2006年03月考博英语试题和答案.doc

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷(2006年3月)考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。答题纸切忌折叠。三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。时间及分值分布如下：试卷一： 词汇 15分钟 10分 完形填空 15分钟 15分 阅读 80分钟 40分试卷二：小计 110分钟 65分 英译汉 30分钟 15分 写作 40分钟 20分小计 70分钟 35分THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2006PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. The problem is that most local authorities lack the to deal sensibly in this market.A. anticipation B. perception C. prospect D. expertise2. Awards provide a(n) for young people to improve their skills.A. incentive B. initiative C. fugitive D. captive3. The profit motive is inherently with principles of fairness and equity.A. in line B. in trade C. at times D. at odds4. Oil is derived from the of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists.A. layouts B. reminders C. remains D. leftovers5. Successful students sometimes become so with grades that they never enjoy their school years.A. passionate B. involved C. immersed D. obsessed6. Apparently there were between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.A. distortions B. discrepancies C. disorders D. distractions7. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, at about six oclock in her fathers sudden collapse into unconsciousness.A. converging B. culminating C. finalizing D. releasing8. The 12-year-old civil war had 1.5 million lives.A. declared B. proclaimed C. claimed D. asserted9. The tribe has agreed to contribute 2 percent of net to charitable activities in the county.A. expenses B. revenues C. budgets D. payments10. This will make schools more directly and effectively to parents, and more responsive to their criticisms and wishes.A. accountable B. submitted C. subjected D. available11. Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be, you will never from the highest standards of honor.A. deviate B. escape C. derive D. refrain12. They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science, which is also listed in the glossary.A. in sum B. in total C. in general D. in full13. This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a for more.A. scarcity B. command C. hunger D. request14. Job fairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam , surveying what is on offer and gathering literature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things.A. at peace B. at leisure C. at rest D. at speed15. The closest to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools; they can, however, accept some fee-paying pupils.A. equality B. equation C. equivalent D. equity16. At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was_ revised.A. consecutively B. consequently C. successively D. subsequently17. He us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about.A. confuses B. regards C. strikes D. knocks18. The water was so clear that it the trees on the river bank.A. shadowed B. shaded C. represented D. reflected19. Some 121 countries may be designated “developing”, and of this 121, seventeen countries_more than four-fifths of energy consumption.A. amount to B. account for C. add up D. take away20. The researchers found the age at which young people first fall to bullies seems to determine how much it affects them.A. sacrifice B. short C. witness D. victimPART CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Given the choice between spending an evening with friends and taking extra time for his schoolwork, Andy Klise admits he would probably 21 for the latter. Its not that he doesnt like to have fun; its just that his desire to excel 22 drives his decision-making process.A 2001 graduate of Wooster High School and now a senior biology major at The College of Wooster, Klise acknowledges that he may someday have 23 thoughts about his decision to limit the time he has spent 24 , but for now, he is comfortable with the choices he has made. “If things had not 25 out as well as they have, I would have had some regrets,” says Klise, who was a Phi Beta Kappa inductee as a junior. “But spending the extra time studying has been well worth the 26 . I realized early on that to be successful, I had to make certain 27 .” 28 the origin of his intense motivation, Klise notes that it has been part of his makeup for as long as he can remember. “Ive always been goal 29 ,” he says. “This internal drive has caused me to give my all 30 pretty much everything I do.”Klise 31 Woosters nationally recognized Independent Study (I.S.) program with preparing him for his next 32 in life: a research position with the National Institute of Health (NIH).“I am hoping that my I.S. experience will help me 33 a research position with NIH,” says Klise. “The yearlong program gives students a chance to work with some of the nations 34 scientists while making the 35 from undergraduate to graduate studies or a career in the medical field.”21. A. intend B. prefer C. opt D. search22.A. academically B. professionally C. socially D. technically23.A. different B. certain C. second D. other24.A. entertaining B. socializing C. enjoying D. sporting25.A. developed B. appeared C. occurred D. worked26.A. investment B. reward C. payment D. compensation27.A. devotions B. concessions C. sacrifices D. attempts28. A. Besides B. As for C. Out of D. Despite29.A. directed B. oriented C. conducted D. guided30.A. about B. with C. at D. in31.A. credits B. registers C. selects D. observes32. A. run B. step C. pace D. leap33.A. hold B. occupy C. anchor D. land34.A. leading B. advanced C. nominated D. marvelous35. A. achievement B. transition C. position D. vocationPART READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete state ments. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneShes cute, no question. Symmetrical features, flawless skin, looks to be 22 years oldentering any meat-market bar, a woman lucky enough to have this face would turn enough heads to stir a breeze. But when Victor Johnston points and clicks, the face on his computer screen changes into a state of superheated, crystallized beauty. “You can see it. Its just so extraordinary,” says Johnston, a professor of biopsychology at New Mexico State University who sounds a little in love with his creation.The transformation from pretty woman to knee-weakening babe is all the more amazing because the changes wrought by Johnstons software are, objectively speaking, quite subtle. He created the original face by digitally averaging 16 randomly selected female Caucasian faces. The changing program then exaggerated the ways in which female faces differ from male faces, creating, in human-beauty-science field, a “hyper-female”. The eyes grew a bit larger, the nose narrowed slightly and the lips plumped. These are shifts of just a few millimeters, but experiments in this country and Scotland are suggesting that both males and females find “feminized” versions of averaged faces more beautiful.Johnston hatched this little movie as part of his ongoing study into why human beings find some people attractive and others homely. He may not have any rock-solid answers yet, but he is far from alone in attempting to apply scientific inquiry to so ambiguous a subject. Around the world, researchers are marching into territory formerly staked out by poets and painters to uncover the underpinnings of human attractiveness.The research results so far are surprisingand humbling. Numerous studies indicate that human beauty may not be simply in the eye of the beholder or an arbitrary cultural artifact. It may be ancient and universal, wrought through ages of evolution that rewarded reproductive winners and killed off losers. If beauty is not truth, it may be health and fertility: Halle Berrys flawless skin may fascinate moviegoers because, at some deep level, it persuades us that she is parasite-free.Human attractiveness research is a relatively young and certainly contentious fieldthe allure of hyper-females, for example, is still hotly debatedbut those on its front lines agree on one point: We wont conquer “looks-ism” until we understand its source. As psychologist Nancy Etcoff puts it: “The idea that beauty is unimportant or a cultural construct is the real beauty myth. We have to understand beauty, or we will always be enslaved by it.”36.The woman described in the very beginning of the text is .A. in fact in her late twenties B. Johnstons ideal girlfriendC. a stunning beauty D. is a professional prostitute37. Victor Johnston synthesized a new face by combining the features of 16 .A. beautiful European women B. different women around the worldC. casually chosen white women D. ordinary western women38. Through a few tiny changes made by Johnston, the synthesized face became even more .A. masculine B. average C. feminine D. neutral39.Victor Johnston has produced such an attractive face in order to .A. give his computer a beautiful screenB. study the myth of human attractivenessC. prove the human capacity to create beautiesD. understand why Caucasian faces are special40. Paragraph 4 suggests that human beauty may be .A. culturally different B. a disease-free idolC. individual-dependent D. a world agreed value41.Its a consensus among the researchers that humans are still unconscious of .A. why they look attractive B. when attractiveness is importantC. how powerful beauty is D. what constitutes beautyPassage TwoIts becoming something of a joke along the Maine-Canada border. So many busloads of retired people crisscross the line looking for affordable drugs that the roadside stands should advertise, “Lobsters. Blueberries. Lipitor. Coumalin.” Except, of course, that such a market in prescription drugs would be illegal.These senior long-distance shopping sprees fall in a legal gray zone. But as long as people cross the border with prescriptions from a physician and have them filled for no more than a three-month supply for personal use, customs and other federal officials leave them alone. The trip might be tiring, but people can save an average of 60 percent on the cost of their prescription drugs. For some, thats the difference between taking the drugs or doing without. “The last bus trip I was on six months ago had 25 seniors,” says Chellie Pingree, former Maine state senator and now president of Common Cause. “Those 25 people saved $19,000 on their supplies of drugs.” Pingree sponsored Maine RX, which authorizes a discounted price on drugs for Maine residents who lack insurance coverage. The law was challenged by drug companies but recently upheld by the U.S.Supreme Court. It hasnt yet taken effect.Figuring out ways to spend less on prescription drugs has become a multifaceted national movement of consumers, largely senior citizens. The prescription drug bill in America is $160 billion annually, and people over 65 fill five times as many prescriptions as working Americans on average.“But they do it on health benefits that are half as good and on incomes that are half as large,” says Richard Evans, senior analyst at Sanford C.Bernstein, an investment research firm. Whats more, seniors account for 20 percent of the voting public.Its little wonder that the May 19 Supreme Court ruling got the attention of drug manufacturers and politicians across the country. The often-over-looked state of 1.3 million tucked in the northeast comer of the country became David to the pharmaceutical industrys Goliath. The face-off began three years ago when state legislators like Pingree began questioning why Maines elderly population had to take all those bus trips.42. The elderly Americans cross the Maine-Canada border in order to get drugs that are .A. sold wholesale B. over the counterC. less expensive D. tax-free43. We can learn from the second paragraph that .A. people can buy as many drugs for personal useB. the cross-border drug shopping has been out of the federal controlC. Chellie Pingree used to be one of the cross-border shoppers for drugsD. the cross-border shopping is the only way for some Americans to get drugs44. Maine Rx mentioned in Paragraph Two is a .A. bill B. drug companyC. customs office D. seniors society45. Most cross-border shoppers are retired people, rather than working Americans, because the former .A. have more leisure time B. fill more prescriptionsC. mostly enjoy long trips D. are fond of street shopping46. Politicians were interested in the May 19 Supreme Court ruling because .A. they couldnt improve the well-being of the elderlyB. they couldnt afford to ignore the elderlys votesC. they saw the elderly as the greatest contributorsD. they saw the elderly as deserving a special care47. David and Goliath are names used to describe a situation in which_.A. the two groups are evenly matched in strengthB. a more powerful group is fighting a less powerful group_.C. a less powerful group is fighting a more powerful groupD. both of the two groups are losersPassage ThreeIts navel gazing time again, that stretch of the year when many of us turn our attention inward and think about how we can improve the way we live our lives. But as we embark on this annual ritual of introspection, we would do well to ask ourselves a simple question: Does it really do any good?The poet Theodore Roethke had some insight into the matter:“Self-contemplation is a curse that makes an old confusion worse.” As a psychologist, I think Roethke had a point, one thats supported by a growing body of controlled psychological studies.In a study I conducted with Dolores Kraft, a clinical psychologist, and Dana Dunn, a social psychologist, people in one group were asked to list the reasons their relationship with a romantic partner was going the way it was, and then rate how satisfied they were with the relationship. People in another group were asked to rate their satisfaction without any analysis; they just gave their gut reactions.It might seem that the people who thought about the specifics would be best at figuring out how they really felt, and that their satisfaction ratings would thus do the best job of predicting the outcome of their relationships.In fact, we found the reverse. It was the people in the“gut feeling”group whose ratings predicted whether they were still dating their partner several months later. As for the navel gazers, their satisfaction ratings did not predict the outcome of their relationships at all. Rather, too much analysis can confuse people about how they really feel.Self-reflection is especially problematic when we are feeling down. Research by Susan Nolen Hoeksema, a clinical psychologist at Yale University, shows that when people are depressed, ruminating on their problems makes things worse.For years it was believed that emergency workers like police officers and firefighters should undergo a debriefing process to focus on and relive their experiences; the idea was that this would make them feel better and prevent mental health problems down the road. But did it do any good? In an extensive review of the research, a team led by Richard McNally, a clinical psychologist at Harvard, concluded that debriefing procedures have little benefit and might even hurt by interrupting the normal healing process. People often distract themselves from thinking about painful events right after they occur, and this may be better than mentally reliving the events.48.According to the author, why do people tend to look inward at the end of a year?A. They want to know if they get prepared for the future.B. They consider it beneficial to their future lives.C. They pay too much attention to their self-improvement.D. They overemphasize their progress in the past year.49.The author agrees with Theodore Roethke on that_.A. people need self-reflection when they feel blueB. people are reluctant to confide in romantic partnersC. people may be more depressed by recalling the painful pastD. people would become sober when clearing up the confusions50.The findings of the study on the satisfaction ratings in romantic relationship reveal that_.A. meditation can keep the relationship at it