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机械毕业设计全套

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JX03-068@凿井绞车毕业设计,机械毕业设计全套

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外文资料翻译 学生姓名： 专业班级： 指导教师： 河北工程大学机电学院 2008 年 5 月 nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） I 摘 要 JZ16T型凿井绞车容绳量大、提升力强、平稳可靠，主要用于竖井掘进工程中悬吊吊盘、水泵、风筒、压缩空气筒、注浆管等掘进设备和涨紧稳绳，也可作其它井下和地面起吊重物用。 结合设计任务， 通过对 JZ16T型凿井绞车的结构和工作原理的阐述，本文主要说明 了 JZ16T型凿井绞车设计结构、传动方案、以及各零部件的计算。 JZ16T型凿井绞车的性能及其发展状况， JZ16T型凿井绞车的起升机构和电气系统的分析，开式齿轮的设计，制动机构的选择 ，传动系统的设计与布局。 关键词： 凿井绞车 制动器 卷筒 开式齿轮 传动系统 nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） II Abstract A design that digs a well the winch is a new topic.The JZ16T type digs a well the winch to permit the rope to have great capacity, promote the dint strong and steady credibility, mainly used for well of dig into hang to hang the dish, water pump, breeze tube, compressed air tube, note the syrup tube.etc. to dig into the equipments and rise the tight steady rope in the engineering, also can make other wells to descend to rise to mourn the heavy thing to use with ground. The main contents of this design manual include:A function that digs a well the winch and it develops the condition, the JZ16T type dig a well the winch of since rise the organization and the electricity system of analysis and calculation, the calculation of the open type wheel gear, make the choice and calculations of move the organizations, spread the design and the layout of move the system. Keyword: sinking winch ,brake, winding drum, exposed gear driven system nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） III 目 录 摘要 . I Abstract. II 第一章 概述 . 1 1.1 凿井绞车概述 . 1 1.1.1 绞车的分类 . 2 1.1.2 绞车的特点和性能要求 . 2 1.1.3 国内外凿井绞车发展状况 . 3 1.2 设计内容 . 6 第二章 JZ16T凿井绞车总体设计 . 8 2.1 引言 . 8 2.2 技术规格与参数 . 8 2.3 凿井绞车的整体设计方案 . 9 2.3.1 凿井绞车的结构简图 . 9 2.3.2 凿井绞车的工作原理 . 10 第三章 传动部件的选择与计算 . 13 3.1钢丝绳选择计算 . 13 3.1.1 前言 . 13 3.1.2 选择钢丝绳的参考因素 . 13 3.1.3 钢丝绳选择 . 14 3.2 主轴的设计 . 16 3.2.1 主轴的结构 . 16 3.2.2 轴的种类和特点 . 16 3.2.3 材料的选择 . 17 3.2.4 轴的结构设计 . 18 3.2.5 轴的强度计算 . 20 3.2.6 轴承的选择和校核 . 22 nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） IV 3.2.7 主轴的缺陷及其寿命问题 . 23 3.3 卷筒尺寸的确定 . 24 3.3.1 卷筒结构形式的确定 . 24 3.3.2 卷筒尺寸的计算 . 24 3.3.3 卷筒壁压应力 ymax的计算： . 25 3.4 电动机的选择 . 26 3.4.1 选择电动机类型和结构形式 . 26 3.4.2 确定电动机的容量 . 26 3.4.3 计算静功率 . 27 3.4.4 电动机计算功率 . 27 3.5 减速器选择 . 28 3.5.1 减速器的类型 . 28 3.6 开式齿轮传动的计算 . 29 3.6.1 齿轮的分类和特点 . 29 3.6.2 齿轮材料的选择 . 30 3.6.3 选定齿轮类型、精度等级、材料及齿数 . 30 3.6.4 按齿面接触强度设计 . 31 3.6.5 按齿根弯曲强度计算 . 33 3.6.6 几何尺寸计算 . 35 3.6.7 验算 . 35 第四章 制动机构 . 38 4.1 停止器设计 . 38 4 .2 制动机构的组成 . 38 4.3 制 动机构的工作原理 . 38 4.4 选择制动器 . 39 4.5 停止器设计计算 . 39 4.5.1 棘轮停止器 . 39 4.6 带式停止器 . 43 第五章 气动系统的设计 . 47 nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） V 5.1气压系统设计 . 47 5.1.1气压系统原理图 . 47 5.1.2气缸的选择与计算 . 47 5.2 选择控制元件 . 49 5.2.1换向阀选择 . 49 5.2.2选择减压阀 . 50 第六章 结论 . 51 参考文献 . 52 致谢 . 53 nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） - 1 - 外文翻译 1 Engine Classification and Overall Mechanics The automobile engines can be classified according to :1.number of cylinders ;2.arrangement of cylinders ;3.arrangement of valves ;4.type of cooling ;5.number of cycles (two or four );6.type of fuel burned ;7.type of ignition . The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels go around and the car move .the automobile engine is an internal-combustion engine because the fuel (gasoline ) is burned inside it .the burning of gasoline inside the engine produces high pressure in the engine combustion chamber .this high pressure in the engine combustion chamber .this high pressure forces piston to move ,the movement is carried by connecting rods to the engine crankshaft .the crankshaft is thus made to rotate ;the rotary motion is carried through the power train to the car wheels so that they rotate and the car moves . The engine requires a fuel system to supply it with a mixture of air and fuel .the fuel system does this by pumping liquid gasoline from tank into the carburetor a mixing device that mixes the gasoline with air .the mixture is delivered to engine where it is burned. The engine also needs a cooling system, the combustion of the air-fuel mixture in the engine creates a very high temperature (as high as 2000 to 2700 C).the cooling system take heat away from the engine by circulating a liquid coolant (water mixed with antifreeze ) between the engine and a radiator .the coolant gets hot as it goes through the engine .it cools off as it goes through the radiator. Thus ,the coolant continually takes heat away from the engine ,where it could do damage ,and delivers it to the radiator. Air passing though the radiator takes heat away from the radiator. The engine also includes a lubricating system. The purpose of the lubricating system is to supply all moving parts inside the engine with lubricating oil ;the oil keeps moving parts from wearing excessively . nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） - 2 - The engine requires a fourth system ,the ignition system. The ignition system provides high-voltage electric sparks that ignite, or set fire to ,the charges of air-fuel mixture in the engine combustion chambers. The fifth is starting system and its purpose is to change the electrical current into the mechanical energy to push the crank-shaft around. By means of this ,the engine can be started. 2 Four stage engine Operation The action taking place in the engine cylinder can be divided into four stages ,or strokes. Store refers to piston movement ;a stroke occurs when the piston moves from one limiting position to the other. The upper limit of piston movement is called TDC (top dead center ). The lower limit of piston movement is called BDC (bottom dead center ). A stroke is piston movement from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC. In other words ,the piston completes a stroke each time it changes its direction of motion . Where the entire of events in the cylinder requires four strokes (or two crankshaft revolution ),the engine is called a four-stroke-cycle engine ,or a four-cycle engine. The four piston strokes are intake ,compression power ,and exhaust . Intake stroke. On the intake stroke ,the intake valve has opened ,the piston is moving downward ,and a mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is entering the cylinder through the valve port. The mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is delivered to the cylinder by the fuel system and carburetor . Compression stroke. After the piston reaches BDC ,or the lower limit of its travel ,it begins to move upward. As this happens ,the intake valve closes. The exhaust valve is also closed ,so that the cylinder is sealed. as the piston moves upward (pushed now by the revolving crankshaft and connecting rod ),the air-fuel mixture is compressed. By the time the piston reaches TDC ,the mixture has been compressed to as little as one-tenth of its original volume ,or even less. This compression of the air-fuel mixture increases the pressure in the cylinder. When the air-fuel mixture is compressed ,not only does the pressure in the cylinder go up ,but the temperature of the mixture also nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） - 3 - increases . Power stroke. As the piston reaches TDC on the compression stroke ,an electric spark is produced at the spark plug. The ignition system delivers a high-voltage surge of electricity to the spark plug to produce the spark. The spark ignites, or air-fuel mixture. It now begins to burn very rapidly ,and the cylinder pressure increases to as much as 3-5MPa or even more. This terrific push against the piston forces it downward ,and a power impulse is transmitted through the connecting rod to the crankpin on the crankshaft .the crankshaft is rotated as the piston is pushed down by the pressure above it . Exhaust stroke. As the piston reaches BDC again ,the exhaust valve opens. Now ,as the piston moves up on the exhaust stroke ,it forces the burned gases out of the cylinder through the exhaust-valve port. Then ,when the piston reaches TDC ,the exhaust valve closes and the intake valve opens. Now a fresh charge of air-fuel mixture will be drawn into the cylinder as the piston moves down again toward BDC. The above four strokes are continuously repeated. 3 Two stage-engine Operation In the four-stroke-cycle engine ,already discussed in Lesson 1,2,the complete cycle of events requires four piston strokes (intake ,compression ,power and exhaust ). In the two-stroke-cycle ,or two-cycle ,engine ,the intake and compression strokes and the power and exhaust strokes are in a sense combined. This permits the engine to produce a power stroke every two piston strokes ,of every crankshaft rotation . In the two-cycle engine ,the piston acts as a valve ,clearing valve ports in the cylinder wall as it nears BDC . A fresh air-fuel charge enters through the intake port ,and the burned gases exit through the exhaust port. The complete cycle of operation is as follows: as the piston nears TDC, ignition takes place. The high combustion pressures drive the piston down ,and the trust through the connecting rod turns the crankshaft. As the piston nears BDC, it passes the intake and exhaust ports in the cylinder wall. Burned gases ,still under some pressure ,begin to stream nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） - 4 - out through the exhaust port. At the same time ,the intake port ,now cleared by the piston ,begins to deliver air -fuel mixture ,under pressure to the cylinder. The top of the piston is shaped to give the incoming mixture an upward movement. This helps to sweep the burned gases ahead and out through the exhaust port. After the piston has passed through BDC and starts up again ,it passes both ports ,thus sealing them off. Now the fresh air-fuel charge above the piston is compressed and ignited. The same series of events takes place again and continue as long as the engine runs. We mentioned that the air-fuel mixture is delivered to the cylinder under pressure. In most engines, this pressure is put on the mixture in the crankcase. The crankcase is sealed except for a leaf ,or reed ,valve at the bottom. The reed valve is a flexible flat metal plate that rests snugly against the floor of the crankcase. There are holes under the reed valve that connect to the engine carburetor. When the piston is moving up , a partial vacuum is produced in the sealed crankcase. Atmospheric pressure lifts the reed valve off the holes ,and air-fuel mixture enters the crankcase. After the piston passes TDC and starts down again , pressure begins to build up in the crankcase. This pressure closes the reed valve so that further downward movement of the piston compresses the trapped air-fuel mixture in the crankcase. The pressure which is built up on the air-fuel mixture then causes it to flow up through the intake port into the engine cylinder when the piston moves d own far enough to clear the intake port. The two-stroke engine is not only very simple but gives nearly twice the power of a four stroke engine from a cylinder of given size, but it is wasteful of gasoline, as some mixture inevitably finds its way into the exhaust system on the combines intake /exhaust stroke , and there are always some combustion products left in the cylinder which reduce the rapid burning of the fuel. This kind of engine is always used in motorcycles. 4 Engine Cylinder Block Crankcase we have seen how the mixture of air and fuel is delivered by the fuel nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） - 5 - system to the engine cylinder ,where it is compressed ,ignited ,and burned. We have noted that this combustion produces a high pressure that pushes the piston down so that t he crankshaft is rotated. Now let us examine the various parts of the engine in detail . Engine cylinder block. The cylinder block of liquid-cooled engines forms the basic framework of the engine. Other parts are attached to the cylinder block or are assembled in it. The block is cast in one piece from gray iron or iron alloyed with other metals ,such as nickel or chromium. Some blocks are cast from aluminum. The block contains not only the cylinders but also the water jackets that surround them. In aluminum blocks ,cast-iron of steel cylinder sleeves (also called bore liners ) are used. There metals have better wearing qualities than aluminum and can better withstand the wearing effect of the pistons and rings moving up and down in the cylinders. For most engines ,cast iron has been found to be a satisfactory cylinder-wall material. However , in some small engines ,the cylinder walls are plated with chromium ,a very hard metal ,to reduce wall wear and lengthen their life . Cylinder Head. The cylinder head is usually cast in one piece from iron , from iron alloyed with other metals , or from aluminum alloy. Aluminum has the advantage of combining head tends to run cooler , other factors being equal. There are two types of head ,L head and I head. Cylinder head contains water jackets for cooling ; in the assembled engine , cylinder-block water jackets. Spark-plug holes are provided ,along with pockets into which the valves can move as they open . Gaskets. The joint between the cylinder block and the head must be tight and able to withstand the pressure and heat developed in the combustion chambers. The block and head can not be machined flat and smooth enough to provide an adequate seal. Thus , gaskets are used. Head gaskets are made of thin sheets of soft metal or of asbestos and metal. All cylinder , water ,valve ,and head-bolt openings are cut out. When the gasket is placed on the block and the head installed , tightening of the head bolts (or nuts )squeezes the soft metal so that the joint is effectively sealed. nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） - 6 - Gaskets are also used to seal joints between other parts, such as between the oil pan , manifolds ,or water pump and the block . Oil Pan. The oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel it usually holds 5 to 10 liters of oil , depending on the engine design. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase ; they enclose ,or encase ,the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus ,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. 5 Piston Connecting Cod piston. The piston is essentially a cylindrical plug that moves up and down in the engine cylinder. It is equipped with piston rings to provide a good seal between the cylinder wall and piston. The piston absorbs heat from the gas ,and this heat must be carried away if the metal temperature is to be held within safe limits. The constant reversal of the piston travel sets up inertia forces ,which increase both with the weight of the piston and with its speed. For this reason , designers try to keep piston weight low ,particularly in high speed engines. As lower hood lines and over square engines became popular , the semi-slipper and full-slipper pistons was reduced to three ,two compression and one oil-control. One reason for the slipper piston is that ,o the short stroke ,over square engine ,the piston skirt had to be cut away to make room for the counterweights on the crankshaft. Also ,the slipper piston ,being shorter ad having part of its skirt cut away ,is lighter. This reduces the inertia load on the engine bearings and ,in addition ,make for a more responsive engine. The lighter the piston ,the less the bearing load and the longer the bearings will last. Another way to lighten the piston is to make it of light metal. The ideal piston material would be light and strong ,conduct heat well ,expand only slight when heated ,resist wear ,and be low in cost. Thus most automotive-en gibe pistons today are made of aluminum ,which is less that half as heavy as iron. Iron pitons were common in the earlier engines. Aluminum expands more rapidly than iron with increasing temperature ,however more rapidly than iron with nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） - 7 - increasing temperature ,however ,and since the cylinder block is of iron ,special provisions must be made to maintain proper piston clearance at operating temperature. To take care of it ,the crown is machined on slight taper ,the diameter being greatest where the crown meets the skirt and becoming less toward the top . Piston. Rings A good seal must be maintained between the piston and cylinder wall to prevent blow-by. Blow-by is the name that describes the escape of burned gases from the combustion chamber ,past the piston ,and into the crankcase. In other words ,these gases blow by the piston. It is not practical to fit the piston to the cylinder closely enough to prevent blow-by. Thus ,piston rigs must be used to provide the necessary seal. The ring are installed in grooves in the piston. Actually ,there are two type of rings ,compression rings and oil-control rings. The compression rings seal in the air-fuel mixture as it is compressed and also the combustion pressures as the mixture burns. The oil-control rings scrape off excessive oil excessive oil from the cylinder wall and return it to the oil pan . The ring have joints (they are split )so that they can be expanded and slipped over the piston head and into the recessed grooves cut in the piston. Rings for automotive engines usually have butt joints, but in some heavy-duty engines, the joints may be angled ,lapped ,or of the sealed type. The rings are somewhat larger in diameter than they will be when in the cylinder. then ,when they are installed, they are compressed so that the joints are nearly closed. Compressing the rings rives them an initial tension ;they press tightly against the cylinder wall. Connecting Rod . The connecting rod is attached at one end to a crankpin on the crankshaft and at other end to a piston, through a piston pin or wrist pin. the connecting rod must be very strong and rigid and also as light as possible. the connecting rod carries the power thrusts from the piston to the crankpin. At the same time ,the rod is in eccentric motion. To minimize vibration and bearing loads ,the rod must be light in weight. To maintain good engine balance ,connecting rods and caps are carefully matched in sets for engines. All rods in an engine must be of equal weight ; if they nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） - 8 - are not ,noticeable vibration may result. In original assembly ,rods and caps are individually matched to each other and usually carry identifying numbers so they will not be mixed if the engine is disassembled for service. They must not be mixed during any service job ,since this could result in poor bearing fit and bearing failure. 6 Tire Tire have two functions. First ,they interpose a cushion between the road and the car wheels to absorb shocks resulting from irregularities in the road. The tire flex ,or give ,as bumps are encountered ,thus reducing the shock effect to the passengers in the car. Second ,the tires provide frictional contact between the wheels and the road so that good traction is secured. This permits the transmitting of power through the tire to the road for rapid accelerating ,combats the tendency of the car to skid on turns ,and allows quick stops when the brakes are applied. Tire ate of two basic types ,solid and pneumatic (air-filled ). Solid tires have very limited usage ,being confined largely to specialized industrial applications. Pneumatic tires are of two types ,those using an inner tube and the tubeless type. The amount of air pressure used depends on the type of tire and operation. Passenger-car tire inflated to about 275to 413k Pa. Air is introduced into the tire (or inner tube ) through a valve that opens when the chuck on the air hose if applied. On the tire with an inner tube ,the valve is mounted on the tube. On the tubeless tire ,the valve is mounted on the wheel rim. 7 Steering System The purpose of the steering system is guiding the car where the driver wants it to go It consists of steering wheel ,steering ,shaft ,worm ,gear ,sector ,pitman arm ,drag link ,steering knuckle arm ,king pin steering knuckle arm ,king pin ,steering arms ,tie rod ,front axle and steering knuckle . they enable the car to change the direction by means of turning and moving forth and back. Actually ,the steering system is composed of two elements ,a steering gear at the lower end of the steering column and linkage between thee gear and the wheel steering knuckles. The steering system permits the front wheels to be pivoted on their supports to the right or left so that rue car can be steered. This movement is nts河北工程大学毕业设计（论文） - 9 - produced by gearing and linkage between the steering wheel in front o