研究生英语读译教程1--5单元的参考答案.doc

Who was the First Scientist?I. Preview: Definition(略)II. Reading for Specific Informationi. William Gilbert ii. science and mathematics; may have never existed; making arguments; Arabic mathematicians; the pinhole camera; rainbows and eclipses; may not be truly modern; force, inertia, and acceleration; telescope(s); observation and experimentation; Cambridge University; a physician; the nature of magnetism; the father of the scientific method; a philosopher; sure experiments and demonstrated arguments; 20 years; directly influenced Galileo; conducting rigorous, repeatable experimentsIII. Reading for Specific Details1. NG, 2. F, 3. F, 4. T, 5. F, 6. TIV. Identifying and Summarizing Key PointsWilliam Whewell; the mid-16th century / Renaissance; making arguments; mysticism/religious dogma; through observation and experiment; experiment; communicate; without bias; a physician; the nature of magnetism; physical science; making conjectures and philosophical speculations; sure experiments and demonstrated arguments; the cosmos; the scientific method; a philosopher than an experimenter; conducting rigorous, repeatable experimentsV. Translation Practice Gilberts discovery was so important to modern physics. He investigated the nature of magnetism and electricity. He even coined the word “electric” and named the ends of a magnet “north pole” and “south pole”. He started the study on the relationship between magnetism and electricity, though sadly he didnt complete it. His research method was revolutionary in that he used experiments rather than pure logic and reasoning like the ancient Greek philosophers did. It was a new attitude toward scientific investigation. Until then, scientific experiments had not been favored.Americas Lacking Language SkillsI. Search Readingi. Knowing a foreign language have a host of cognitive and academic benefits. And it is a practical skill. II. Reading for Specific Detailsi. 1. It is aimed at garnering more federal support for language education. 2. It refers to one of the shortcomings and inequalities in Americas language education today, that is, the vast majority of language enrollments are in a European language. 3. She has learned skills that help her with day job. 4. It is because such programs do not require extra materials and teachers for the language instruction 5. French and Spanishii. 1. F; 2. T; 3. NG; 4. NG; 5. FIII. Identifying and Summarizing Key Pointslanguage education in America is lacking but it is a need-to-have; budget cuts; language enrollments; language proficiency levels; language courses or going abroad; language proficiency; cognitive and academic benefits; a practical skill; immediate impact on students learning; cost-effective; teacher shortages; in a European language; developing programs focusing on non-Western languages; the country is falling behind the rest of the world. IV. Translation Practice教育领域，围绕哪些科目需要优先考虑的问题，存在很多冲突。究其原因，主要是因为国内政治以及财政紧张。比如，一些人认为艺术类课程很费钱。还有人认为学校不应该设置体育科目。更有甚者，提出学校对数学的重视可能会对学生的发展不利。外语课的重要性也是人们争论的一大话题。资助外语课程是否值得？或者说，与社会研究等其他科目相比，外语课程是否能带来更多的收益？对于这些问题，教育工作者和外语教育的大力倡导者意见不一。另外，就在外语课程中要优先开设哪些语种的问题，大家也是莫衷一是。Why Study Humanities? What I Tell Engineering FreshmenI. Search ReadingSince science is becoming increasingly dogmatic and arrogant in our era, we need to study humanities to foster a healthy anti-dogmatism.II. Reading for Specific Informationi. adaptable and creative workforce; national memory and civil vigor; individual fulfillment; skepticism; unpredictable ways; exciting, dynamic, consequential; dogmatic and arrogantii. wrestle; assumption; eminence; pompous; respond; obscure; strive; authorities; undermine; discourse; justification; skepticism; dogmas; reliable; arrogant; subversive; deludeIII. Reading for Specific Detailsi. 1. Employment; 2. It refers to the striving to create a more civil public discourse, a more adaptable and creative workforce, and a more secure nation. 3. It touches upon such subject matters as philosophy, history, literature, political science, psychology and economics. 4. It refers to the fact that the students wouldnt take the course if it wasnt required. 5. The powerful science give people certainty (facts, answers, knowledge, truth), whereas the humanities give people uncertainty, doubt and skepticism. 6. Dobbis agrees with Horgan on that the Humanities can teach us a healthy skepticism. But he disagrees with Horgan on the reasoning that the Humanities is necessary because people cannot learn the importance or necessity of uncertainty, doubt and skepticism by learning science. 7. He wants to justify the study of science. ii. F; F; T; NG; F; F; T; TIV. Translation PracticeIt is said that the humanities are out of date. Given the tough job market nowadays, they are no longer appealing in the eyes of many college students and their parents who want to pick those majors that will help land a job in the future. This idea is obviously biased. The purpose of the humanities is to make students well-rounded. Compared to the natural and social sciences, the humanities value more the cultivation of wisdom and competence, rather than the accumulation of general laws and knowledge. They appreciate more innovative deliberation rather than some fixed conclusions. As such, they leave more room for originality. When Teaching Critical Thinking BackfiresI. Search ReadingAccording to the text, if students learn critical thinking too well, their skepticism may turn on their teachers. II. Reading for Specific Informationi. on the origin and structure; the brain; new drug or diet; their fallibility; climate change; data analysis; scientific reasoning; the possibility of achieving knowledge ii. ponder; relentlessly; undermine; conceivable; potent; skeptical; randomly; ultimate; enlightenment; discern; dismay; spectacular; cosmos; yield; sternly; perceptions; robot; critique; contradictions; prominence; correlation; artificial; fallibilityIII. Reading for Specific Details1. It refers to the authors faith in science. 2. It means making no progress (contrary to “potent and fast-moving).3. He has doubts about the string theory on the grounds that it cannot be confirmed by any conceivable experiment. 4. It refers to the association between some new drug or diet and health. 5. Tetlock found a correlation between the prominence of experts and their fallibility. He reasoned that experts who make dramatic claims are more likely to get more media exposure, even though they are more likely to be wrong.6. The maze study tells us that the smarter you are, the more likely you may be to discover patterns in the world that dont exist. 7. We should be skeptical. IV. TranslationIn real life, there are two misunderstandings of critical thinking. One is that to think critically is to find faults of others rather than their own faults. In fact, “critical” here does not mean “criticizing” but rather “critiquing”. The other misunderstanding is that critical thinking is destructive in that to think critically is to doubt and negate everything. As a matter of truth, critical thinking is nothing but constructive since to do so is to take an objective standpoint and accept reasonable assumptions. Can a “Triple Package” of Personality Traits Explain SuccessI. Predicting Text Context(略)II. Surveying the TextAmy Chua & Jed Rubenfeld; The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America; a belief in the superiority of ones own group; a tendency towards feelings of insecurity; the ability to control ones impulses; the triple package of personality traits is the magic formula behind achievement; it is the unique combination of the three traits that leads to greater successIII. Inferring Meaning from ContextAsian Americans; Chua & Rubenfelds theory; participants who scored higher on contingent self-worth reported greater success; there was a small but significant correlation betwee