北京大学商业银行要点整理.doc

注：从PPT抓重点，课本上对考点有补充的要写上1. managing a business unit 这一章非常重要，看PPT，书上没有2. 中资银行的改革有哪些方面Reformation undertaken by Chinese Banks1.Reforming Corporate Governance and partners withstrategic investors-3 major types of Chinese commercial banks : State-owned commercial banks, cross regional joint-stock commercial banks, City commercial banks-Foreign banks are investing in all groups and not only as strategic shareholder but also involvement in management-Chinese banks allowed to list overseas-Chinese Bank (ICBC) became the largest bank in the world2. Risk Management InnovationsImproved risk ratingExtended 5 category loan classifications to 10 or 12Credit extension system reform, centralize large loans to HQ, creditdelegation on SMELoan pricing managementCredit inspection and regionalizing loan approvalImprove post loan managementImprove operational, compliance and market risk management3. Promoting Organization ChangeResetting branches and distributionAcquisition and growth (M&A)Setting up new fund companiesChanging to vertical bank organization4. Promoting Business Innovations, Fee Income and Off balance sheet businessProduct InnovationService InnovationBusiness orientation changePromoting fee based and off balance sheet business3. 证监会的职能有哪些2003 Set up CBRC and its roles in regulating and supervisingbanks, whose primary role is to:-protect interest of depositors and consumers-Maintain market confidence-Enhance public knowledge of modern finance-Combat financial crimes-Promote financial stability and facilitate financial innovations-Enhance international competitiveness of Chinese banking sector-Encourage fair and orderly competition-Clearly define the accountability of supervisor and supervised-Perform supervisory in efficient and effective manner4. 银行架构的改革及其重点（structure reformation)Eight Practical Steps in Bank StructureReformation-Board of Directors-Independent Directors-Overall Risk Management-Strong Credit Management-Independent Internal Audit function-Centralize Finance function-Leverage on Strategic Shareholders-Move towards Public listingIssue to be resolvedWhat is the role of State/Party and Shareholders in banks?Foreign Ownership Control in local banks?Board of Supervisors role?5. 中资银行市场化需要做什么-Liberalizing Interest Rates first loans, in future deposits-Build scale and efficiency-Resolving and subsequently controlling NPL/NPA-Build strong Governance, Compliance and Internal Controls-Meeting Capital Requirements and Delivering Profitability6. 代理理论的概念Analyses relationships between a firms owners (shareholders) and its managers, who are legally agents for the owners. The theory explores whether mechanism exist in a given situation to compel managers to maximize the welfare of their firms owners. - Leads to high agency costs7. 三会一层（股东大会、董事会、监事会、管理层）8. 要会ROA等关键指标（KPI）的算法，会有一道分析报表的题目Most common used ratios: ROA, ROE, Liquidity ratio, Net interest margin,Net interest spread, Non-performing loan ratio, Capital adequacy ratio, Loan loss coverage, Loan provision ratio, Net Non-Int Margin、Net Operating Margin、EPS、Earning Spread9. 美国的银行与中资银行各自收入与费用的构成是什么？（会有一道分析题）American BanksChinese BanksIncomeInterest income（利息收入）Fiduciary activities（信托业务）Services charges on deposit accounts（存款账户服务费）Trading account gains and fees（交 易账户收入及费用）Securities gains（证券收入）ExpenseInterest expense（利息支出）Provision for loan and lease losses（贷款租赁损失准备）Salaries and employee benefits（雇员工资福利支出）Premises and equipment Expense（房屋及设备支出）Applicable incometaxes（应税支出）IncomeInterest income（利息收入）Fee and commission income（手续费及佣金收入）Investment income（投资收益）Net gain/loss on foreign Exchange（汇兑损益）Non-operating income（非经营收入）ExpenseInterest expense（利息支出）Fee and commission expense（手续费及佣金支出）Impairment losses on loans（贷款减值损失）Operating and administrative expenses（经营管理费用）Income tax expense（税收支出）Non-Interest IncomeFiduciary activitiesServices Charges on Deposit AccountsTrading Account Gains and FeesAdditional Non Interest IncomeNon-Interest IncomeFees & commission incomeInvestment incomeNet gain/loss on foreign exchangeNet gain/loss on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair valueAdditional Non Interest Income10. 银行的风险包括哪些？（用课本里的内容回答）中文书P141 Measuring Risk in Banking衡量银行风险（可能考选择、名词解释）l Credit Risk（信用风险）【182】l Liquidity Risk（流动性风险）【183】l Market (Interest) Risk（市场风险，包括价格风险和利率风险）【184】l Operational (Transactional) Risk（运营风险）【185】l Legal(Regulatory) and Compliance Risk（合规性风险）【186】l Reputation（声誉风险）【186，名词解释见术语表】l Strategic（战略风险）【186，名词解释见术语表】Other Risks Off-Balance Sheet Risk资产负债表外风险【185】 Operational risk / Transactional Risk操作风险/交易风险【185】 Legal & Compliance Risk法律与合规风险【186】 Reputation Risk声誉风险【186】 Strategic Risk战略风险【186】 Capital Risk (eg. Affected by MTM losses) 投资风险（如受MTM损失）【186】11. 好的银行的特征，Top earning banks（参考课本） Bank Size lower overall operating cost and greater operating efficiency银行大小 - 降低整体营运成本和提高经营效率【189】 Expense Control (Interest and Operating) most important discriminator费用控制（利息及操作） - 最重要的指标 Deposit Structure - higher core deposits (smaller denomination individual deposits which are more loyal to bank) 存款结构 - 更高的核心存款（小面额的个人存款，银行更忠诚） Employee Productivity Income per employee员工生产率 - 每名雇员的收入 Leverage (lower use of equity capital and greater use of cheaper debt) 杠杆（降低使用权益资本和更多的使用成本更低的债务） Expansion of fee income扩大手续费收入 Growth in assets, deposits, and loans (must not be a substitute of profit) 资产，存款和贷款的增长（必须是利润的替代品）12. 国内的关键指标有哪些，哪些是监管部门要求的13. 分款分类（按美国的分类回答，按中国的分类回答会加分）Transaction (Demand/Current or Payment Services) DepositsNon Interest Bearing ; 无息活期存款Interest Bearing ;有息活期存款Money Market货币市场存款Non Transaction (Savings or Thrift) DepositsPassbook savings 存折储蓄存款Statement savings储蓄存款（取前通知银行)Time (Fixed Deposit) Certificates of Deposits (CDs)Negotiated Deposits 公司协议存款 &Call Deposit (1day , 7 day) 通知存款 1天7天 in ChinaRetirement Savings Deposit退休储蓄存款14. 国内为推进利率市场化已经采取了哪些改革措施？1996-Opening up Interbank Interest Rates1999-Open up Treasury Bills to Bidding to determine rates 2002-Standardize foreign currency interest rate for Domestic and Foreign Banks2003-Started to set upper limit for banks to self-determine interest rate for foreign currency deposits; Complete open up loan interest rate for foreign currency loans2007-Establish benchmark rate system (SHIBOR) as key indicative interest rate for monetary market2011-Allow variation up to 110% for deposit interest rate2013-July- Completely open up loan interest rate, from previous lower cap of 70% of baseJun12, upper limit of deposit interest rate floating range set to be 1.1x the benchmark interest rate.Jul13, PBOC removed the lending interest rate limit.Mar14, Shanghai FTA opened interest rate cap of smallamount foreign currency deposit.Interest rate liberalization progresses from foreign currency to RMB, from loan to depositDeposit InsurancePBOC announced the deposit insurance system was ready for implementation15. 设立一个分行要考虑哪些因素？（可以参考课本）Desirable Sites for New Branches-Heavy traffic,-Large no. of retail store, Population above average age,-substantial number of potential customers,-declining financial services competition,-above avg population growth,-relative high target ratio of population per branch,-above average household income16. 银行主要服务渠道有哪些a New Financial InstitutionFull-Service BranchesAutomated Limited Services FacilitiesPOSATMsCash Deposit Machines (CDM)Self Service Terminals (SST), such as Enquiry terminals, Passbook update terminals, Statement Printing machines, etcHome and Office BankingTelephone Banking and Call CentersInternet BankingServices provided via InternetCustomer Privacy and SecurityMobile BankingElectronic payment channels17. 信贷：如何进行分散管理，集中度管理Portfolio Diversification avoid concentrationin certain product, customer segment,geographic, term投资组合管理投资组合多样化 - 避免集中在某些产品，客户段，地理，期限风险 - 回报率（投资组合管理）消费投资组合的多样化要求临界质量（可观的投资组合），历史数据，数据分析和支持客户行为动态敏感度，市场环境和竞争状况银行业的特殊优势是多元化的能力（包括存款的能力） Risk Return (Portfolio Management) Consumer portfolio diversification requirescritical mass (sizeable portfolio), historical data,data analytics and support Sensitive to dynamism of customerbehaviour, market environment andcompetitionSpecial advantage of Banking Industry isability to diversify (besides ability to takein deposits)18. 信贷的五级分类CBRC Classification StandardsThe last 3 cateaories are considered Non-Performing Loans (NPL)19. CAMELS(Rating of Deposit Institutions)代表什么Capital adequacy Asset quality Management quality Earnings record Liquidity positionSensitivity to market riskIts depositor protection20. 做好一个信贷政策需要注意哪些方面FDIC examinations suggested important elements in loan policies:1.Goal statement of entire portfolio2.Specification of lending authority to specific officer3.Lines of responsibility4.Operating procedures5.Required loan documentation6.Lines of authority for maintaining and review of files7.Guidelines on loan collateral8.Procedure for setting loan rates and fees9.Statement of quality standards10.Preferred upper limit of total loans11.Description of principal trade area12.Procedure for detecting and working out problem loans21. 对公业务（chapter17）对贷款客户进行审计时需要分析的时候要关注哪些方面，用什么指标，意义是什么？比率见课件p22Look for source of funds to ensure repayment of loan principal and interestu business borrowers profits or cash flowu business assets pledged as collateralu strong balance sheet with marketable assets and net worthu Guarantees provided by business, ownersAnalysis of Balance Sheet and Income Statements Look at:u Ability to control expensesu Operating efficiencyu Marketability of productsu Coverage of earnings over financing costsu Liquidity positionsu Track record of profitabilityu Financial leverage (debt to capital)u Contingent liabilitiesComparing Borrowers Performance with its IndustryUse of Industry data Compare borrowers performance with its InduustryUse of own portfolio data (if large enough) Benchmark to own portfolios performance Benchmark pricingPreparing Statement of Cash Flow Analysis from Financial StatementsLook for historical and future cashflow: prepare “Pro Form Statement of Cash Flows and Balance Sheets”22. 个人业务（chapter18）分析个人业务需要关注哪些方面Evaluating a Consumer LoanCharacterAbility to payCredit History (credit bureau)Income LevelPersonal Asset / Cash depositEmployment and Residential StabilityPyramiding of Debt Danger signs!(Can apply 4 Cs - Character, Capacity, Collateral,Cash)23. 征信的作用Credit Bureau plays a very important part in personal financingAlso called credit-reporting agencies(CRAs）provide valuable information to lenders in a society where borrowers move frequently and use large amounts of credit. They have made possible the rapid expansion of unsecured debt, encouraged borrowers and lenders to be more honest, increased competition in lending, and led to more efficient pricing of credit services by supplying timely information to lenders, employers, and others with a need to know.24. 信用评分对个人，信用评级对公？Credit ScoringStatistical predictive modeling base on factors in the past separating good and bad will apply to future. Scoring on a few key items on customer credit information.Fair Issac provides general information about its scoring systems and its credit scores based on five different types of information:The borrowers payment historyThe amount of money owedThe length of prospective borrowers credit historyThe nature of new credit being requestedThe types of credit the borrower has already used Also indicates elements of borrowers background25. 怎样平衡效率和个人信贷的评估，评估流程是怎样26. 个人信贷的4个C是什么Credit Management信用管理（课本上没有） Align credit management to overall corporate policies andbusiness objectives (working together with productmarketing) Design of credit approval criteria(4 Cs - Character, Capacity, Collateral, Cash) Design and implementation of scorecard Define procedures and controls to the processing ofapplications Determines investment in technology for efficientapplication processing (such as workflow, imaging)27. 什么是资产负债管理？作用？目标？用哪些策略？（资金管理策略。）Asset-liability management is a type of coordinated and integrated decision that help financial-service managers have learned to look at their asset and liability portfolios as an integrated whole, considering how their institutions whole portfolio contributes to the firms broad goals of adequate profitability and acceptable risk. Asset Management strategyLiability Management StrategyFunds Management Strategy28. 如何衡量利率风险？什么是久期？定义？方法？Measurement of Interest Rates:Yield to Maturity (YTM) - Discount rate that equalizes the current market value of a security with its expected future incomeBank Discount Rate - Discount rate applied to short term loans or money market securitiesWhat is Duration? A value and time weighted measure of maturity that considers the timing of all cash inflows from earning assets and all cash outflows associated with liability. Measures the average maturity of promised stream of future cash paymentsDuration measures the sensitivity of the market value of financial instruments to changes in interest ratesUse Duration to hedge against Interest Rate Risk: Balance the dollar weighted duration of asset portfolio with the dollar weighted duration of liabilitiesDuration Gap = Dollar weighted duration of asset portfolio Dollar weighted duration of liabilities portfolio29. ALCO的职能是什么30. FTP是什么，用于哪些方面，有什么意义？Fund Transfer PricingMajor Objectives of Establishing an FTP systemqSeparate Market Risk and Credit RiskqProvide scientific, reliable, and objective bases for performance measurementqScientifically guides pricing, improve profitabilityqOptimize resource allocation31. 流动性的定义，为什么要管好流动性？Liquidity may have different meanings under different capacities:Security: ease with which it can be traded in a secondary marketMarket: markets ability to match supply and demandFinancial institution: according to the Bank of England, liquidity is “the ability to provide payment whether routinely from management of cash flows & access to money markets or, in times of pressure, from a cushion of liquid assets, or access to central bank facilities when contracts are due”1. Rarely are demands for liquidity equal to the supply of liquidity at any particular moment in time. The financial firm must continually deal with either a liquidity deficit or a liquidity surplus.2. There is a trade-off between liquidity and profitability.The more resources are tied up in readiness to meet demands for liquidity, the lower is that financial firms expected profitability.Thus,ensuring adequate liquidity is a never-ending problem for management that will always have significant implications for the financial firms performance.32. 流动性的风险是如何造成的？What the cause of liquidity risk?u Overly aggressive in extending credit long term, borrowing short term to fund resulting in maturity gapsu Unexpected large amount of immediate cash demands from drawing down loan commitment or maturing liabilitiesu Sensitivity to market interest rate changes, resulting to abnormal withdrawalsu Worsening of asset quality with rising non-performing loan ratio, resulting in delay cash inflowu Unable to liquidate certain assets to meet its obligationu During market disruption, a bank is forced to unwind specific exposures at discounted valuesu Lack of formalized liquidity risk management policy and process33. 巴塞尔协议1、2、3各自的侧重点是什么The focus of Each BaselBasel III :Liquidity risk & Stress testingBasel II :Market risk & Operational riskBasel I:Credit risk34. 对于美国市场，非存款资金的来源有哪些（参考课本）Federal funds market (“Fed Funds”) 联邦资金市场Repurchase Agreements (RPs or REPO)General Collateral Finance Repo (GCF Repo)Borrowing from the Federal Reserve BankAdvances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (in US)Negotiable Certificates of Deposits (NCD) 可转让存单The Eurocurrency Deposit Market 欧洲货币存款市Commercial Paper Market 商业票据市场Long Term Nondeposit Funds Sources (5-12 years)35. 哪些可以被认为是资本（types of capital in use）Different types of capital in use:Common StockPreferred StockSurplusUndivided profitsEquity reservesSubordinated debenturesMinority interest in consolidated subsidiariesEquity commitment notes36. 巴塞尔协议对资本的定义、要求、标准BASEL ITier 1 (core) capital includes common stock and surplus, undivided profits (retained earnings), qualifying non cumulative perpetual preferred stock, minority interest in the equity account of consolidated subsidiaries, and selected identifiable intangible assets less goodwill and other intangible assets.Teir 2 (supplemental) capital includes the allowances (reserves) for loans and lease losses, subordinated debt capital instruments, mandatory convertible debt, intermediate-term preferred stock, cumulative perpetual preferred stock with unpaid dividend, and wquity notes and other long- term capital instruments that combine both debt and equity features.Calculating:Risk Weighted AssetsCapital-to-Risk-Weighted Assets Ratio Capital Requirements Attached to Derivatives37. 怎样补充资本（有哪些方式）Raising Capital InternallyThe principal source of capital is from earn