大学英语4 Unit5 To_Lie_or_not_to_lie.doc

To Lie or Not to LieThe Doctors Dilemma dilemn.窘境，困境；进退两难Sissela BokShould doctors ever evadv.永远；曾经，这以前；究竟，到底；可能 lie to benefit their patients- to speed recovery or to conceal knsi:l vt.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住the approach protvt.& vi.接近，走近，靠近vt.接近；着手处理；使移近；试图贿赂（或影响，疏通）n.方法；途径；接近vi.靠近of death? In medicine as in law, government, and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed dw:fn.侏儒，矮子；矮小的动物（植物）；天矮星vt.（使）显得矮小；使（发育，智能等）受阻碍；使相形见绌vi.变矮小adj.矮小的by greater needs: the need to shelter eltn.居所；避难所；（无家可归者或受虐待者的）收容所；遮蔽vt.掩蔽；庇护；保护vi.躲避；避难from brutal news or to uphold phuldvt.支持；维持；赞成；支撑a promise of secrecy; to expose corruption krpnn.腐败，堕落；腐化，贪污；舞弊，贿赂；（文献等的）讹误or to promote the public interest.What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? Is it best to tell him the truth? If he asks, should the doctors deny dinaivt.拒绝；拒绝承认；拒绝占有；否认知情that he is ill, or minimize minimaizvt.把减至最低数量程度；对（某事物）作最低估计，极力贬低（某事物）的价值重要性；极度轻视the gravity rvitin.重力；万有引力，地心引力；重要性，严重性；严肃，庄重of the prognosis prgnssn.医预后，判病结局；预测? Should they at least conceal the truth until after the family vacation?Doctors confront knfrntvt.面对；使面对面，使对质；碰到，遇到；比较such choices often and urgently :dntladv.紧急地，急迫地. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patients own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones.Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing inf:mvt.通知；使活跃，使充满；预示vi.通知；告发them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate ditirireitvt.使恶化vi.恶化，变坏faster, perhaps even commit kmitvt.犯罪，做错事；把托付给；保证（做某事、遵守协议或遵从安排等）；承诺，使承担义务suicide. sjuisaidn.自杀；自杀者；自杀行为vt.自杀vi.自杀adj.自杀的As one physician wrote: “Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a percept pri:septn.规诫，戒律，箴言that transcends trnsendvt.超越，超出的限度；优于或胜过；高于或独立于（宇宙）而生存the virtue of uttering the truth for truths sake, and that is as far as possible do no harm.”Armed with such a precept, pri:septn.规诫，戒律，箴言 a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that they assume will “do no harm” and may well help their patients. They may prescribe innumerable placebos, plsi:bzn.（给无实际治疗需要者的）安慰剂（ placebo的名词复数 ）；安慰物；宽心话；（试验药物用的）无效对照剂 sound more encouraging than the facts warrant wrntn.授权证；许可证；正当理由；依据vt.保证，担保；授权，批准；辩解, and distort grave news, especially to the incurably ill and the dying.But the illusory lu:sri:, -zri:adj.貌似真实的，虚幻的；虚无缥缈 nature of the benefits such deception dsepnn.瞒骗，欺诈；骗局 is meant to produce is now coming to be documented. dkjumntn.（计算机）文档，证件；公文vt.证明；记录；为提供证明Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information, humanely hjumenliadv.仁慈地；人道地；富人情地；慈悲地conveyed, knveidv.运输（ convey的过去式和过去分词 ）；运送；输送；表达helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery.Not only do lies not provide the “help” hoped for by advocates of benevolent binevlntadj.好心肠的；与人为善的；乐善好施的；慈善的 deception; they invade the autonomy:tnmin.自治，自治权；自主权；自治国，社区，或集团等；人身自of patients and render rendvt.提出，开出；放弃，让与；报答；归还vi.给予补偿；熬油n.纳贡；（墙壁的）初涂，打底；（抹在墙上的）底灰；底层them unable to make informed nf:mdadj.了解情况的；见多识广的；有情报根据的；消息灵通的v.告诉（ inform的过去式和过去分词）；（inform oneself）使了解choices concerning their own health, including the choice of whether to be a patient in the first place. We are becoming increasingly aware of all that can befall bf:lvt.& vi.降临到（某人）头上；发生，降临vi.降临patients in the course of their illness when information is denied and distorted.Dying patients especially- who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark- can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or to have surgery; about where and within whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and take leave.Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity interitin.正直，诚实；完整；计算机保存；健全and, in the long run, to their credibility. kredblti:n.可靠性，可信性；确实性 Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion sspinn.怀疑；嫌疑；疑心；口一点儿vt.怀疑 of deceit undercuts ndktvt.（网球等）从下削球；廉价出售；较便宜的工资工作n.（网球等）下旋球；牛的）腰部肉，里脊vi.底切the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously skrupjlsliadv.一丝不苟地；小心翼翼地，多顾虑地honest with their patients; contributes to the spiral spairln.螺旋（线）；旋涡；螺旋形物；（足球运动的）旋球v.使成螺旋形；螺旋式的上升（或下降盘旋上升（或下降）adj.螺旋形的；盘旋的；盘旋上升的of lawsuits l:su:tn.诉讼；诉讼案件and of “defensive medicine,” and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession.Sharp conflicts are now arising. Patients are learning to press vt.压，按；逼迫；紧抱vi.压；逼迫；重压n.强迫征兵；新闻报道，出版物；压榨；印刷机（厂）for answers. Patients bills of rights require that they be informed about their condition and about alternatives for treatment. Many doctors go to great lengths to provide such information. Yet even in hospitals with the most eloquent elkwntadj.雄辩的，有口才的；有说明力的；富于表情的，逼真的；动人的bill of rights, believers in benevolent deception continue their age-old practices. Colleagues may disapprove dspru:vvi.不赞成vt.反对，否决；持相反的意见but refrain rifreinvt.抑制，克制n.（诗歌的）叠句，副歌；经常重复的评价（或抱怨）vi.忍耐，节制from objecting. Nurses may bitterly resent rizentvt.对感到愤怒；怨恨；愤恨；厌恶having to take part, day after day, in deceiving patients, but f