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机械毕业设计全套

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JD01-096@经济型数控车床进给伺服系统设计,机械毕业设计全套

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毕 业 设 计 任 务 书（理工） 学院 工程技术学院 学生姓名 专业 机械设计制造及其自动化 班级 学号 指导老 师 职 称 课题名称 经济型 数控车床进给伺服系统设计 起止日期 自 200 年 月 日起至 200 年 月 日 一 、 课题来源 毕业设计是学生在完成全部大学课程之后所进行的最后一个综合性实践性教学环节，是学习阶段向工程技术阶段的过渡，总目的是使学生受到基本的科研训练，具体有以下几点： 1、 通过运用有关手册、常用标准及参考资料，培养学生查阅资料、使用资 料的能力。 2、 通过总结、运用四年来所学的机械、电气、液压、计算机等有关知识，学会根据实际问题确定设计方案，构思机械结构，完成程序设计及调试的方法。 3、 培养学生独立思考问题、解决问题的能力，为以后的工作打下坚实的基础。 该课题来源与实验课题。 设计要求 ： 将一台 CA6140 普通车床改造成微机数控车床，对其进给伺服系统进行设计，采用单片机进行控制。 二 、 主要涉及内容 ： 4、 翻译 5000 印刷符号的外文资料。 5、 机械部分改装设计： （ 1） 进给部分装配图一套， 0 号图纸 （ 2） 主要零件图若干 。 6、 硬件设计 画出数控系统硬件电路图， 1 号图纸 。 7、 软件设计： （ 1） 数控程序框图设计， 1 号图纸。 （ 2） 8031 单片机与步进电机接口图， 1 号图纸。 （ 3） 程序编制，调试及系统模拟调试。 nts三 、 主要设计技术指标与参数 加工最大直径：在床面上 400mm 在床鞍上 210mm 加工最大长度： 1000mm 溜板及刀架重力：纵向 800N 横向 600N 刀架快速速度： 纵向 2.4m/min 横向 1.2m/min 最大进给速度： 纵向 0.6m/min 横向 0.3m/min 主电机功率 7.5KW 起动加速时间 30ms 机床定位精度： 0.015mm 四、 分阶段指导性进度计划 ： 第 6 周：布置任务，翻译外文资料，查阅有关文献，讨论方案。 第 7 周：实习参观，确定整体方案。 第 8 周：根据确定方案进行设计计算，绘制草图。 第 1910 周：机械部分设计，完成装配图及主要零件图。 第 1112 周：硬件电路设计、程序框图及软件编程。 第 13 周：程序调试与系统模拟调试。 第 14 周：编写设计说明书。 第 1516 周：整理全部文件，准备答辩。 五、 主要参考文献资料 ： 机械设计手册 徐 灏 机械工业出版社 1993 机械零件设计手册 杨黎明 国防工业出版社 1988 金属切削机床概论 贾亚洲等 机械工业出版社 1994 微型计算机原理及应用 郑学坚等 清华大学出版社 1995 微型计算机原理及接口技术 张新义 机械工业出版社 1994 经济型数控机床系统设计 张新义等 机械工业出版社 1984 金属 切削机床设计 王启义等 上海科学技术出版社 机械设计图册 华东纺织学院等 上海科学技术出版社 画法几何及机械制图 山东工业大学制图研究室等 山东科学技术出版社 1988 机床电气控制技术 毛占庆等 机械工业出版社 1993 指导教师（签字） ： 20 年 月 日 系主任（签字） ： 20 年 月 日 nts参考文 献 - 44 - 参考文献 1 徐 灏 机械设计手册 机械工业出版社 1993 2 杨黎明 机械零件设计手册 国防工业出版社 1988 3 贾亚洲等 金属切削机床概论 机械工业出版社 1994 4 郑学坚等 微型计算机原理及应用 清华大学出版社 1995 5 张新义 微型计算机原理及接口技术 机械工业出版社 1994 6 张新义等 经济型数控机 床系统设计 机械工业出版社 1984 7 王启义等 金属切削机床设计 上海科学技术出版社 8 机械设计图册 华东纺织学院等 上海科学技术出版社 9画法几何及机械制图 山东工业大学制图研究室等 山东科学技术出版社 1988 10 毛占庆等 机床电气控制技术 机械工业出版社 1993 11 吴祖育 秦鹏飞 数控机床 上 海科学技术出版社 1989 12 American Machinist ， May 1990 13John Striger， Hydraulic System Analysis， Macmillan PressLTD.1976 nts 毕业设计（论文） 题 目： 经济型数控车床 进 给 伺服系统设计 学 院： 机械工程学院 专 业： 机械设计制造及其 自动化 学生姓名 ： 指导教师 ： 毕业设计（论文）时间：二 年 月 日 月 日 共 周 nts毕业设计开题报告（理工类） 设计题目 经济型数控车床 进给伺服系统设计 学生姓名 学号 专业 机械设计制造及其自动化 一、课题 的目的意义： 随着社会生产和科学技术的发展，机械及加工产品的形状和结构不断改进，对加工质量的要求越来越高。产品更新换代的速度加快，目前在一般机械加工中，单件、小批量生产的产品约占 70%-80%。为了保证产品的质量，提高生产率和降低成本，要求机床不仅有较好的通用性和灵活性，而且加工过程要尽可能实现自动化，基于这种情况，数控技术得以发展。 数控技术是以数字程序的形式实现控制的一门 技术，它适用于加工多品种小批量零件、结构复杂、精度要求较高的零件及要求频繁改型的零件。 二、近年来国内外研究现状： 数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，它对国计民生的一些重要行业 (IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等 )的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。从目前世界数控技术及装备发展趋势来看，其研究热点有以下方面： 1 .高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势 效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高 精加工技术能极大地提高效率，产品质量和档次，缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。在加工精度方面，近 10 年来普通级数控机床的加工精度由 10um提高 5um，精密级加工中心则从 35um，提高到 11.5um，且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级 (0.01um)。在可靠性方面，国外数控装嚣的 MTBF 值已达到 6000h 以上，伺服系统的 MTBF 值达到 30000h 以上，表现出非常高的可靠性。 2 5 轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展 采用 5 轴联动对三维曲面零件加工，可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削，不仅光洁度高。而且效率也大幅度提 高。 3智能化、开放式、网络化是当代数控系统发展的趋势 21 世纪的数控装备将具有一定智能化的系统，智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面、智能诊断、智能监控；开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上，面向机床厂家和最终用户；网络化数控装备是近 2 年国际著名机床博览会的新亮点，数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求，也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虚拟企业、全球制造的基础单元。 4 重视新技术标准、规范的建立 三、设计方案的 可行性分析和预期目标： 设计方案的可行性分析： 经济型数控车床采用开环控制系统，在开环系统中，输入装置把输入信号给数控装置，经数控装置运算后分配出指令脉冲，通过步进电动机、减速装置、滚 珠 丝杠带动工作台移动。 经济型数控车床在普通车床的基础上改造的，由于普通车床的精度要求不是很高，所以改造后的车床用开环控制。数控机床传动装置的设计除了要求具有较高的精度之外，还应具有良好的动态响应特性，为确保数控机床进给系统的传动精度和工作稳定性，在设计机械传动装置时，采用了滚 珠 丝杠。滚 珠 丝杠传动效率高，摩擦损失小，给予适当的预紧，可消除丝杠和螺母的螺纹间隙并且起动力矩小，运动平稳。步进电动机输出轴转速高、转矩低，因此用齿轮传动装置转换成负载轴所要求的低转速、高转矩。 四、所需要的仪器设备、材料： nts仪器设备：计算机、图板、丁字尺 参考资料：机械设计手册 徐 灏 机械工业出版社 1993 机械零件设计手册 杨黎明 国防工业出版社 1988 金属切削机床概论 贾亚洲等 机械工业出 版社 1994 微型计算机原理及应用 郑学坚等 清华大学出版社 1995 微型计算机原理及接口技术 张新义 机械工业出版社 1994 经济型数控机床系统设计 张新义等 机械工业出版社 1984 金属切削机床设计 王启义等 上海科学技术出版社 机械设计图册 华东纺织学院等 上海科学技术出版社 画法几何及机械制图 山东工业大学制图研究室等 山东科学技术出版社 1988 机床电气控制技术 毛占庆等 机械工业出版社 1993 五、课题分阶段进度计划： 序号 起止日期 工 作 内 容 阶段成果 1 翻译外文资料，查阅有关文献，讨论方案。 完成开题报告 2 实习参观，确定整体方案。 完成计算 3 根据确定方案进行设计计算，绘制草图。 草图绘制完成 4 机械部分设计，完成装配图及主要零件图。 装配图绘制完成 5 硬件电路设计 、 程 序框图及软件编程。 完成硬件系统设计 6 程序调试与系统模拟试调。 完成软件设计 7 编写设计说明书。 完成论文 8 整理全部文件，准备答辩。 准备答辩 指导教师意见 ： nts - 1 - NC machine NC machine tool was developed as a new automation tool in the 50s of the 20th century, which use NC technique to solve mechanical cutting process. Following the advanced developing of the modern manufacture, NC machine tool was one of the most important basic equipments as FMC, FMS and CIMS. As the key technology of NC machine tool, NC technology is one of the professional technologies engineering college students should master. One The number of tool machine controls a technique to include tool machine and count to control system and outer circle technique， It constitutes to see form： Numbers controlling tool machine is generally lain quality by control, the number control device, servo system and measure feedback device and tool machine host to constitute. Now to each constitute parts of brief introductions as follows:. nts - 2 - 1st, control medium When the numerical control engine bed processes, needs each kind of control information must depend on some kind of middle carrier carry home and the transmission， This kind of carrier being called as control medium, The control medium is saves acts completely and the cutting tool which the numerical control processing needs is opposite in the work piece positional information intermedium, it is recording the components processing procedure. The control medium has many kinds of, like punched tape, punch card, magnetic tape and floppy disk and so on, also may need each kind of information through the correspondence connection direct input, uses what kind of control medium to be decided by the numerical control installment type. 2nd, numerical control installment The numerical control installment is the numerical control engine bed core, is the high-tech intensity product. It integrated the microelectronic technology, the information technology, the automatic control technology, the actuation technology, the monitoring examination technology, the software engineering technology and the machine-finishing craft knowledge. The numerical control engine bed is precisely under its control, according to the procedure, which assigns automatically to the machine parts carries on the processing. From 50s in 20 centuries the number controlled tool machine to publish, numbers controlling device is already developed CNC by NC. Especially microprocessor and microcomputer make the calculator number control function and credibility of device to raise continuously after counting to control to equip up the successful application, the cost descends continuously, and its high performance price ratio promoted number control the quick development of tool machine. The installment is composed by the hardware and the software. The CNC hardware is a special purpose computer, realizes partial or the complete numerical control function by the software, Through changes the software to be very easy to change or to expand its function. The installment basic skills work includes: Input, decoding, cutting tool compensation, feed rate processing, interpolation, position control, processing, demonstration and diagnosis and so on, It has the main function is as follows: (1) Multi-coordinates control (Multiple spindle linkage); nts - 3 - (2)Realizes many kinds of function interpolation; (3) Many kinds of procedure input (Man-machine conversation, manual data feeds, by higher authority computer and other computer equipment excuse input), As well as edition and revision (4) Information transformation; (5)Compensation (Cutting tool radius compensation, cutting tool length compensation, transmission gap compensation, pitch error compensation and so on); (6) multi-processing Options; (7)The breakdown from examines the demonstration (8) Communications and networking. 3rd, The servo system The tool machine servo system is the conjunction link that the number controls device and tool machine, It is based on mobile components of the machine location and speed as the control of automatic control systems, NC device used to accept (or computing) interpolation generation of feed or feed pulse displacement, Driving Machine executive body movement. It includes spindle drive modules (mainly speed control), feed-driven modules, the spindle motor and feed motor, etc. In general, CNC servo system requirements of a good rapid corresponding performance, feed rate scope, sensitive and accurate tracking and command functions and speed, in the larger context of a good job stability. What to use is the direct current servo system and communicates now servo system, and communicate the servo system is replacing the direct current servo system. 4th, the diagraph feedback equip. The device can be included in the servo system. It consists of measuring element and the corresponding circuit, whose main role is to detect the speed and displacement, Information and feedback control system to form closed loop control. No feedback device measurement systems become open-loop system. The common element is measured pulse encoder, resolve, lnductosyn, grating, and the magnetic-foot Laser Displacement Monitoring System. 5th, The host machine Host NC machine is the mainstay, including bed, box, rail, spindle, feed institutions mechanical parts. The numerical control engine bed structure has following several characteristics: As a result of the high-performance spindle feed servo drives, simplifying the nts - 4 - CNC machine mechanical transmission structure, Drive a short chain. CNC machine tools with high mechanical structure of the dynamic characteristics of dynamic stiffness, damping precision, wear resistance and thermal deformation properties, continuous adaptation processing automation; More efficient use of transmission pieces, such as ball screws, linear motion guide, such as hydrostatic guideway. Three, NC Machine features 1st, the characteristics of CNC machine tools Modification of processing objects adaptability, As the NC processing machine parts change, only the need to re-establishment procedures, replacement of a new perforated paper tape or manually input we will be able to realize the processing of parts. It is different from traditional machines, not manufacture, replacement of a large number of tools, fixtures and equipment, no more re-adjustment machine. Therefore NC machine tools can quickly from a processing components into a processing components, which has single pieces, Trial Production small batch of new products and provide great convenience. It reduces the preparation cycle, and save a lot of equipment. For the use of point-to-point control system porous parts processing, when necessary design modifications, change some of the hole locations and size, only partial changes to delete the corresponding porosity zones, spent a very short time on the product can be modified to create new products, and Results for the products constantly attacking provide favorable conditions. 2nd, the high precision machining CNC machine tools are based on figures given in the form of instructions for processing. Since the NC device pulse equivalent up to 0.001mm， and feed chain drive space and reverse screw pitch error NC devices, etc. can be compensated, therefore, NC machine tools can achieve higher precision. For small and medium-sized CNC machine tools, positioning accuracy can be achieved 0.03mm general, repetitive positioning accuracy of 0.01mm. Because the transmission system with CNC machine tools and the structure has reached a very high stiffness and thermal stability, and improved its manufacturing precision, CNC machine tools, especially the automatic processing methods to avoid the producer human operational error, with a number of machined dimensional consistency, and the rate of qualified products, processing quality is quite stable. The introduction of point-to-point control of the drilling system, eliminating the nts - 5 - need for the use of drilling template and the drilling package Drilling Template Error coordinates the impact would cease to exist。 Also excluded due to the processing of cutting conditions can be improved and can be effective cooling, be processed with precision and surface quality has been enhanced. For complex parts of the contours of processing, the preparation process is taking into account the feed rate control， Can be done in curvature change, the tool cut along the contour to the feed rate is essentially the same, Surface processing can be obtained high precision and surface quality. 3th, processing productivity Time that spare parts need when processing includes mobile time and assistance time two parts. Numbers controlling tool machine can reduce these two part of times effectively and therefore processing machine than the average productivity is much higher. CNC machine tool spindle speed and feed rate range than the scope of general machine tools, Every process can choose the most advantageous cutting capacity good structural rigidity to allow CNC Cutting Machine large amount of heavy cutting, effective mobile savings time. NC machine moving parts fast-moving and positioning adopted a deceleration and acceleration measures thus choice of a high velocity air journeys, consumed by the fast progress quick retreat and positioning of the machine than the average much less. CNC machine tools are processing the replacement parts is almost no need for re-adjustment machine, and the parts that were installed in simple positioning device to intensify, stands for parts for installation adjustments could save a lot of time. With a knife in the use of the devices and automatic tool change CNC Machining Center Machine, in a machine to achieve multiple processes of continuous processing reduced the turnaround time for semi finishes products, the enhancement of production efficiency even more apparent. 4th, Reduces operators labor intensity CNC machine tool is according to the procedure which beforehand composes automatically completes to the components processing, the operator besides places the punched tape or operation keyboard, the loading and unloading components, the essential working procedure middle survey as well as observes the engine bed the movement, Does not need to carry on the arduous duplicated manual operation, the labor intensity and the tense degree may greatly for reduce, the work condition also has the corresponding improvement. For example in electronics industry printed nts - 6 - wiring board drill hole， If drilling on the desktop manually processing, monotonous frequent manual workers is likely to result in extreme visual fatigue, so a lot of mistakes. It is often very difficult for one or more hours of continuous operation. When using high speed CNC drilling, will be able to fundamentally improve the operators working conditions. 5th, Good economic returns When using the number controlled tool machine to process spare parts, the equipments expenses which share in each spare part was more expensive. But can save many other expenses under the situation that the single piece, small batch quantity produce, so can acquire a good economic performance. Using the number controls tool machine, saving lineation man-hour before processing, can reduce adjustment and process after the spare parts install to top in the tool machine with examination time, reduce direct factor cost. The other hand, as the CNC machine tool parts not hand model, Cam, drilling template and the other fixture. Saving technology equipment. The other hand, as the CNC machine tool parts not hand model, Cam, drilling template and the other fixture. Saving technology equipment. 6th、 it is advantageous to a production control. Control tool machine to process spare parts with the number, the ability accurate calculation spare parts processes man-hour, and simplified an examination and work tongs, semi-processed goods effectively of management work. These characteristics are advantageous to make production control modern. CNC machine tools to use digital information with the standard code input, the most suitable place for contacts with the digital computer, the foundation had become the design, manufacturing and management of the calculator assistance integral whole to turn currently. Four, CNC machines applications The number controls many advantages that the tool machine really exists general tool machine not to have, but these advantages take certain condition as antecedent of. CNC machine tools on the application is continuing to expand, but it can not completely replace other types of machine tools, not in the most economical solution to the machining of all the problems. CNC machine tools are usually the most appropriate processing is characterized by the following components: 1st, Multi- varieties small volume production nts - 7 - Components Diagram 1 meant three types of spare parties of tool machines to process an amount relationship with comprehensive expenses. Figure seen parts of the batch processing for increased election CNC machine disadvantage. The reason lies in a number to control a tool machine oolsequipments expensive, measure appropriation tool complexity machine of producing the adoption with large quantity to compare, count to control a tool machine efficiency return not enough high. 2nd, The structure more complicated spare parts Diagram 2 meant three types of tool machines of are processed the spare parts complicated degree and spare parts the relation of batch quantity size. CNC machine tools are usually suitable for processing structure more complex than a few, CNC machine tools in the processing is the need for expensive processing equipment (tools, clamps and mold) parts. 3th、 Frequent modifications to the parts In the national defense and the state-of-art industry sector, the components frequent modification necessity is well known. Introduced the competitive system in the consumer industry department, the product which in the market sold has also had unceasingly tore new, this has provided the user for the CNC machine tools. It saves a lot of technique and equipment costs, overall expenses declined. 4th, High value, and no scrap key parts 5th, The production cycle takes at least an urgent part CNC machine tools widely promoted are the biggest obstacle to the initial equipment investment, as the complexity of the system itself, increased maintenance costs. It will affect the machine utilization in some extent If satisfactory after-sales service, often fail to remove equipment failures. These factors can increase the synthesis production cost. The position-control system is number controls tool machines important partial, now introduces its control the concrete principle The position-control servo-mechanism which must reproduce at some remote point the motion applied to a handwheel located at a local command station .the output motion might be used to drive a heavy object (such as a missile launcher) into nts - 8 - a required position; power amplification of the command and accurate reproduction are thus necessary. The signals can be transmitted by direct mechanical linkage or by hydraulic, pneumatic, or electric conduit. Apart from mechanical linkage the most rapid transmission may be achieved with electrical connection and this is often but not always used. Where it is used, the mechanical input and output signals are first converted into proportional electrical signals and then transmitted through wires to a subtracting device, which produces a signal proportional to the error. a typical arrangement is shown in fig.1. The low-power error signal is used to drive an amplifier, which also receives power from an external source and delivers controlled power to the motor. The combination of transducers and subtracting element from the error detector, the amplifier is the controller and the motor together with its gearbox from the output element. The amplifier may be purely electrical if the motor is electrical but must be either electro-hydraulic or electro-pneumatic if the motor is either hydraulic or pneumatic. It is emphasized that the object of the system is to make the relatable mass copy as nearly as possible the motion of the handwheel . Let us consider what will happen if the position of the handwheel is turned very rapidly through an angle i, the mass being initially at rest. Initially the mass has no velocity and the output position 0 is zero , thus a signal instantaneously appears at the terminals of the amplifier ;Power from the source is allowed to reach the motor, which then begins to drive the mass so as to reduce the error. As 0 approaches ithe error gets smaller and thus less power is allowed to reach the motor, systems are usually designed so that the mass just overshoots the required position; Since0is then greater than i, the error becomes negative and the motor forces the mass to stop and reverse direction. Some undershoots and further overshoots will then probably take place before the mass nts - 9 - finally settles at the required position (0equals to i). Only when exact coincidence occurs does the amplifier receive zero signal and thus the motor is forced to move either one way or the other until all motion dies away. The motor can therefore only come to rest when the signal entering the amplifier is zero. It becomes evident fr