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节能 小车 转向 制动 系统

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节能小车的转向和制动系统,节能,小车,转向,制动,系统

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理工科类本科生毕业设计（论文）开题报告论文(设计)题目节能小车的转向和制动系统设计作者所在系别机电工程学院作者所在专业车辆工程作者所在班级B13142作 者 姓 名 王继川作 者 学 号201322307指导教师姓名何涛指导教师职称副教授完 成 时 间2017年3月北华航天工业学院教务处制第 1 页说 明1根据学校毕业设计(论文)工作暂行规定，学生必须撰写毕业设计（论文）开题报告。开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。2开题报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，经指导教师签署意见及所在专业教研室论证审查后生效。开题报告不合格者需重做。3毕业设计开题报告各项内容要实事求是，逐条认真填写。其中的文字表达要明确、严谨，语言通顺，外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。第一次出现缩写词，须注出全称。4开题报告中除最后一页外均由学生填写，填写各栏目时可根据内容另加附页。5阅读的主要参考文献应在10篇以上（土建类专业文献篇数可酌减），其中外文资料应占一定比例。本学科的基础和专业课教材一般不应列为参考资料。6参考文献的书写应遵循毕业设计（论文）撰写规范要求。7开题报告应与文献综述、一篇外文译文和外文原文复印件同时提交，文献综述的撰写格式按毕业设计（论文）撰写规范的要求，字数在2000字左右。第 2 页毕业设计(论文)开题报告学生姓名王继川专 业车辆工程班 级B12141指导教师姓名何涛职 称讲师工作单位北华航天工业学院课题来源教师自拟课题课题性质应用设计课题名称 节能小车的转向和制动系统设计本设计的科学依据（科学意义和应用前景，国内外研究概况，目前技术现状、水平和发展趋势等）1、 节能小车的转向和制动系统的科学意义和应用前景自从2004年以来，中国便超过日本成为了仅次于美国的世界第二大能源消耗国。能源问题和环境问题越来越突出，实行可持续发展才是社会发展的根本方法。随着社会经济的发展和科技的发展，中国的汽车保有量也越来越大，汽车成为了人们生活中的必不可少的工具，有燃烧就有消耗，汽车逐渐成为能源消耗和尾气排放的大户。设计节能型汽车是顺应时代的发展。随着近年来社会环境越来越差，污染越来越严重。能源节约，环境保护问题也就经渐渐受到人们越来越多的关注。自然资源日渐减少尤其是石油资源这些都预示着当今的汽车发招必须以节能为主题。二、节能小车的转向和制动系统的国内外研究概况1、节能小车转向系统状况1.1.汽车机械转向系统机械转向系统以驾驶员的体力作为转向能源，其中所有传力件都是机械的。机械转向系由转向操纵机构、转向器和转向传动机构三大部分组成。从转向盘到转向传动轴这一系列部件和零件属于转向操纵机构。 由 转向摇臂至转向梯形这一系列部件和零件（ 不含转向节）均属于转向传动机构。1.2汽车动力转向系统动力转向系统是兼用驾驶员体力和发动机动力为转向能源的转向系。在正常情况下， 汽车转向所需能量，只有一小部分由驾驶员提供，而大部分是由发动机通过动力转向装置提供的。但在动力转向装置失效时，一般还应当能由驾驶员 独立承担汽车转向任务。因此，动力转向系是在机械转向系的基础上加设一套动力转向装置而形成的。2.节能小车制动系统概况 2.1鼓式制动器 鼓式刹车是一种传统的制动方式，其工作原理可以很形象地用一只咖啡杯来形容刹车鼓就像咖啡杯，当您将五个手指伸入旋转的咖啡杯时，手指就是刹车片,只要您将五指向外一张，摩擦咖啡杯内壁,咖啡杯就会停止旋转汽车上的鼓式刹车简单点说是由制动油泵,活塞,刹车片和鼓室组成,刹车时由制动分泵的高压刹车油推动活塞， 对两片半月形的制动蹄片施加作用力,使其压紧鼓室内壁,靠摩擦力阻止刹车鼓转动从而达到制动效果。 2.2盘式制动器盘式制动又称碟式制动，其工作原理可用一只碟子来形容，您用拇指和食指捏住旋转的碟子时,碟子也会停止旋转汽车上的碟式刹车是由刹车油泵,一个与车轮相连的刹车圆盘和圆盘上的刹车卡钳组成刹车时，高压刹车油推动卡钳内的活塞,将制动蹄片压向刹车盘从而产生制动效果，碟式刹车碟式刹车有时也叫盘式刹车,它分普通盘式刹车和通风盘式刹车两种。通风盘式刹车是在两块刹车盘之间预留出一个空隙,使气流在空隙中穿过,有些通风盘还在盘面上钻出许多圆形通风孔，或是在盘面上割出通风槽或预制出矩形的通风孔通风盘式刹车利用风流作用,其冷热效果要比普通盘式刹车更好。碟式刹车的主要优点是在高速刹车时能迅速制动，散热效果优于鼓式刹车,制动效能的恒定性好,便于安装像ABS那样的高级电子设备鼓式刹车的主要优点是刹车蹄片磨损较少,成本较低,便于维修、由于鼓式刹车的绝对制动力远远高于碟式刹车,所以普遍用于后轮驱动的卡车上.三.汽车节能技术现状和发展趋势 汽车节能技术 【automobile conservation technology】 用于改进汽车能源消耗的技术。汽车节能措施涉及方方面面，就中国的现状而言，有效措施包括以下几个方面：公路与交通设施的合理配套，车型及油品按需生产配置，运营的合理等非技术问题。技术方面，保证产品质量，按照规范使用和维护机器，改变汽油机燃烧方式以提高能量转换效率。在现有的燃烧方式下，可以采取以下手段进行节能：改进供油系统，汽油机改气缸燃油喷射，可提高汽油燃烧效率；改进点火系统，提高汽油机运转稳定性；减少发动机附件损失，合理使用配件，进行相应的改装。进行相应的改装。设计内容和预期成果（具体设计内容和重点解决的技术问题、预期成果和提供的形式）一、转向和制动系统设计内容1、设计一种转向和制动系统系统，适合于节能小车；2、设计电子控制辅助装置，可以调节转向性能，安全性能好，驾驶舒适性增加。二、预期成果 1、转向部分 1）设计目标： 根据产品设计要求，完整地设计出装配图一套、零件图若干，设计出的产品能应用于实际生产中。2）设计要求：系统地说明设计过程中问题的解决及全部计算。计算内容应包括有关计算简图，如主要参数的选择及设计与校核、转向方案简图、相关零件的结构简图、零件的受力分析图、弯矩和扭矩图等。 3）计算过程完整有序，计算结果正确清晰，文字说明简明通顺。计算过程只需列出已知条件、计算公式，将有关数据代入公式，省略计算过程，直接写出计算结果。将计算结果整理后，写入右边栏内，并注明此结果是否“合用”或“安全”等结论。4）任务完成验收时提供材料：设计说明书一份，总装配图2张、零件图若干。 2、制动部分 制动设计部分，以碟刹为例，要求提供以下设计资料，并装订成册： 1）装置结构图 2）制动设计图 3）完整的设计说明 4)所用器件、元件的明细表 5)操作原理简要说明拟采取设计方法和技术支持（设计方案、技术要求、实验方法和步骤、可能遇到的问题和解决办法等）1、 设计方法 查阅资料，设计转向和制动系统的参数并运用caxa、solidworks画出产品的零件图和装配图。2、 技术要求根据给定的参数，利用参数化建模技术，设计节能小车的转向和制动系统，能进行动画演示。3、 可能遇到的问题若制动系统设计不正确，可以请教老师；若装配图有问题，可以查阅资料或请教同学；实现本项目已具备的条件（包括过去学习、研究工作基础，现有主要仪器设备、设计环境及协作条件等）汽车设计参数可参考相关书籍自己拟定各环节拟定阶段性工作进度(以周为单位)1-4周 完成开题报告5-6周 查阅资料，确定设计方案7-8周 计算所需参数9-10周 画出各个零件图和装配图11-12周 转向和制动系统测试13-14周 细节工作，准备答辩开 题 报 告 审 定 纪 要时 间地点主持人参会教师姓 名职 务（职 称）姓 名职 务（职 称）论证情况摘要 记录人：指导教师意见指导教师签名： 年 月 日教研室意见教研室主任签名： 年 月 日本科生毕业设计(论文)文献综述设计 (论文)题目节能小车转向和制动系统设计作者所在系别机电工程学院作者所在专业车辆工程作者所在班级B13142作 者 姓 名王继川作 者 学 号201322307指导教师姓名何涛指导教师职称副教授完 成 时 间2017年3月北华航天工业学院教务处制说 明1根据学校毕业设计(论文)工作暂行规定，学生必须撰写毕业设计(论文)文献综述。文献综述作为毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。2文献综述应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成，由指导教师签署意见并经所在专业教研室审查。3文献综述各项内容要实事求是，文字表达要明确、严谨，语言通顺，外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。第一次出现缩写词，须注出全称。4学生撰写文献综述，阅读的主要参考文献应在10篇以上（土建类专业文献篇数可酌减），其中外文资料应占一定比例。本学科的基础和专业课教材一般不应列为参考资料。5文献综述的撰写格式按毕业设计(论文)撰写规范的要求，字数在2000字左右。文献综述应与开题报告同时提交。节能小车转向何制动系统设计的文献综述摘要：随着近年来社会环境越来越差，污染越来越严重。能源节约，环境保护问题也就经渐渐受到人们越来越多的关注。自然资源日渐减少尤其是石油资源这些都预示着当今的汽车发招必须以节能为主题。关键字：环境 污染 自然资源 节能 Literature review on the design of steering brake system for energy saving carAbstract: In recent years, the social environment is getting worse and worse, and the pollution is more and more serious. The problem of energy conservation and environmental protection has been paid more and more attention The dwindling natural resources, especially the oil resources, are a sign that todays cars must be energy efficientKey words: Environmental pollution natural resources energy conservation1、 节能小车的转向和制动系统的科学意义和应用前景自从2004年以来，中国便超过日本成为了仅次于美国的世界第二大能源消耗国。能源问题和环境问题越来越突出，实行可持续发展才是社会发展的根本方法。随着社会经济的发展和科技的发展，中国的汽车保有量也越来越大，汽车成为了人们生活中的必不可少的工具，有燃烧就有消耗，汽车逐渐成为能源消耗和尾气排放的大户。设计节能型汽车是顺应时代的发展。二、节能小车的转向和制动系统的国内外研究概况1、节能小车转向系统状况1.1.汽车机械转向系统机械转向系统以驾驶员的体力作为转向能源，其中所有传力件都是机械的。机械转向系由转向操纵机构、转向器和转向传动机构三大部分组成。从转向盘到转向传动轴这一系列部件和零件属于转向操纵机构。 由 转向摇臂至转向梯形这一系列部件和零件（ 不含转向节）均属于转向传动机构。1.2汽车动力转向系统动力转向系统是兼用驾驶员体力和发动机动力为转向能源的转向系。在正常情况下， 汽车转向所需能量，只有一小部分由驾驶员提供，而大部分是由发动机通过动力转向装置提供的。但在动力转向装置失效时，一般还应当能由驾驶员 独立承担汽车转向任务。因此，动力转向系是在机械转向系的基础上加设一套动力转向装置而形成的。2.节能小车制动系统概况 2.1鼓式制动器 鼓式刹车是一种传统的制动方式，其工作原理可以很形象地用一只咖啡杯来形容刹车鼓就像咖啡杯，当您将五个手指伸入旋转的咖啡杯时，手指就是刹车片,只要您将五指向外一张，摩擦咖啡杯内壁,咖啡杯就会停止旋转汽车上的鼓式刹车简单点说是由制动油泵,活塞,刹车片和鼓室组成,刹车时由制动分泵的高压刹车油推动活塞， 对两片半月形的制动蹄片施加作用力,使其压紧鼓室内壁,靠摩擦力阻止刹车鼓转动从而达到制动效果。2.2盘式制动器盘式制动又称碟式制动，其工作原理可用一只碟子来形容，您用拇指和食指捏住旋转的碟子时,碟子也会停止旋转汽车上的碟式刹车是由刹车油泵,一个与车轮相连的刹车圆盘和圆盘上的刹车卡钳组成刹车时，高压刹车油推动卡钳内的活塞,将制动蹄片压向刹车盘从而产生制动效果，碟式刹车碟式刹车有时也叫盘式刹车,它分普通盘式刹车和通风盘式刹车两种。通风盘式刹车是在两块刹车盘之间预留出一个空隙,使气流在空隙中穿过,有些通风盘还在盘面上钻出许多圆形通风孔，或是在盘面上割出通风槽或预制出矩形的通风孔通风盘式刹车利用风流作用,其冷热效果要比普通盘式刹车更好。碟式刹车的主要优点是在高速刹车时能迅速制动，散热效果优于鼓式刹车,制动效能的恒定性好,便于安装像ABS那样的高级电子设备鼓式刹车的主要优点是刹车蹄片磨损较少,成本较低,便于维修、由于鼓式刹车的绝对制动力远远高于碟式刹车,所以普遍用于后轮驱动的卡车上. 三、三.汽车节能技术现状和发展趋势汽车节能技术 【automobile conservation technology】 用于改进汽车能源消耗的技术。汽车节能措施涉及方方面面，就中国的现状而言，有效措施包括以下几个方面：公路与交通设施的合理配套，车型及油品按需生产配置，运营的合理等非技术问题。技术方面，保证产品质量，按照规范使用和维护机器，改变汽油机燃烧方式以提高能量转换效率。在现有的燃烧方式下，可以采取以下手段进行节能：改进供油系统，汽油机改气缸燃油喷射，可提高汽油燃烧效率；改进点火系统，提高汽油机运转稳定性；减少发动机附件损失，合理使用配件，进行相应的改装。4. 总结 本田不惜余力的在全世界倡导绿色环保，节能竞技大赛为广大爱好者提供了展现梦想的平台，一升油，一个梦，让梦想飞翔。本论文通过理论与实践相结合，最终确定了节能车的整体方案，主要完成了以下工作：1）从影响节能的各个部分着手通过理论分析，确定了节能车的整体方案，建立了三维模型。2）对转向部分进行了设计，运用转向梯形计算程序确定出和车架匹配的最佳转向梯形结构，并运用ADAMS建立了运动仿真，确定转向部分的合理性。3）设计了新型铝合金车架，建立了soildworks三维模型，利用ANSYS对其进行了强度分析。4）对发动机进行了改造，减轻了重量，特别对进排气部分进行了理论分析，达到与整车匹配的目的。5）利用CATIA简单的曲面建模，创建了车身的三维模型。五、参考文献1莫神星节能减排机制法律政策研究.中国时代经济出版社出版，2008年7月版.2能源网：http：3节能信息网：/fgwjq/blog/.4节能大赛官网:/corporate/emc/.5王羽，李陆山，顾方挑战一升，环保生记2009年第3届Honda中国节能竞技大赛J. 托车技术，2009(11):50-536Honda Econopower节能竞技大赛参赛车辆制作基础知识。7雷磊节能竞技车研发技术的研究.2008-06-04.节能竞技大赛J摩托车技术，2009(11):50-538百度文库:节能车车架结构设计与分析.指导教师意见 指导教师： 年 月 日专业教研室审查意见 负责人： 年 月 日第 5 页 共 4 页密 级分类号编 号成 绩本科生毕业设计 (论文)外 文 翻 译原 文 标 题节能小车转向和制动系统设计译 文 标 题Steering and braking system design of saving car作者所在系别机电工程学院作者所在专业车辆工程作者所在班级B13142作 者 姓 名王继川作 者 学 号201322307指导教师姓名何涛指导教师职称副教授完 成 时 间2017年3月译文标题节能小车的转向和制动系统设计原文标题STEERING AND BRANING SYSTEM作 者译 名国 籍原文出处The modern automatic transmission is by far , the most complicated mechanical component in todays automobile . It is a type of transmission that sifts itself . A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine .There are two basic types of automatic transmission based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive . On a rear wheel drive car , the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position . A drive shaft connects the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels . Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine , through the torque converter , then trough the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear transmission .On a front wheel drive car , the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle . The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car . Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to front wheels . In this example , power floes from the engine , through the torque converter to a larger chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine . From there , the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles .There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular . A much less popular rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine . This system is found on the new Corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling . Another rear drive system mounts everything , the engine , transmission and final drive in the rear . This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche.The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets , the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets , the torque converter , the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer controls that has evolved over the years into what many mechanical inclined individuals consider to be an art from . Here try to used simple , generic explanation where possible to describe these systems .1. Planetary gear setsAutomatic transmission contain many gears in various combinations . In a manual transmission , gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another , engaging various sizes gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio . In an automatic transmission , how ever , the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears . This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets . The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear , a ring and two or more planet gears , all remaining in constant mesh . The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier which allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” which are attached to the carrier . One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft coming from the engine , connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft , and locking the sun gear so that it cant move . In this scenario , when we turn the ring gear , the planets will “walk” along the sun gear ( which is held stationary ) causing the planet carrier to turn the output shaft in the same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction ( similar to a car in first gear ) . If we unlock the sun gear and lock any two elements together , this will cause all three elements to turn at the same speed so that to output shaft will turn at the same rate of speed as the input shaft . This is like a car that is third or high gear . Another way we can use a planetary gear set is by locking the planet carrier from moving , then applying power to the ring gear which will cause the sun gear to turn in opposite direction giving us reverse gear . The illustration in Figure shows how the simple system described above would look in an actual transmission . The input shaft is connected to the ring gear , the output shaft is connected to the planet carrier which is also connected to a “Multi-disk” clutch pack . The sun gear is connected to drum which is also connected to the other half of the clutch pack . Surrounding the outside of the drum is a band that can be tightened around the drum when required to prevent the drum with the attached sun gear from turning . The clutch pack is used , in this instance , to lock the planet carrier with the sun gear forcing both to turn at the same speed . If both the clutch pack and the band were released , the system would be in neutral . Turning the input shaft would turn the planet gears against the sun gear , but since noting is holding the sun gear , it will just spin free and have no effect on the output shaft . To place the unit in first gear , the band is applied to hold the sun gear from moving . To shift from first to high gear , the band is released and the clutch is applied causing the output shaft to turn at the same speed as the input shaft . Many more combinations are possible using two or more planetary sets connected in various way to provide the different forward speeds and reverse that are found in modern automatic transmission . 2.Clutch packA clutch pack consists of alternating disks that fit inside a clutch drum . Half of the disks are steel and have splines that fit into groves on the inside of the drum . The other half have a friction material bonded to their surface and have splines on the inside edge that fit groves on the outer surface of the adjoining hub . There is a piston inside the drum that is activated by oil pressure at the appropriate time to squeeze the clutch pack together so that the two components become locked and turn as one . 3. Torque Converter On automatic transmission , the torque converter takes the place of the clutch found on standard shift vehicles . It is there to allow the engine to continue running when the vehicle comes to a stop . The principle behind a torque converter is like taking a fan that is plugged into the wall and blowing air into another fan which is unplugged . If you grab the blade on the unplugged fan , you are able to hold it from turning but as soon as you let go , it will begin to speed up until it comes close to speed of the powered fan . The difference with a torque converter is that instead of using air it used oil or transmission fluid , to be more precise . A torque converter is a lager doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transmission . It consists of three internal elements that work together to transmit power to the transmission . The three elements of the torque converter are the pump , the Turbine , and the Stator . The pump is mounted directly to the torque housing which in turn is bolted directly to the engines crankshaft and turns at engine speed . The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly to the input shaft of the transmission providing power to move the vehicle . The stator is mounted to a one-way clutch so that it can spin freely in one direction but not in the other . Each of the three elements has fins mounted in them to precisely direct the flow of oil through the converter . With the engine running , transmission fluid is pulled into the pump section and is pushed outward by centrifugal force until it reaches the turbine section which stars it running . The fluid continues in a circular motion back towards the center of the turbine where it enters the stator . If the turbine is moving considerably slower than the pump , the fluid will make contact with the front of the stator fins which push the stator into the one way clutch and prevent it from turning . With the stator stopped , the fluid is directed by the stator fins to re-enter the pump at a “help” angle providing a torque increase . As the speed of the turbine catches up with the pump , the fluid starts hitting the stator blades on the back-side causing the stator to turn in the same direction as the pump and turbine . As the speed increase , all three elements begin to turn at approximately the same speed . Sine the 80s , in order to improve fuel economy , torque converters have been equipped with a lockup clutch which locks the turbine to the pump as the vehicle reaches approximately 40-50 mph . This lockup is controlled by computer and usually wont engage unless the transmission is in 3rd or 4th gear .4. Hydraulic SystemThe hydraulic system is a complex maze of passage and tubes that sends that sends transmission fluid and under pressure to all parts of the transmission and torque converter and . Transmission fluid serves a number of purpose including : shift control ,general lubrication and transmission cooling . Unlike the engine ,which uses oil primary for lubrication ,every aspect of a transmission s function is dependant on a constant supply of fluid is send pressure . In order to keep the transmission at normal operating temperature , a portion of the fluid is send to through one of two steel tubes to a special chamber that is submerged in anti-freeze in the radiator . Fluid passing through this chamber is cooled and then returned to the transmission through the other steel tube . A typical transmission has an avenge of ten quarts of fluid between the transmission , torque converter , and cooler tank , In fact , most of the components of a transmission are constantly submerged in fluid including the clutch packs and bands . The friction surfaces on these parts are designed to operate properly only when they are submerged in oil .5. Oil Pump The transmission oil pump ( not to confused with the pump element inside the torque converter ) is responsible for producing all the oil pressure that is required in the transmission . The oil pump is mounted to front of the transmission case and is directly connected to a flange on the engine crankshaft , the pump will produce pressure whenever the engine is running as there is a sufficient amount of transmission fluid available . The oil enters the pump through a filter that is located at bottom of the transmission oil pan and travels up a pickup tube directly to the oil pump . The oil is then sent , under pressure to the pressure regulator , the valve body and the rest of the components , as required .6.Valve Body The valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission . It contains a maze of channels and passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the numerous valves which when activate the appropriate clutch pack of band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation . Each of the many valves in the valve body has a specific purpose and is named for that function . For example the shift valve activates the 2nd gear up-shift or the shift timing valve which determines when a downshift should occur . The most important valve and the one that you have direct