4-论文-前轮定位参数研究及优化设计.pdf

汽车前轮定位参数研究及优化设计

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汽车前轮定位参数研究及优化设计,汽车,前轮,定位,参数,研究,优化,设计
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理工科类本科生毕业设计(论文)开题报告论文(设计)题目汽车前轮定位参数研究及优化设计作者所在系别机电工程学院作者所在专业车辆工程作者所在班级B13141作 者 姓 名 陈浩作 者 学 号201322377指导教师姓名赵秋芳指导教师职称副教授完 成 时 间2017年3月北华航天工业学院教务处制说 明1根据学校毕业设计(论文)工作暂行规定,学生必须撰写毕业设计(论文)开题报告。开题报告作为毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。2开题报告应在指导教师指导下,由学生在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成,经指导教师签署意见及所在专业教研室论证审查后生效。开题报告不合格者需重做。3毕业设计开题报告各项内容要实事求是,逐条认真填写。其中的文字表达要明确、严谨,语言通顺,外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。第一次出现缩写词,须注出全称。4开题报告中除最后一页外均由学生填写,填写各栏目时可根据内容另加附页。5阅读的主要参考文献应在10篇以上(土建类专业文献篇数可酌减),其中外文资料应占一定比例。本学科的基础和专业课教材一般不应列为参考资料。6参考文献的书写应遵循毕业设计(论文)撰写规范要求。7开题报告应与文献综述、一篇外文译文和外文原文复印件同时提交,文献综述的撰写格式按毕业设计(论文)撰写规范的要求,字数在2000字左右。毕业设计(论文)开题报告学生姓名陈浩专 业车辆工程班 级B13141指导教师姓名赵秋芳职 称副教授工作单位北华航天工业学院课题来源教师自拟课题课题性质应用研究课题名称汽车前轮定位参数研究与优化设计本设计的科学依据(科学意义和应用前景,国内外研究概况,目前技术现状、水平和发展趋势等) 我国汽车行业经过十几年的迅猛发展,汽车的定位参数确定任然是困扰企业汽车设计的难题。前轮定位参数的选择是否合理,可以直接影响到整车的优劣。汽车的定位参数可以使车辆保持稳定的直线行驶和转向轻便,并减少汽车在行驶中轮胎和转向机件的磨损。前轮作为转向轮,其定位参数更是有直接影响着汽车的操纵稳定性和安全性。前轮的定位参数包括车轮外倾角、主销后倾角、车轮内倾角、前轮前束。九十年代以来,利用开发型驾驶模拟器进行人-车闭环系统主动安全性研究,改进汽车运动性能是国际上近期主要的发展方向之一。1991年日本马自达汽车公司兴建了运动车型开发型驾驶模拟器。1993年初,美国福特汽车公司也研制出开发型驾驶模拟器。我国吉林大学汽车动态模拟国家重点实验室建设成功的开发型驾驶模拟器也投入到使用中,现属世界一流水平。在我国,认真地开展汽车操纵稳定性研究是七十年代以来的事情。七十年代初,吉林大学,清华大学和长春汽车研究所都同时系统地开展这方面的研究工作。各个汽车生产厂家也从自己产品的需要出发,在不同程度上进行了操纵稳定性的试验和研究工作。我国开展汽车操纵稳定性研究的历史虽不太长,但是由于吸取了国外的研究成果和经验,进展较快,也有不少研究成果。随着车速的不断提高和超低压子午线轮胎的使用,现代轿车的前轮定位参数发生了一些新的变化。主要有以下几点:1. 主销后倾角减小,可以消除过大的回正力矩,使转向轻便,避免前轮摆振,现代汽车减小了主销后倾角,有的甚至为负值。2. 前轮外倾角减小,为保证高速转向时的侧向稳定性和减少轮胎磨损,某些轿车的前轮外倾角已减小甚至为负值,即前轮内倾。3. 主销内倾角增大,增大了稳定力矩,提高了轿车行驶的安全性,能很好的满足急启动,急制动,急转向等工况的要求。4. 前轮前束负值设计,以使前轮外倾、前轮前束匹配的更好,从而减少车轮的侧滑量。设计内容和预期成果(具体设计内容和重点解决的技术问题、预期成果和提供的形式)工作内容及最终成果:1. 研究前轮定位参数对操纵稳定性的影响。2. 研究影响参数对操纵稳定性的影响。3. 手链掌握adams软件CAR模块的应用。4. 利用CAR模块建立前悬架模型,并对其进行仿真实验。5. 分析仿真实验结果,并对前悬架结构参数进行优化设计、给出优化方案。6. 完成毕业论文一份。拟采取设计方法和技术支持(设计方案、技术要求、实验方法和步骤、可能遇到的问题和解决办法等)设计方案: ADAMS软件是目前应用范围最广的机械系统动力学仿真分析软件,可以实现对前轮定位参数的优化设计和操纵稳定性的研究。本设计拟采用ADAMS软件中的CAR模块建立前悬架模型,然后进行仿真实验,并对车轮外倾角、主销后顷角、车轮内倾角、前轮前束进行优化设计,从而改善汽车的操纵稳定性。实现本项目预期目标和已具备的条件(包括过去学习、研究工作基础,现有主要仪器设备、设计环境及协作条件等)工作环境及技术条件:1. 汽车构造、汽车理论等相关基础知识。2. 采用PC机建模与仿真。3. 利用图书馆、网络数据库等多种资源查阅资料。 各环节拟定阶段性工作进度(以周为单位)时间进度安排:第14周 查阅资料和文献,撰写开题报告、文献综述、外文翻译,完成开题。第45周 熟练掌握ADAMS软件的使用,尤其是CAR模块的应用。第67周 利用CAR模块建立前置悬架模型。第812周 进行仿真实验,对前悬架结构参数进行优化设计、给出优化方案。第1314周 撰写毕业设计论文。第1516周 修改完善论文和模型,完成毕业设计答辩。开 题 报 告 审 定 纪 要时 间地点主持人参会教师姓 名职 务(职 称)姓 名职 务(职 称)论证情况摘要 记录人:指导教师意见指导教师签名: 年 月 日教研室意见教研室主任签名: 年 月 日 本科生毕业设计(论文)文献综述设计 (论文)题目前轮定位参数的研究及优化设计作者所在系别机电工程学院作者所在专业车辆工程作者所在班级B13141作 者 姓 名陈浩作 者 学 号201322377指导教师姓名赵秋芳指导教师职称副教授完 成 时 间2017年3月北华航天工业学院教务处制说 明1根据学校毕业设计(论文)工作暂行规定,学生必须撰写毕业设计(论文)文献综述。文献综述作为毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。2文献综述应在指导教师指导下,由学生在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成,由指导教师签署意见并经所在专业教研室审查。3文献综述各项内容要实事求是,文字表达要明确、严谨,语言通顺,外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。第一次出现缩写词,须注出全称。4学生撰写文献综述,阅读的主要参考文献应在10篇以上(土建类专业文献篇数可酌减),其中外文资料应占一定比例。本学科的基础和专业课教材一般不应列为参考资料。5文献综述的撰写格式按毕业设计(论文)撰写规范的要求,字数在2000字左右。文献综述应与开题报告同时提交。毕 业 设 计(论 文)文 献 综 述文献综述题目摘要:前轮作为转向轮,其定位参数直接影响汽车的操纵稳定性和安全性。本设计拟采用ADAMS软件中的CAR模块建立前悬架模型,然后进行仿真实验,并对车轮外倾角、主销后顷角、车轮内倾角、前轮前束进行优化设计,从而改善汽车的操纵稳定性。文献主要讲述了:1.汽车操纵稳定性虚拟仿真的研究2.ADAMS-CAR在汽车操纵稳定性中的应用研究3.汽车操纵稳定性的评价与试验4.汽车操纵稳定性的主观评价5.汽车前轮定位对运行的影响6.基于行驶工况的汽车前轮定位参数仿真分析7.现代汽车转向轮定位参数的变化8.基于ADAMS的车轮定位参数优化设计9.四轮定位专利10.车轮定位参数调整方法.关键词:仿真实验;操纵稳定性;车轮定位参数The article of literature summaryAbstract: The front wheel as the steering wheel, the positioning parameters directly affect the handling stability of vehicles, and security.CAR module in the design in this paper USES the ADAMS software to build the front suspension model, and then the simulation experiment, and worthy of the Angle of the wheel camber Angle, kingpin caster, the front wheel hub of the wheel Angle, optimization design, to improve the steering stability of the CAR.The Literature mainly about: 1. The virtual simulation study of vehicle handling stability 2. ADAMS - CAR application in the vehicle steering stability study (3) The evaluation and test of the vehicle steering stability 4. The the subjective evaluation of Vehicle handling stability 5. Automobile wheel alignment effect on the running condition6. The analysis of automobile wheel alignment parameters based on the running condition 7. Modern CAR steering wheel positioning parameters changes 8. Wheel alignment parameters optimization design based on ADAMS 9. Four-wheel positioning patents 10. Wheel alignment parameter adjustment method.Keyword: Simulation experiment,Handling stability,Wheel alignment parameters1.前轮定位参数研究的作用汽车的定位参数可以使车辆保持稳定的直线行驶和转向轻便,并减少汽车在行驶中轮胎和转向机件的磨损。前轮作为转向轮,其定位参数更是直接影响着汽车的操纵稳定性和安全性。随着现代汽车飞速发展,人们对汽车的操纵稳定性要求越来越高,作为影响操纵稳定性的重要因素,汽车的定位参数的研究显得尤为重要。ADAMS软件是目前应用最广泛的机械系统动力学仿真分析软件,可以实现对前轮定位参数的优化设计和操作稳定性的研究。2.前轮定位参数的研究现状昆明理工大学的熊坚等于汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室应用现代虚拟现实技术,把汽车操纵稳定性研究传统的数字仿真变成为具有“真实场景”的虚拟仿真,还研制了用于汽车操纵动力学仿真的虚拟场景自动生成软件。结合汽车操纵动力学仿真数学模型和相关软件,建立了一个具有真实视觉感的,实时的汽车操纵动态虚拟仿真系统。虚拟现实技术的应用不仅可以研究汽车在特定条件下的动力学特性,更重要的是他可以动态研究汽车的的运动特性,使研究转向汽车-驾驶员-环境系统。罗丽珠和马常有利用ADAMS/CAR软件建立了某轿车的整车操纵动力学的多体仿真近似模型,选取了单线移,蛇行试验1、双线移试验几个具有代表性的试验研究了关于操纵稳定性的仿真实验2。结果表明了虚拟样机仿真技术的可行性,验证了建立动力学模型的正确性,实现了在虚拟实验平台上分析汽车的操纵稳定性。具有探索意义和现实工程实践的指导。在今后的研究中可以进一步考虑更多的因素,从而建立更为精确的模型,全方面评价、预测车辆操纵稳定性。重庆车辆检测研究院的刘翰东在汽车操纵稳定性的评价与试验中详细地介绍了汽车操纵稳定性机器评价3的两种方法:开环方法和闭环方法。按照对控制系统操纵性、稳态品质和瞬态响应的一般性要求、评价汽车运动特性的方法称为开环方法;把汽车作为驾驶员-汽车-环境闭环系统的被控环节,根据整个系统的特性进行评价的方法成为闭环方法。依据汽车操纵稳定性指标限制与评价方法可进行稳态回转、转向回正性、转向轻便性、转向盘转角阶跃输入瞬态响应、转向盘转角脉冲输入瞬态响应和蛇形等共6项试验评价4。吉林工业大学的宗长富和郭孔辉在汽车动态模拟国家重点实验室探讨了影响汽车操纵稳定性的主观评价的因素,利用吉林工业大学的开发型车辆驾驶模拟器进行了汽车操纵稳定性的主观评价试验,采用一对一即使比较法实现了14个车辆方案易操纵性的驾驶员主观评价排序,并进行了操纵稳定性定量评价指标与主观评价的相关分析。得到结论:PAM-SAFE提供的现有有限元刚性模型存有较大缺陷,本文对其做出了改进,经实验改进为合理且有效的,可以用于安全带设计参数的研究中。山东济宁汽车运输公司的赵棣华分析了车辆前轮定位对运行的影响因素包括车速、载荷、转向行驶及车轮相对车身的跳动、行驶里程,以及前轮定位对轮胎磨损、燃料消耗的关系,并提出了车辆在运行中对前轮定位的检测要点。得到结论:转向轮安装不当,前束值过大,不仅会影响整车的滑行距离,同时导致发动机无用功率功耗增大,有资料得知前束从2mm增加到10mm时滑行距离缩短一半以上,并且当速度为30km/h时燃料消耗大约增加70%,而在50km/h时,增加到100%。宁波工程学院交通学院的陈晓平和浙江大学机械与能源工程学院的胡如夫,基于悬架-转向系统的实际结构和组成构建的运动关系,建立了虚拟样机模型,分析了其模型的空间结构、约束副、输入驱动及自由度,并对前轮定位参数及侧滑量进行建模。在输入路面跳动激励下,对建立的模型进行直线行驶、左转、右转、左转固定角输入及右转固定角输入多行驶工况仿真,并动态测量前轮定位参数及侧滑量值,对其结果进行比较分析,以指导汽车悬架及车轮定位参数设计。得到以下结论:行驶工况对车轮外倾角的值变化量影响较大,因此设计车轮外倾角时应考虑行驶工况的影响;在转向过程中,前轮侧滑量较大,容易产生汽车失控现象,设计悬架和车轮定位参数时,应考虑转向时前轮侧滑量变化因素。山西省交通学院的李喜军和耿振江从现代汽车发展的高速化、前驱动化、超低压子午线轮胎的使用,以及汽车急起步,急加速,急制动等工况的出现,分析了现代汽车转向轮定位参数的变化。即:主销后顷角减小;主销内倾角增大;前轮外倾角变小;前轮前束减小。董恩国和张蕾基于ADAMS的车轮定位参数优化设计中应用汽车动力学分析软件ADAMS建立了汽车前悬架-转向系统的仿真模型,并采用单轮激振方式对模型的动力学特征进行了仿真分析。主要分析了车轮跳动过程中车轮侧滑量与汽车定位参数的关系,以及车轮定位参数相互之间的影响,这些研究为车轮定位参数的初始设计提供了技术依据。最后,应用ADAMS软件对车轮跳动过程中车轮的侧滑量进行了优化,设计参数是车轮的四个定位参数:车轮外倾角、前轮前束、主销内倾角和主销后顷角。美国的威廉姆哈斯汀的四轮定位系统专利:本发明的的一个目的是提供一种新的和改进的车轮定位系统,从而可以进一步提高车轮定位操作的速度和精度。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种新的和改进的车轮定位装置,该定位装置可以与已知的车轮定位装置一起使用,或者可以直接在车轮上使用,而不需要去除它们。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种改进的车轮定位系统,其不需要额外的适配器,不需要额外的设备,并且精确适配,使用简单并且不需要昂贵的升降机或校准架。本发明提供了一种用于附接到车辆的支柱组件的四个车辆支撑构件的四轮对准系统。此外,还提供了具有用于进行各种对准诊断的线性刻度的四个对准诊断夹具。每个固定装置包括位于中心的用于提高精度的滑块导向块,以及多个旋转连接的凸缘爪,用于在支撑构件的凸缘外部,以及支撑构件的凸缘外部或直接到车辆上快速,准确和方便地附接轮。滑动引导件可以滑动用于安装固定装置时提供精确的支撑,使得固定装置在紧固到车轮或支撑构件期间保持在适当的调整范围内。本发明的又一个目的是提供一种四轮定位系统,执行以下诊断过程:四轮外倾,脚趾外翻,脚轮,轴距和胎面宽度补偿,单个前部和后趾,方向盘定心,推力线,后退和SAI是方便和有效的。3.前轮定位参数的研究趋势虚拟仿真分析方法是建立简化计算机仿真分析模型,通过输入驾驶员的相关操纵信号,得到系统的时域和频域的相应,因此来表征汽车的操纵稳定性能。无数结果表明了虚拟样机仿真技术的可行性,验证了建立动力学模型的正确性,实现了在虚拟实验平台上分析汽车的操纵稳定性。因此未来汽车操纵稳定性的发展趋势必然是虚拟现实技术的综合应用。参考文献1 GB/T6323.6-94.汽车操纵稳定性试验方法_蛇行试验.2 李军.刑俊文.谭文洁.ADAMS实例教程M.北京.北京理工大学出版社.3 余志生.汽车理论第2版.北京机械工业出版社.19894 陈振田.对汽车操纵稳定性评价指标的分析与建议. J汽车技术.2.6.(9).5-85 褚志刚,邓兆祥.汽车前轮定位参数优化设计.J重庆大学学报2003(2)6 史建鹏,徐满年等.轻型越野车与悬架的相互影响.J汽车科技2006(2)7 熊坚,曾纪国.汽车操纵稳定性虚拟仿真的研究.汽车工程2002(5)8 Hastings. United states Patent.Jul.23,19919 赵棣华.汽车前轮定位对运行的影响.汽车运输.1990(4)10 季喜军,耿振江.现代汽车转向轮定位参数的变化2001.2毕 业 设 计(论 文)文 献 综 述指导教师意见 指导教师: 年 月 日专业教研室审查意见 负责人: 年 月 日7 密 级分类号编 号成 绩本科生毕业设计 (论文)外 文 翻 译原 文 标 题FOUR-WHEEL ALIGNMENT STSTEM译 文 标 题四轮定位系统作者所在系别机电工程学院作者所在专业车辆工程作者所在班级B13141作 者 姓 名陈浩作 者 学 号201322377指导教师姓名赵秋芳指导教师职称副教授完 成 时 间2017年3月北华航天工业学院教务处制译文标题四轮定位系统原文标题FOUR-WHEEL ALIGNMENT SYSTEM作 者William P. Hastings译 名威廉姆.哈斯汀国 籍美国原文出处United States Patent摘要:本四轮定位系统提供了包括四个车辆支承装置和四个定位装置。这些定位装置可能与支承装置相连或者直接与车轮及引导块和多个可旋转的轮缘爪,以确保它们可以快速,牢固和精确地附接,从而提高车轮定位操作的速度和精度。关键词:四轮定位系统 定位装置 支承装置 车轮定位四轮定位系统1.1描述:1.1.1发明的背景:近年来汽车和其他陆地车辆的增加,用于保持车辆处于良好操作状态的装置的数量和种类已经相等地增长和改进。这样的车轮定位装置,被设置用于确保车辆正确地操作并且轮胎正确地磨损。过去,人们通常认为车辆的前轮正确对准是足够准确的。然而,单体车辆构造使得支撑车辆的所有四个轮子的对准的引入也很必要。如果四个车轮不正确对准,则可能导致过度的轮胎磨损和不良的操纵,加上更频繁地更换如减震器,弹簧和转向部件等部件。美国专利No.美国专利No.4,782,596公开了一种定位车轮装置和使用该装置的方法,用其中的刚性构件附接到车辆支柱组件代替车轮。该装置包含突出轮毂,使得可以在其上支撑曲度计,并且该装置拥有高度调节特征,该高度调节特征包括可旋转块构件。虽然上述专利展现了在保持车辆车轮正确对准和提高车轮定位程序的效率方面的进步,但是一些问题仍未得到解决。具体地,虽然美国专利美国专利4,782,596提高了车辆的前轮对准的速度和效率,但是仍然存在难以快速和准确地将诊断设备(例如翘度计)附接到装置的困难。此外,还没有讨论或提供在车轮保持在适当位置时快速和精确的车轮定位。因此,很好的是具有一种改进的车轮定位装置,该车轮定位装置可以连接到美国专利No.4,813,513中所描述的装置并与其一起使用或任何类似装置,或直接连接到车轮。1.1.2发明概述:本发明的的一个目的是提供一种新的和改进的车轮定位系统,从而可以进一步提高车轮定位操作的速度和精度。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种新的和改进的车轮定位装置,该定位装置可以与已知的车轮定位装置一起使用,或者可以直接在车轮上使用,而不需要去除它们。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种改进的车轮定位系统,其不需要额外的适配器,不需要额外的设备,并且精确适配,使用简单并且不需要昂贵的升降机或校准架。本发明提供了一种用于附接到车辆的支柱组件的四个车辆支撑构件的四轮对准系统。此外,还提供了具有用于进行各种对准诊断的线性刻度的四个对准诊断夹具。每个固定装置包括位于中心的用于提高精度的滑块导向块,以及多个旋转连接的凸缘爪,用于在支撑构件的凸缘外部,以及支撑构件的凸缘外部或直接到车辆上快速,准确和方便地附接轮。滑动引导件可以滑动用于安装固定装置时提供精确的支撑,使得固定装置在紧固到车轮或支撑构件期间保持在适当的调整范围内。本发明的又一个目的是提供一种四轮定位系统,执行以下诊断过程:四轮外倾,脚趾外翻,脚轮,轴距和胎面宽度补偿,单个前部和后趾,方向盘定心,推力线,后退和SAI是方便和有效的。参考以下描述和附图及权利要求,本发明的其它目的,优点和特征将变得显而易见。1.1.3具体实施方式参考附图,图1示出了车轮定位系统2.该系统被示出为可以连接到典型的汽车6的支柱组件4.系统2包括支撑组件8,固定装置10和电子传感器或处理器12。在图1中示出了一个系统2。如图1所示,应当理解,本发明的车轮定位系统2是四轮定位系统,图1仅仅包括本发明的四个大部分相似的系统中的一个。本发明的车辆支撑组件8包括转台或滑板14.转台14在水平面中提供枢转和直线运动,以便能够进行诊断和调节对准操作。基块16搁置在转台14上并且枢转地附接到竖直支撑件18.在竖直支撑件18的上端处,设置有板20。板20具有围绕其周边的环形唇缘22。当车辆支撑组件8相对于如图1所示的车辆6定位时,环形唇缘22从板20和从车辆6向外延伸。板20设置有至少一个中心毂24.如果需要,毂24适于接收车辆6的轴端26,或者用于附接某种类型的弯度(未示出)。上述车辆支撑组件8是商业上可获得的,并且被良好地表示并且更充分地描述为美国专利No.6,232,622中的“装置10”。本文引用的美国专利4,782,596。现在转到本发明的固定装置10,可以特别参考图1和2。具体地,固定装置10包括一对间隔开的平行的左右侧杆30.左右的爪安装杆32在爪安装杆32的大致中点处附接到侧杆30的端部。爪安装杆32通常垂直于侧杆30并且可通过适当的装置(包括典型的螺母和螺栓装置,焊接或典型的套筒头螺栓和孔装置)来附接。在爪安装杆32的相应端部处,固定件10设置有凸缘爪34.凸缘爪34在其端部处或附近以及在其一侧附接到爪安装杆32。如图所示,如图3所示,轮辋爪34通过条形螺栓和定位销装置33附接到爪安装杆32,由此轮辋爪34可以完整地转动,即转过完整的360。轮辋爪34包括接收用于将爪34附接到杆32的螺栓的块部段36和具有内径38的爪末端部分37。进一步参考图1,参考图3和图4,可以看出,本发明的固定装置10包括在侧杆30之间延伸的多个大致管状的圆柱形杆。杆包括缩回杆40,中心螺杆42和稳定杆44。这三个杆大致平行,并且缩回杆和稳定杆40,44分别具有比中心螺杆42大的直径。在侧杆30之间并且在与杆大致相同的平面中,固定装置10设置有滑块46和引导块48。滑动器46和导向块48中的任一个或两者可以具有形成为一体件(如图所示)的主体,其具有从中穿过的适当的孔。或者,两者或任一者可形成为分叉或分裂体,其部件可通过适当的连接装置例如固定螺钉固定在一起。另外,两者或任一者可具有滑动性调节特征或锁(未示出)以将它们保持在相对于杆的一个位置。稳定器杆44的一端固定到侧杆30中的一个并大致垂直地从其延伸;稳定器杆44的相对端容纳在滑块46中并固定到滑块46。图。图3表示稳定器杆44是最靠近爪安装杆32的杆。在距离爪安装杆32最远的三个杆的外侧,缩回杆40被固定到相对的侧杆30并且延伸穿过中心螺杆42连接到与缩回杆40相同的侧杆30,并延伸穿过设置在滑块46中的螺纹孔。缩回杆40的第二端和螺杆42的第二端免费;所有三个杆延伸穿过设置在引导块48中的孔。手柄50设置在一个侧杆30的外部,并且通过侧杆30连接到螺杆42以致动其转动。应当理解,从刚刚描述和在图1和图2中示出的布置中,在图3和图4中,沿任一方向旋转手旋钮50导致螺杆42的旋转。因为滑块46在大约ce处接收螺纹孔中的螺杆42参考文献US Patent References:4815216Rim engaging finger for a wheel clamp1989-03-28Swayne332/31.84782596Wheel aligning method and apparatus1988-11-08Mieling332/31.84569140Thrust line wheel alignment apparatus and method1986-02-11Hobson332/31.84285136Wheel clamp1981-08-25Ragan332/31.8附录:FOUR-WHEEL ALIGNMENT SYSTEMAbstract: A wheel alignment system including four vehicle supporting members and four alignment fixtures is provided. The fixtures may be attached to the supporting members or directly to a vehicle wheel and include a guide block and a plurality of swiveling rim claws to ensure they may be quickly, securely and accurately attached, thereby increasing the speed and accuracy of wheel alignment operations.Keywords: wheel alignment system vehicle supporting members alignment fixtures.FOUR-WHEEL ALIGNMENT SYSTEM 1.1Description:1.1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONAs a result of the proliferation of the automobile and other land vehicles in recent years, there has been equal growth and refinement in the number and kinds of devices used to maintain the vehicles in good operating condition. One such device, provided to insure that a vehicle handles properly and that the tires wear properly, is the wheel alignment device.In the past, it was usually deemed sufficient that the front wheels of a vehicle were in proper alignment. However, the introduction of unibody vehicle construction has made necessary the alignment of all four wheels supporting a vehicle. If the four wheels are not in proper alignment, the result may be excessive tire wear and poor handling, plus more frequent replacement of other vehicular components such as shock absorbers, springs and steering components.U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,596 discloses a wheel aligning device and method of using the device wherein a rigid member is attached to a vehicle strut assembly in place of the wheels. The device includes a projecting hub so that a camber gauge may be supported thereon and includes a height adjustment feature comprising a rotatable block member.While the above-noted patent represents an advance in the keeping of a vehicles wheels in proper alignment and increases the efficiency of wheel alignment procedures, some problems have remained unaddressed. Specifically, while the device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,596 improves the speed and efficiency with which the front wheels of a vehicle can be aligned, there is still the difficulty of quickly and accurately attaching diagnostic equipment such as camber gauges to the device. Additionally, there is no discussion or provision for the quick and accurate wheel alignment while the vehicle wheels remain in place.Thus, it would be beneficial to have an improved wheel aligning device which may be connectable to and used with the device described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,596, to any similar device, or directly to the vehicle wheels.1.1.2SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIt is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved wheel aligning system whereby the speed and accuracy of wheel alignment operations may be further improved.Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved wheel alignment fixture whereby the fixture may be used with known wheel alignment devices or may be used directly on the vehicle wheels without removing them.Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an improved wheel alignment system for which no extra adapters are necessary, no extra equipment is necessary and which is accurate, simple to use and does not require expensive lifts or alignment racks.A four-wheel alignment system including four vehicular support members for attachment to a vehicles strut assembly is provided. Additionally, four alignment diagnostic fixtures having linear scales for making various alignment diagnoses are provided. Each fixture includes a glider guide block in the center for increasing accuracy and a number of swivel-connected rim claws for quick, accurate and convenient attachment inside the rim lip of a support member, outside the rim of a support member or directly to a vehicle wheel. The glider guide is slidable for providing accurate support while mounting the fixtures so that the fixtures stay in proper adjustment during tightening to a wheel or support member.Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a four-wheel alignment system wherein it is convenient and efficient to perform the following diagnostic procedures: four wheel camber, toe-out on turns, caster, wheelbase and tread width compensation, individual front and rear toe, steering wheel centering, thrust line, wheel setback and SAI.Additional objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent with reference to the following description and the appended drawings and claims.1.1.3DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTWith reference to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a wheel alignment system 2. The system is shown as it might be attached to the strut assembly 4 of a typical automobile 6. The system 2 incorporates a support assembly 8, a fixture 10 and an electronic sensor or processor 12. Although only one system 2 is shown in FIG. 1, it should be appreciated that the wheel alignment system 2 of the present invention is a four-wheel alignment system and that the system 2 shown in FIG. 1 is only one of four largely similar systems which comprise the present invention.The vehicular support assembly 8 of the present invention includes turntables or slip plates 14. The turn-tables 14 provide pivotal and straight-line movement in a horizontal plane to enable the diagnostic and adjustment alignment operations. A base block 16 rests upon the turntable 14 and is pivotally attached to vertical supports 18. At the upper ends of the vertical supports 18, a plate 20 is provided. The plate 20 has an annular lip 22 around the periphery thereof. The annular lip 22 extends outwardly from the plate 20 and from a vehicle 6 when the vehicular support assembly 8 is positioned with reference to a vehicle 6 as shown in FIG. 1. The plate 20 is provided with at least one central hub 24. The hub 24 is adapted to receive the axle ends 26 of a vehicle 6 if necessary, or for the attachment of a certain type of camber gauge (not shown).The vehicular support assembly 8 described above is commercially available and is well represented and more fully described as the device 10 in U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,596, cited herein.Turning now to the fixtures 10 of the present invention, particular reference may be made to FIGS. 3 and 4. Specifically, the fixtures 10 include a pair of spaced, parallel right and left sidebars 30. Right and left claw mounting bars 32 are attached to the ends of the sidebars 30 at the approximate midpoint of the claw mounting bars 32. The claw mounting bars 32 are generally perpendicular to the sidebars 30 and may be attached by appropriate means including typical nut-and-bolt arrangements, welding or a typical socket headbolt and bore arrangement.At the respective ends of the claw mounting bars 32, the fixtures 10 are provided with rim claws 34. The rim claws 34 are attached to the claw mounting bars 32 at or near the ends thereof and on one side thereof. As shown in FIG. 3, the rim claws 34 are attached to the claw mounting bars 32 by a strip bolt and dowel pin arrangement 33 whereby a rim claw 34 may be turned in a complete circle, that is, through a full 360. The rim claws 34 comprise a block section 36, which receives the bolt for attaching a claw 34 to the bar 32, and a claw tip portion 37 having an inner radius 38.With further reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, it can be seen that the fixture 10 of the present invention includes a plurality of generally tubular, cylindrical rods extending between the sidebars 30. The rods include a retracting rod 40, a central screw rod 42 and a stabilizer rod 44. These three rods are generally parallel and the retracting and stabilizer rods 40, 44 respectively, may have a larger diameter than the central screw rod 42.Between the sidebars 30 and in generally the same plane as the rods, the fixture 10 is provided with a glider 46 and a guide block 48.Both or either of the glider 46 and the guide block 48 may have bodies formed as one piece (as shown) having appropriate apertures therethrough. Alternatively, both or either may be formed as bifurcated or split bodies, the pieces of which may be secured together by appropriate connection means such as set screws. Additionally, both or either may have slidability adjustment features or locks (not shown) to hold them in one place relative to the rods.One end of the stabilizer rod 44 is fixed to one of the sidebars 30 and extends generally perpendicularly therefrom; the opposite end of the stabilizer rod 44 is received in the glider 46 and fixed thereto. FIG. 3 indicates that the stabilizer rod 44 is the rod which is closest to the claw mounting bars 32. At the outside of the three bars, furthest from the claw mounting bars 32, the retracting rod 40 is fixed to the opposite sidebar 30 and extends through an aperture provided in the glider 46. The central screw rod 42 is attached to the same sidebar 30 as the retracting rod 40 and extends through a threaded aperture provided in the glider 46. The second ends of the retracting rod 40 and the screw rod 42 are free; all three of the rods extend through apertures provided in the guide block 48. A hand knob 50 is provided outside one sidebar 30 and is connected through the sidebar 30 to the screw rod 42 to actuate the turning thereof.It should be appreciated from the arrangement just described and shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 that turning the hand knob 50 in either direction causes the rotation of the screw rod 42. Because the glider 46 receives the screw rod 42 in a threaded aperture at the approximate center point thereof, it should be appreciated that the glider 46 will be moved in either of two directions between the sidebars 30 depending on which way the hand knob 50 is turned. The movement of the glider 46 will naturally cause the sidebars 30 to be moved toward or away from one another because of the fixed connection between the sidebar 30 and the glider 46 provided by the stabilizer bar 44.The guide block 48 of the present invention addresses a need heretofore unmet in the prior art. Specifically, absent the guide block 48, as the hand knob 50 is turned, the forces either pulling the sidebars 30 together or spreading them apart may cause the fixture 10 to be skewed. That is, if a pair of lines were stretched between the sidebars 30 as shown in FIG. 3 by dotted lines A and B, the rectangle formed by the lines and the sidebars 30 may be turned into a parallelogram as a result of tightening the fixtures 10 in place. If this happens, it would be extremely difficult to perform diagnostic wheel alignment functions and even to make an adequate, secure connection between the fixtures 10 and the vehicular support assembly 8. The provision of the guide block 48 obviates this problem by keeping the rods in parallel, planar alignment.The electronics unit 12 shown in FIG. 1 is a digital protractor of the type which are commercially available. It and other commercially available units provide a digital display of level, angle and tilt. The unit 12 shown is of the type manufactured by Schaevitz Corp. of Phoenix, Ariz. In use, the electronics unit 12 may be placed on top of the guide block 48 once the fixture 10 is mounted on the vehicle supporting assembly 8; readings may be taken directly from the unit 12. It should also be noted that the sidebars 30 of the fixtures 10 of the present invention may be marked with the appropriate indicia 52 for performing the various diagnostic tests (turning angle, toe, etc.) during the wheel alignment process.In use, the fixtures 10 of the present invention may be used with the vehicular support assembly 8 described herein and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,596. However, it should also be appreciated that the fixtures 10 may be used directly on a vehicle wheel (not shown). That is, the rim claws 34 are adapted to be placed directly on a wheel rim without removing the wheel from the vehicle. Additionally, another advantage of the fixture -0 of the present invention, and the rim claws 34 thereof, is that the fixture 10 may be placed with the swivel connected rim claws 34 either outside or inside the annular lip 22 of the vehicle supporting assembly 8. A placement outside the annular lip 22 and an appropriate tightening of the hand knob 50 will cause the fixture 10 to tighten, pulling inwardly against the annular lip 22; swiveling the rim claws 34 approximately 180, it is possible to cause the fixture 10 to be fixed in place relative to the annular lip 22 by an outwardly extending or expansion force.For use directly on a vehicle wheel (not shown), pre-alignment checks such as tire pressure, ride height and suspension checks should be carried out before the fixture 10 is placed on the wheel.The fixtures 10 are attached on the wheels by positioning them generally horizontally across the wheel. The fixtures 10 may be visually leveled; all four rim claws 34 must be in contact with the inside or outside of the wheel rim; the hand knob 50 can be operated in the required direction to cause the fixture 10 to be tightened in place. The guide block 48 will insure that the rods remain parallel and will enhance the accuracy of the various diagnostic assessments which may be carried out by the electronics unit 12 such as caster, camber, toe or other tests as needed.It should be appreciated that if only a front wheel alignment is desired, two fixtures 10, one on each side of the vehicle, may be used. Alternatively, if all four wheels must be aligned or other diagnostic procedures such as consideration of the wheel base, individual front and rear toe, thrust line or individual four-wheel camber, are to be carried out, one fixture 10 may be mounted on each vehicle wheel.If using vehicular support assemblies 8 with the fixtures 10 rather than using the fixtures 10 on a vehicle wheel, attachment and positioning of the vehicle support assemblies 8 may be accomplished in accordance with the teachings expressed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,596. The fixtures 10 may be attached to
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