2014专八人文知识材料.doc

人文知识英语国家社会与文化考题回顾：1999 年:1. The Observer2. The geographical location of North America3. The old universities in U.K.4. Westminster Palace2000年:1. The titles of English nobility2. The features of Irish landscape3. The longest river in Britain4. The legislative branch in U.K.5. The Hundred Years War2001年:1. The founding of Harvard2. The settlement of Anglo-Saxons3. The official name of U.K.4. The economic activity of Canada2002年:1. Wall Streetthe financial center2. Big Ben, Benjamin Hall3. The compulsory education in U.K.4. Three branches of U.S.A. government2003年:1. The location of California2. British news agency3. The founding fathers of U.S.A.4. The geography of Canada2004年:1. 1920s in U.S.A.2. The largest river in U.S.A.3. The discovery of the New World4. The first settlement in America2005年:1. The capital city of Canada2. How long the U.S. President serves3. The important cities in U.S.A.4. The state church in England2006年:1. The President in the Civil War2. The capital city of New Zealand3. The natives of Australia4. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of the Cabinet1. The President during the American Civil War was _.A. Andrew Jackson B. Abraham LincolnC. Thomas Jefferson D. George Washington2. The capital of New Zealand is _.A. Christchurch B. Auckland C. Wellington D. Hamilton3. Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of the British settlers?A. the Aborigines B. the Maori C. the Indians D. the Eskimos4. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of _.A. the Shadow Cabinet B. the Parliament C. the Opposition D. the Cabinet2007年:1. The origin of the current British population 2. The Head of State of Canada is represented by the Governor-general3. The author of the Declaration of Independence4. The original inhabitants of Australia1. The current population in the United Kingdom are descendants of all the following tribes except _.A. the Anglos B. the Celts C. the Jutes D. the Saxons2. The Head of State of Canada is represented by _.A. the Monarch B. the President C. the Prime Minister D. the Governor-General3. The Declaration of Independence was written by _.A. Thomas Jefferson B. George WashingtonC. Alexander Hamilton D. James Madison4. The original inhabitants of Australia is _.A. The Red Indians B. the EskimosC. the Aborigines D. The Maoris2008年:1. The largest city in Canada.2. The legislative branch of the U.S. government3. The oldest sport in U.S.A.4. The head of the executive branch in New Zealand1. The largest city in Canada is _.A. Vancouver B. Montreal C. Toronto D. Ottawa2. According to the United States Constitution, the legislative power is invested in _.A. the federal government B. the Supreme CourtC. the Cabinet D. the Congress3. Which of the following is the oldest sport in the United States?A. baseball B. tennis C. basketball D. American football4. The head of the executive branch in New Zealand is _.A. the President B. the Governor-General C. the British Monarch D. the Prime Minister5. The Canterbury Tales, the collection of stories told by a group of Pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by _.A. William Langland B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. William Shakespeare D. Alfred Tennyson2009年:1. The Head of State of New Zealand2. The capital of Scotland3. The author of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. president4. The cities located on the eastern coast of Australia.1. The Head of State of New Zealand is _.A. the Governor-General B. the Prime MinisterC. the high Commissioner D. the Monarch of the United Kingdom2. The Capital of Scotland is _.A. Glasgow B. Edinburgh C. Manchester D. London 3. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and became the United States of America?A. Thomas Jefferson B. George WashingtonC. Thomas Paine D. John Adams4. Which of the following cities is located on the eastern coast of Australia?A. Perth B. Adelaide C. Sydney D. Melbourne2010年 1. The British Constitution 2. The first city in Canada3. The founding of Australian Federation4. The Emancipation Proclamation1. Which of the following is Incorrect?A. The British Constitution includes the Magna Carta of 1215.B. The British Constitution includes Parliamentary acts.C. The British Constitution includes decisions made by courts of law.D. The British Constitution includes one single written constitution.2. The first city ever founded in Canada is _.A. Quebec B. Vancouver C. Toronto D. Montreal3. When did the Australian Federation officially come into being?A. 1770 B. 1788 C. 1900 D. 19014. The Emancipation Proclamation to end the slavery plantation system in the South of the United States was issued by _.A. Abraham Lincoln B. Thomas Paine C. George Washington D. Thomas Jefferson2011年：1. The northernmost part of Great Britain is:A. Northern Ireland B. Scotland C. England D. Wales2. It is generally agreed that _ were the first Europeans to reach Australias shores.A. the French B. the Germans C. the British D. the Dutch 3. Which is known as the Land of Maple Leaf?A. Canada B. New Zealand C. Great Britain D. The U.S.A.The United Kingdom地理、人口及基本事实:1. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandGeographical Names: British Isles, Great Britain and England 2. Geographical position: the English Channel3. Four political divisions: England (London), Scotland (Edinburgh), Wales (Cardiff), Northern Ireland (Belfast)4. The Commonwealth: a free association of independent countries, from 1931 to 1991, 50 member nations4. Rivers and Lakes: the longestthe Severn; Thamesthe second longest and the most important; River Clydethe most important in Scotland; Lough Neaghthe largest lake5. Mountains: Ben Nevis (the highest); Scafell (the highest in England); Snowdonia (the highest in Wales)6. The People: English (Anglo-Saxons); (the Celts) Welsh; Scottish; Irish.7. Eisteddfodauthe annual festival for Welsh poetry, music, singing and art8. Places of historical interest: the Tower of London (William the Conqueror); Big Ben; Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament); Westminster Abbey (coronation, wedding ceremony); St. Pauls Cathedral (London; Protestant Church); Tower Bridge (1894; suspension bridge close to the Tower of London; River Thames); Speakers Corner (London Hyde Park)历史备考点:The Origins of a Nation1. The first known settlersIberians2. The Celts (700 B.C.): three wavesGaels; Brythons; Belgae3. Romans: Julius Caesar (55 B.C.); Claudius (43AD, successful invasion); Christianity 4. The Anglo-Saxons: Three Germanic tribes (Jutes, Anglos, Saxons)The foundation of the English stateshires; narrow-strip, three-field farming system; the manorial system; the Witan (贤人会议)5. The Viking and Danes:Alfred the Great“the father of the British navy”; translate into English Ecclesiastical History of the English People (英国人民教会史)；established schools; formulate a legal system6. The Norman Conquest: 1066, the best-known event in English history, William the Conqueror defeated King Harold of England at the battle of Hastings; the establishment of the feudal system; the introduction of Norman French culture, language, manners and architecture; closer connection with RomeThe Shaping of the Nation1. The Great Charter: 1215, King John, 63 clauses. The statement of the relationship between the Crown and the baron; a guarantee of the freedom of the Church; a limitation of the power of the king (the spirit of the Great Charter or Magna Carta)2. All Estates ParliamentSimon de Montfort, 1265, the Great Council, the House of Lords, the House of Commons, the beginning of Parliament3. Black Death: the deadly epidemic disease; the 14th century; reduced the population from 4 million to 2 million; 4. The Hundred Years War (13371453): Henry V; Joan of Arc; blessing for both Britain and France4. The Peasant Uprising: 1381, Wat Tyler (killed) and Jack Straw; to rebel the Poll Tax; a telling blow to villeinage. Transition to the Modern Age1. The Wars of Roses (1455-1485): the battles between Lancaster (red rose) and York (white rose); Henry Tudor (the descendant of Duke of Lancaster) won, thus the rule of Tudors; the death blow to feudalism.2. The English Reformation: (1529-1534) Henry VIII, began with a struggle for divorce (Catherine of Aragon) and ended in the freedom from the Papacy; an independent Church of England; the kingthe Supreme Head of the Church of England.3. Bloody Mary: 300 Protestants; the French port of Calais4. Elizabeth I: the defeat of Armada (the Spanish fleet)5. The English Renaissance: (rebirth) largely artistic; Elizabethan Drama (Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson and William Shakespeare)6. The Divine Rights of Kings: Charles I7. The Civil Wars (1642-1646; 1647-1649): between the Cavaliers (the kings men) and Roundheads (the Parliamentary supporters); Oliver Cromwell (New Model Army) (Lord Protector); Charles I; the Puritan Revolution; overthrew the feudal system; the beginning of the modern history; 1649-1658 Commonwealth; Lord Protector8. The Restoration; the return of Charles II from his exile in France; 9. The Glorious Revolution: 1688, the smooth takeover of English throne by William of Orange, replacing James II (a Catholic king, the brother of Charles II), with no bloodshed, nor execution of the king.10. The Bill of Rights (1689) and the constitutional monarchy11. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605: Guy Fawkes (Catholic) planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellar of the Parliament; the execution of Fawkes; a national annual celebration (bonfire and firework display) on the 5th of November12. 1707, the Act of Union joined England and Scotland (Anne) 1801: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1921: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland13. The Plantagenet Dynasty: Henry IIRichard III Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I Stuart Monarchs: James I (1611, the Authorized or King James Version of Bible), Charles I, Charles II, Anne Hanoverian Monarchs: The British Empire1. Whigs and Tories (the forerunner of the Conservative Party)2. The Enclosure Movement:3. The Industrial Revolution: the mechanization of industry; the late 18th and early 19th century; James Watt and steam engine in 1769; after the revolution, by 1830, “the workshop of the world”; the industrial working classthe proletariat4. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)“the first broad, really mass, political formed, proletarian revolutionary movement” (Lenin)5. The Labor Partythe Independent Labor Party(the origin); then the Labor Representation Committee; the Labor Party (1906).6. The first colonyNewfoundland, 15837. The East Indian Company: 1600, the economic penetration; 1858, ruled by the British crown; 1877, Queen Victoria, Empress of India.8. The Opium War: 18409. WWI: the Central Power (Germany and Austria-Hungary); the “Allies” (Britain, France and Russia); The Treaty of Versailles (1919); the League of Nations10. The Roaring Twenties: women with cropped hair and short dresses; two imports from America: jazz, silent films11. The Swinging Sixtiesthe permissive age; pop music (the Beatles turned their hometown of Liverpool into a place of pilgrimage)12. 1973: a full member of the European Economic Committee13. Thatcherism: the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher (the iron lady), the return to private ownership of the state-owned industries, the strengthening of the role of market forces, and an emphasis on law and order.14. The Statute of Westminster (1931)政治1. The Constitutional Monarchy2. The monarch: the symbol of the whole nation, the head of the executive, head of judiciary, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England.3. The components of the English Parliament: the Sovereign, the House of Lords (the oldest part of the Parliament) and the House of Commons (the real center of power in the Parliament) (651 members of Parliament); the maximum durationfive years4. The British Constitution: unwritten, including statute law, common law and conventions.5. Prime Ministerthe leader of the majority party; the Cabinetthe core of leadership; Lord Chancellorthe president of the House of Lords6. The Official Oppositionthe party which wins the second largest number of seats, the “shadow cabinet” 7. Downing Street No. 10the official residence of the Prime Minister8. The Speakerpresiding over the House and enforcing the rules of order 9. The vote of no confidence (不信任投票)the House of Commons教育,社会,文化传统1. NHSthe National Health Service, a full range of medical services, the largest single employer of labor in U.K.2. Established religion: the Church of England (the Sovereign as the “Defender of Faith”) (changes only with the consent of the Parliament); the Presbyterian in Scotland3. Football: soccer, 19th century; Rugbyinvented at Rugby school in Warwich shire in the 19th century; Cricketthe most typical English sport; the home of golf is Scotland4. Etonpublic school; Harrow School; Rugby School5. the oldest university-Oxford6. Stratford-on-Avon: the birthplace of William Shakespeare; anniversary the 23rd of April 7. Magazines and newspapers: the Observer (the worlds oldest national newspaper); the Spectator; the Times; the Guardian; the Daily Telegraph; the Economist: BBC-the most important broadcasting company; the Reuters: German, 8. The most famous music and art festival in Britain9. Easter: the resurrection of Christ, the first Sunday after the first full moon after the spring equinox10. HogmanayScottish New Years Eve11. Boxing Day: December 26th, the gift to give “Christmas boxes”, or gifts of money, to servants or tradesman12. An Englishmans house is his castle.13. Queens Birthday: Buckingham Palace; Trooping the Color (女王阅旗仪式)Ireland1. The Emerald Isle: the rich green countryside2. The largest riverthe Shannon River3. Two official languages: Irish, English4. National Day: March 17th, St. Patricks Day (the arrival of St. Patrickthe most important event in Irish history)5. Parliament: the House of Representatives (Dail Eireann); the Senate (Seanad)6. The two political parties: Fianna Fail; Fine Gael7. The oldest university in Ireland: the University of Dublin8. Roman Catholics: 93% of the Irish population 9. Ulysses: James Joyces masterpieceThe United States of America:地理, 人口及基本事实1. The Rocky Mountainsthe backbone the continent2. The Mississippithe worlds third longest continental river, “Father of Waters”, “Old Man River”.3. The Five Great Lakes: Huron; Ontario; Michigan; Erie; Superior4. The Niagara Fallsbetween Lake Ontario and Lake Erie5. Yellowstone National Parkthe oldest national park in the world and the largest wildlife preserve in the U.S.A.6. The Statute of LibertyNew York Harbor7. Grand Canyonthe state of Arizona8. Alaska and Hawaiithe two newest states in USA9. Alaskathe largest state in area; Rhode Islandthe smallest; Texasthe largest state on the mainland10. New Englandthe birthplace of America11. The nickname of the U.S.A.: Yankees12. Thomas Edisonthe Wizard of Menlo Park (门洛帕克的奇才) （新泽西州东北部的爱迪生纪念塔）13. Thomas Jeffersonthe first one to inaugurate in New York City16001900:1. The discoverers of America: Christopher Columbus; Amerigo Vespucci2. The first colonyJamestown, Virginia, 16073. The 13 colonies: along the east coast4. May Flower: 1620, Plymouth, the state of Massachusetts5. Stamp Tax: British East India Company; tea at lower prices in colonies 6. The Boston Tea Party: 17737. The First Continental Congress: 1774, Philadelphia; 8. The Second Continental Congress: 1775, Philadelphia; the Continental Army and Navy 9. The beginning of the War of Independence；The turning point of the War of Independence (the Gettysburg victory) (the Gettysburg Addressthe government of the people, for the people, by the people)10. The Declaration of Independence: drafted by Thomas Jefferson, July 4th, 177611. The Treaty of Paris: 1783, the independence of the United States12. The Constitutional Convention: 178713. The Bill of Rights: the first ten amendments of the Constitution14. Lincoln: Emancipation Proclamation; Homestead Bill: 186516. The Louisiana Territory: Thomas Jefferson; Napoleon; 15 million dollars; Spain: Florida, the Gulf Coast; the War with Mexico (1846-1848): Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, etc. 17. The Westward Movement:18. KKK: Ku Klux Klan, terrorized and attacked the black, progressives, Communists and social party members.19001945:1. The “Open Door Policy”Theodore Roosevelt (the 26th president); the “Big Stick” policy (the big stickthe navy of USA; the winner of Nobel Prize for Peace in 1905)2. The 1920smaterial success and spiritual frustration, confusion and purposelessness3. The Great Depression1929-1933, the stock market crash, from prosperity to bleak despair, 3