose work had a far-reaching influence on 20th century art for its vivid colors and emotional impact. Little appreciated during his lifetime, his fame grew in the years after his death. Today, he is widely regarded as one of historys greatest painters and an important contributor to the foundations of modern art. “Sunflowers” life love passion“the Potato Eaters“the Starry Night” swirling sky Impressionism Characteristics of Impressionist paintings include visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualitiesPablo Picasso “Guernica” 毕加索：风格转变Pablo Picasso was a Spanish painter. He is best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work. Adolescence painting in a realistic mannerAt the beginning of 20c his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas.“Guernica” depicting the bombing of Guernica on April 26, 1937 during the Spanish Civil War. Guernica shows the tragedies of war and the suffering it inflicts upon individuals, particularly innocent civilians. This work has gained a monumental status, becoming a perpetual reminder of the tragedies of war, an anti-war symbol, and an embodiment of peace. Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚伍尔夫 （文学：意识流）Virginia Woolf was an English novelist, feminist, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. Woolf is considered one of the greatest innovators in the English language. In her works she experimented with stream-of-consciousness and the underlying psychological as well as emotional motives of characters.“Mrs. Dalloway” “To the Lighthouse”批评 epitomizing the narrow world of the upper-middle class English intelligentsia. Some critics judged it to be lacking in universality and depth, without the power to communicate anything of emotional or ethical relevance to the disillusioned common reader.Stream of consciousness is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individuals point of view by giving the written equivalent of the characters thought processes Absurdist plays After the World War II （荒诞派戏剧）The Absurd in these plays takes the form of mans reaction to a world apparently without meaning or man as a puppet controlled or menaced by an invisible outside force. Characters trapped in an enclosed space menaced by some force the character cant understand. Absence, emptiness, nothingness, and unresolved mysteries are central features in many Absurdist plots. Samuel Beckett：“Waiting for Godot” Interdisciplinarity （合作综合学科）An interdisciplinary field is a field of study that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought. Interdisciplinarity involves researchers, students, and teachers in the goals of connecting and integrating several academic schools of thought, professions, or technologies - along with their specific perspectives - in the pursuit of a common task.例子 quantum information processing, an amalgamation of quantum physics and computer science, and bioinformatics, combining molecular biology with computer science.At another level interdisciplinarity is seen as a remedy to the harmful effects of excessive specialization. However, an interdisciplinary program may not succeed if its members remain stuck in their disciplines.Anthropology：cultural；archaeology； linguistic； biological anthropology. James Watt (Stream Engine) James Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world. Thomas EdisonThomas Alva Edison was an American inventor, scientist and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the telegraph, the motion picture camera, and the electric light bulb. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.（将科学转化为生产力，Edison不仅仅是Scientist，更是Businessman） Transform advanced science and technology into lucrative impetus 将科学转化为生产力 Frankenstein （novel）Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, generally known as Frankenstein, is a novel written by Mary Shelley. Shelley started writing when she was 18 and the novel was published when she was 20. The first edition was published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelleys name appears on the second edition, published in 1831. The title of the novel refers to a scientist, Victor Frankenstein, who learns how to create life and creates a being in the likeness of man, but larger than average and more powerful. Matthew Effect （马太效应）In the sociology of science, Matthew effect was a term coined(创造新词语) by Robert K. Merton to describe how eminent scientists will often get more credit than a comparatively unknown researcher, even if their work is similar; it also means that credit will usually be given to researchers who are already famous. For example, a prize will almost always be awarded to the most senior researcher involved in a project, even if all the work was done by a graduate student. same-sex marriage legislation （同性恋婚姻立法）Same-sex marriage is currently legal in seven countries, which include the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, and Sweden. Five U.S. states recognize same-sex marriage, those being Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, and the District of Columbia (effective March 2010). Mexico City also recognizes same-sex marriage (effective March 2010). Numerous other countries and regions also grant some form of recognition to same-sex couples; though do not provide same-sex marriage. The issue of same-sex marriage has been a controversial debate throughout the world, and several regions and countries have passed statutory and constitutional amendments that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage, sometimes also barring any form of recognition. National Park （环境保护国家公园）A national park is a reserve of natural or semi-natural land, declared or owned by a government, set aside for human recreation and enjoyment, and protected from most development. While ideas for national parks had been suggested previously, what is held to be the first one established was the United States Yellowstone National Park, established in 1872. The idea was first provided by the painter George Catlin during his traveling through the American West. Ecological Balance (Reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park) 1926 was the year the last wolves were killed within Yellowstones boundaries, and over the succeeding decades, populations of elk and other large prey animals had soared, and new growth vegetation suffered as a result. This is due to ecosystem instability when keystone predators are removed. With wolves being at the top of the food pyramid, their absence let the elk population boom out of control. Soon deciduous woody species such as upland aspen and riparian cottonwood crashed as a result of overgrazing. The Spiral of Silence （大众传播沉默的螺旋）The spiral of silence is a political science and mass communication theory. The theory asserts that a person is less likely to voice an opinion on a topic if one feels that one is in the minority for fear of reprisal or isolation from the majority.（大众传媒对其起到催化作用）Mass media plays a large part in determining what the dominant opinion is, since our direct observation is limited to a small percentage of the population. Mass media has an enormous impact on how public opinion is portrayed, and can dramatically impact an individuals perception about where public opinion lies, whether or not that portrayal is factual. Collective Unconsciousness Convention形成原理Propounded by Carl Jung, a psychologist Sigmund Freud, unconsciousness （科学的继承）所谓集体无意识，简单地说，就是一种代代相传的无数同类经验在某一种族全体成员心理上的沉淀物，而之所以能代代相传，正因为有着相应的社会结构作为这种集体无意识的支柱。基于这种学说，可以得出对艺术家及其艺术作品进行精神分析，较之对一个时代其他人的精神分析更能揭示出一个社会的真实心理。因为,author的能够将自己的想法表达出来，而其work则能够不自觉地reveal一个社会的collective unconsciousness。 一个时代的artistic work能够reveal hidden ideas logical empiricism 把mathematics引入philosophy 它是以经验为根据，以逻辑为工具，进行推理，用概率论来修正结论。它认为，科学的方法是研究人类行为的唯一正确的方法，因此，它虽然以感性的经验为依据，但却否认了感性认识的积极作用，是不折不扣的理性主义。许多研究者们从经验角度认为外部客观世界是可以被认识、被量化的。 Systems engineering 系统工程Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on how complex engineering projects should be designed and managed. Issues such as logistics, the coordination of different teams, and automatic control of machinery become more difficult when dealing with large, complex projects. Systems engineering deals with work-processes and tools to handle such projects, and it overlaps with both technical and human-centered disciplines. 1955年以后，计算机技术渐趋成熟和普及，于是系统工程学应运而生。 Child prodigyA child prodigy is someone who at an early age masters one or more skills at an adult level. Mozart was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood in Salzburg. Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty. The first composer renounced the connection with the royalty. However this behavior rendered him into a swamp of poverty and sufferings. Karl Witte was a German child prodigy. When Karl Witte was nine, he spoke five languages. At the age of 12, he became a doctor of philosophy at the University of Giessen in Germany. As a result, Witte was listed in The Guinness Book of World Records as the youngest doctorate. In his succeeding life, Karl became a professor at a German university. Though he was knowledgeable in several fields, Karl did not contribute some essential new theory to any of these areas. Synergy （合作的益处）A synergy is where different entities cooperate advantageously for a final outcome. If used in a business application it means that teamwork will produce an overall better result than if each person was working toward the same goal individually. Don Quixote 堂吉诃德Cavalier fiction; windmill; “Don Quixote” is a novel written by Spanish author Cervantes. The Family of Medici （文艺复兴美蒂奇家族）They fostered and inspired the birth of the Italian Renaissance along with other families of Italy. sponsor Bushido （日本武士道精神）Bushido, roughly translated as the way of the warrior, is a Japanese code of conduct and way of samurai life, loosely analogous to the concept of chivalry. As part of the samurai philosophy, Bushido stresses loyalty, frugality(节俭), the mastery of martial arts, and honor unto death. the ritual suicide of disembowelment Bourgeois （中产阶级文化）These terms have stronger connotations of retiring, sitting room culture in European contexts. Bourgeois often refers to the cloistering(退隐), socially conservative, idle customs of the newly rich Special Forces （合作特种部队）Special Forces are generic terms for elite highly-trained military actions. Special Forces units are typically composed of relatively small groups of highly specialized personnel under the cooperative teamwork. Throughout the latter half of the 20th century and into the 21st century, special forces have come to higher prominence, as governments have found objectives can sometimes be better achieved by a small team of anonymous specialists than a larger and more politically controversial conventional deployment. Household Responsibility system （家庭联产承包制）Responsibility system (contract responsibility system or household responsibility system) was a practice in the Peoples Republic of China, first adopted in agriculture in 1981 and later extended to other sectors of the economy, by which local managers are held responsible for the profits and losses of the enterprise. This system partially supplanted the egalitarian distribution method, whereby the state assumed all profits and losses. A filmmaking team （合作一支电影团队）Screen literatureDirector generalist: skill of camera operating; art of performing; creative ideas; editing skill.Director of photographer camera usingActor / Actress performing theory and artComposer music composing Producer finance; release; market informationSpecial effect teamcomputer science, high-tech United Artists Corporation （“联美”电影公司）United Artists Corporation is an American film studio founded in 1919 by Charlie Chaplin等.They were spurred by established Hollywood producers and distributors making moves to tighten their contro