GCSE 音乐总结.docx

Western musicBaroqueClassicalRomantic20th centuryDate1600-17501750-18201820-19001900-2000Orchestra & resourcesSmall-scale orchestraStrings dominate Harpsichord OrganBigger orchestraClarinetLarge orchestraPercussionLarge and small orchestraElectronic instrumentsMelodyBalanced, clear two- or four- bar phrasesElegant and lightDramatic soundSingle themeLong, singable tunesClimaxHarmony & tonalityDiatonic harmonyIn major or minor keyClear cadencesOrnamentedDiatonic harmonyIn major or minor keyClear cadencesChromatic notesModulationNot clear keyRhythmClear rhythmConstant tempo and meterDriving rhythmTempo changeRubatoSyncopationOstinatoPolyrhythmTextureHomophonicPolyphonyBasso continuoHomophonicPolyphonicBroken chordsVaried textureHuge contracts ComposersBachHandel VivaldiPurcellMozartHaydnBeethovenTchaikovskyWagnerChopinLisztSchubertMendelssohnSchumannGeorge BizetStraussNationalism MussorgskyImpressionism DebussySerialism SchoenbergNeo-classicism StravinskyJazz influence Gershwin常用词:Homophonic, Monophonic, Heterophonic (Traditional), Polyphonic (Contrapuntal, Canon), antiphonal轮唱Imitation, Repetition, SequenceBroken Chords, Arpeggio, Ostinato, DroneSyncopation, Anacrusis, Off-BeatImprovisation (Cadenza) Rubato 弹性速度Glissando, Pizzicato, Tremolo, Staccato, Legato (Slur), Tie, Pitch-Bending, Sliding, Crescendo, Decrescendo (Diminuendo)Ornamentation (Melisma) Trill, Appoggiatura, Acciaccatura, Turn, MordentChromatic ScalePedalGrave, Lento, Largo, Adagio, Andante, Andantino, Moderato, Allegro, Vivace, PrestoCross-rhythmString Arco(Traditional Instruments & Guitar Plunked)Woodwind & Brass Blow (the reed)Choral musicMainly in BaroqueMass 弥撒曲 sung in churches (catholic)Oratorios 神剧 instrumental accompaniment Bach and Handel famous forMessiah A major in homophonic (Handel)Requiem for death安魂曲Cantata arias 清唱剧AriaSolo vocal piece backed by orchestra 抒情调Recitative rhythm of words in imitating the rhythm of normal speech 宣叙调Chorus sang by choirDance musicWaltz oom-cha-cha, Homophonic, appoggiatura and chromatic notesSalsa AfricaTango Argentina, syncopation, dotted rhythmSymphonic poems programme musicTransposing melodySounding in A Written in C lower minor 3rd Sounding in F Written in C lower perfect 5thAfrica1. Feature: syncopation Polyrhythm Cross-rhythm Pentatonic Call and respond Improvise 2. Instruments: talking drum Kenkeni high-pitched Sangban middle pitcheddrums Doundoun low pitched Mbira Balafon KorapluckArab1. Feature: call and response Short melodic phrases2. Instruments: rabab single string Ud Qanun Guzheng likeIndia(Raga)1. Feature: Alap sitar/ tamburaJhor fasterJhala tabla, improviseQuestion and answerImproviseRepetitiveDrone2. Instruments: sitar Tambura Tabla drum Sarod Sarangi Bansuri flute Shenhai oboe Harmonium keyboard (accordion) SanturIndonesia1. Feature: gamelan pentatonic Percussion orchestraDecoration2. Instruments: saron metallophone Gender Gambang Celempung string Suling flute GongsJapan1. Feature: jo introduction Ha Kyu hurried No improvisation Heterophonic Gagaku雅乐 Noh drum2. Instruments: biwa Koto like 古琴 Sho like 笙 Shamisen three string Taiko drum Shakuhachi like flute Hichiriki like oboe Kakko - drumChina1. Feature: pentatonic Pitch-bending2. Instruments: 萧 笛子 笙 唢呐 二胡 古筝 古琴 琵琶 扬琴 云锣 MozartExposition A Major1st violin, viola cell & double bass2nd subject violinmain melody, chromatic descending, bassoon doubling violinCodetta d minor, antiphonal, 2nd piano, broken chords, Transition six bars of semiquaver leading to B Major2nd subject E Major, melody doubled by flute and bassoon, Piano chromatic descending doubled in octaveCodetta E MajorRitornello E MajorDevelopment E MajorSustained in violin, dotted rhythm + imitated contrapuntally in violin and bassFollow piano solo(Clarinet part e minor)To d minor imitation by flute and