3表语从句+系动词.doc

第四讲 表语从句定义表语从句定义：在一个复合句中，从句作的是主语的表语成分。 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪. 主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语-表语从句 系动词用法定义例如：He felt ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（feel是（连）系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。） 连系动词 be 后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语： 1).My dream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。 2).All you have to do is to listen. 你只需要听。 seem, appear, prove, turn out, grow 等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是 to be)短语作表语： 1).The man seemed to be ill. 这个人好像病了。 2).The plan proved to be useful. 这个计划证明是有用的。 3).He appears to know this. 他好像知道这一点。 4).The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。 5).He has grown to like studying English. 他渐渐喜欢学英语了。 若所接不定式为to be，通常可以省略be。 sound, smell, feel, taste, become 等连系动词后通常不能接不定式：(也可以理解为用主动表被动） 误：These oranges taste to be good. (应去掉 to be) 误：The roses smell to be nice. (应去掉 to be) 连系动词look后有时也可接to be，但以省略to be为多。 分类二、我们高中阶段把英语系动词分为四类：A五大感官系动词 B状态系动词C动态系动词 D双谓语系动词A五大感官系动词，描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来，都是半系动词。1look“看起来像是”，后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。 The girl bit her lips and looked thoughtful.这位女孩咬着嘴唇，看上去若有所思。2smell“闻起来”，后接adj.分词。 The flowers smell sweet. 这些花气味真香。3sound“听起来”，后接adj.分词。 The music sounds sweet.这首诗听起来真悦耳。4taste“尝起来”，后接adj.分词。The apples taste very good. 这些苹果很好吃。5Feel “摸起来，给感觉”；“觉得”，后接adj./p.p. You will feel better after a nights sleep. 睡上一晚，你会觉得好些。B状态系动词：1be，“是”，属完全系动词。 I am a student. 我是一个学生。2seem,“似乎，好像”，完全系动词。 They seem quite happy. 他们似乎很快乐。3appear,“显得，看起来好像”，半系动词。 It appeared(to be)a true story.看来这是一个真实的故事。4keep, “保持的状态”，半系动词，后接adj或介词短语。 Youd better go to bed and keep warm. 你最好躺在床上去暖和一下。5remain,“仍是”，半系动词。 I remained silent. 我仍然缄默。6stay“保持（某种状态）”，半系动词，后接adj.、过去分词。 The window stayed open all the ve “证明是”，半系动词，后接adj.n. The treatment proved to be successful. 这种疗法证明是成功的。C动态系动词：都属于半系动词，描述状态变化过程。1get“变成，变得起来”，后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。 The days are getting longer and longer. 白天变得越来越长了。2fall“进入（某种状态），成为”，后常接以下形容词：asleep, lame, silent, ill, sick, flat. The old men, unable to express himself, fell silent. 那位老人说不清自己的意思，就不做声了。 My father fell ill and died. 我的父亲生病死了。3grow“渐渐变得起来，长得” Its growing warm. 天气渐渐暖和起来了。4turn“转变成（新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质），变质（色）”。 Maple trees turn red in autumn. 枫叶在秋天变红了。It was cloudy this morning, but fortunately it has turned fine.5go，“变成（某种坏的状态）” The telephone has gone dead. 电话不通了。 The material has gone a funny colour. 这料子的颜色变得奇怪了。 go之后常接的adj. 还有：bad, blind, wild, wrong, sour, hard, hungry, mad, red, with, anger, white, pale, blue, grey.6become“变成，成为（好坏均可的情况）”I became interested in drawing. 我开始对素描感兴趣了。 He became angry with me. They became good friends. 7come，“变成为（已知的状态）/ 证实为”，后常接形容词或un-的过去分词作表语，表示状态或情况的变化。His wish to become a pilot has come true. If you look into the matter, everything will come clear. 后常接的形容词还有：apart, dear（昂贵）natural, open, short, right（好了），unstuck（没有粘住）untied（松开）。8run,“变成”，后接adj. The price ran high. 价格上升了。9make，“达到某种状态后接形容词，如sure, certain, merry, bold, free We must make certain of facts.我们一定要弄清事实。D双谓语系动词 此类系动词既有系动词的功能，后接表语，又保留原实义动词本身的含义。例如：The run rose red.太阳升起红艳艳。She stopped and stood quite still.她停下来然后一丝不动地站着。The snow lay thick on the ground. 雪厚厚地堆积在地上。He married young. 他结婚很早。Lei Feng died young.雷锋早逝。He continued silent.他继续沉默不语。常用系动词用法比较 1形容词在这类系动词后面作表语go和come相比，“go形容词”多表示“从好的状态变成坏的状态”,后面的形容词为mad, crazy, blind, lame或表示颜色的形容词，go前面的主语一般为人E.g. He went mad last year. Hearing this, she went red.“come形容词”多表示“从坏的状态变成好的状态”E.g. Thing will come right in the end.run后面接short, dry, low, deep等形容词作表语时，其前的主语多为能流动的或消耗掉的东西。若后面的形容词为wild,则主语可以是人。E.g. Their money was running short.Still water runs deep.The child run wild.grow 后面可以接表示人或物的特征的静态形容词作表语，也可以接表示天气的形容词作表语。侧重于“逐渐变成某种状态”。E.g. The girl grew thinner and thinner.Soon the sky grew darks.turn 后面多接表示颜色的形容词，也可以接表示天气的形容词作表语，侧重于“变得与以前完全不同”。E.g. The man turned blue with fear.The weather suddenly turned much colder.fall 可以接asleep, silent等静态形容词或表示疾病的形容词作表语，但不能接形容词的比较级作表语。E.g. She fell ill from cold.“get + 形容词”多用在口语中。get 能替代become, 但become较为正式。get 与become前面的主语既可以是人也可以是物；get 经常与形容词的比较级连用。E.g. He became got angry with his son. His coat has become got badly torn.The days are getting longer and longer after the winter solstice.注：become一般不可以用来表示“将来变得”的意思。2become，turn，get, go, fall后面能跟名词作表语，其他的“变成”类系动词后面不能跟名词作表语E.g. His dream has become a reality. He has turned scientist. Her cheeks went a very pretty pink.He fell a victim to cancer. 注：在turn后面作表语用的名词前通常不带冠词。3. come和go后面多接有否定前缀的过去分词。“getpp”表示一次行为；“becomepp”表示事物发展的最后结果。E.g. The string comes untied. His report went unnoticed. The fence gets white-washed every year.The room soon became crowded.4. 系动词get，go，come后面可接现在分词，但含义不是“成为”。E.g. They went in and got chatting together. We often go swimming. He came running in.5. come, grow，get后面接不定式，表示变化过程。come表示“最终变得”；get表示“由变得”；grow表示“渐渐变得” E.g. Ive really come to love this place. Marys growing to be more and more like her mother.Youll soon get to like it. 注：这种结构不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。IV.系动词与高考及其练习 1.系动词出现于单项选择题中The story sounds_(MET 89) A. to be true B. as true C. being true D. trueThose oranges taste_(MET 91) A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well-Are you feeling_? -Yes, Im fine now/(NMET92) A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better-Can I join the club, Dad. -You can when you _a bit older.(NMET 94) A. get B. will get C. get D. will have got -Do you like the material? -Yes, it _very soft.(NMET 94) A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is feltI love to go to the seaside on Summer. It_ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea.(NMET 96) A. does B. feels C. gets D. makesCleaning women in big cities usually get _by the hour.(NMET 98) A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to payWhy dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _ for several days.(NMET2003） A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed(以上七题答案分别如下：1.D, 2.A, 3.B, 4.A, 5.C, 6.B, 7.C, 8.B) 2.系动词与短文改错 They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.(were) Id like to your pen friend, and get to know more about your country.(be) 3.系动词巩固练习What you have said_. Ais sounded interesting B sounds interestingCsound interested Dlistens interestedThe class begins. Please keep_. Asilent Bsilence Cthe silence DsilentlyLook! Several people in the crowd seemed_. Ato be fighting Bto have fought Cbeing fought Dhaving foughtHow _the song she sings sounds! I have never _a better voice. Abeautifully, sounded Bbeautiful, sounded Csweet, listened to Dsweet, heardHer feeling about the marriage _rather strange. Ais looked Bis seemed Cseems Dis appearedThe new shirt_ right. Adoesnt feel Bisnt felt Cisnt feeling Ddoesnt touchHow happy it_ for me to be home again after twenty years abroad! Agives Bfeels Cis felt Dis givenJohn _driver since two months ago. Abecame a Bhas become a Chas turned Dhas been aHe _he felt very _over the death of the boy. Aseemed that, sad Bseemed as if, sadly Clooked as though, sad Dlooked that, sadnessThe ice_ thick on the river. Ais lain Blay Claid Dlie(其答案分别是：15：BAADC，610：ABDCB)注意事项1系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。 一般地说，状态系动词无进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态。但是在某些情况下，状态系动词也有进行时态，表示两个用途：一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如： He is being kind. 他装出和蔼可亲的样子（一时而不能持久的性质） 二是表示一种探询口气，使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如： I hope you are keeping well.（语气委婉）我希望你保持健康。 Are you feeling any better?（语气亲切）你感觉好了些吗？ 试比较： Your hand feels cold.（无意识的静态性质。）你的手摸起来冰凉。 不可以说： Your hand is feeling cold.() 但可以说： The doctor is feeling her pulse. （有意识的动态动作） The soup tastes good.（静态性质，无进行时） 这汤的味道不错。The cook is tasting the soup.（动态动作，有进行时） 厨师在尝汤的味道。 总之，系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时，不能笼统地说feel，smell无进行时，应指出其意义及其语用环境。例如smell的用法可见一斑。 smell作“嗅觉”的能力时，虽是实义动词，但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态，常与can, could, be able to连用。 The camels can smell the water a mile off. 骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。 指“嗅、闻”的动作时，实义动词，可用于进行时态。 The girl is smelling the flower. smell指“含有气味”，“发出气味”等事物性质时，半系动词，无进行时态。 The dinner smells good. 2系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。 某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越”。例如：He is growing taller and taller. Our life is getting better and better. 3所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。 英语中某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。例如： 不能说：The apple is tasted good.（因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态）但可以说：The apple is tasted by me. 这苹果被我尝了一下。（taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态） 4瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题 英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间,by + 时间，so far”等直接连用。例如： 不能说：He has become a teacher for 2 years. 应改为：He has been a teacher for 2 years. 不能说：He has turned writer since 3 years ago. 应改为：He has been a write since 3 years ago. 5系动词能接几种表语（从句） 系动词除了接adj.n.prep.短语，某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式： 能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look（看起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），feel（觉得）；appear（显得），seem（似乎）。例如： It looks as if we are going to have snow. He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales. She seemed as if (though) she couldnt understand why Laura was there. It sounds to me as though theres a tap running somewhere. She felt as if her head were splitting. The river appeared as if enveloped in smog. t seems as if it were spring already. 可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如： It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work. It appeared that he was talking to himself. 能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow. Her job is to look after the children. He seems not to look after the children. He looks to be a young girl of twenty. He didnt appear to dislike it. He will grow to like this work gradually. 能与there连用的系动词有：be, appear, seem. There appeared to be only one room. There seems(to be)no need to go. 6能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个：seem, appear. 举例说明： It doesnt seem that we can get our money back. = It seems that we cant get our money back. He seems not to be her father. = He doesnt seem to be her father. The baby doesnt appear to be awake. = The baby appears not to be awake. 7后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构 能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个：第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等)；第二个是get，口语中常用。当二者作系动词用时，它们均表示一种存在状态，而不表示被动动作；当二者作助动词用时，后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。 Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替，但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况： 1）表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。 Last night I got caught in the downpour. 昨夜我被雨淋了（表示意想不到） The new car got scratched. 新车给刮坏了。（表突发性） 2）表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。 John got injured while playing football last Saturday. 约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。 They got married last month. 他们上个月结婚了。 另外，要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。 专项训练1. What is Mr Wang like? _. A. He is a teacher B. He is old and kind C. He looks like a balloon D. He likes English 2. What Mr White said sounds_. A. friendly B. wonderfully C. pleasantly D. nicely 3. The poor boy _ blind at the age of three. A. turned B. goes C. became D. went 4. When he was a child he_ . A. grew patience B. was alive C. ran wild D. came true 5. His voice_ as if he has a cold. A. sounds B. listens C. hears D. seems 6. This shirt_ as if it is made of cotton. A. is B. looks C. feels D. seems 7. He looks _ he hadnt had a good meal for a month A. that B. as if C. when D. so far 8. It _that he was late for the train. A. looks B. turns C. gets D. seems 9. These apples taste_. A. to he good B. to be well C. well D. good 10. Do you like the shirt? Yes, it _ very soft. A. feels B. felt C. is feeling D. is felt 11. The moment Mr Zhang went to bed, he_ asleep A. kept B. got C. fell D. fall 12. When I went home yesterday, it was _ dark. A. going B. getting C. running D. coming 13. Their plan _ to be a perfect one. A. proved B. was proved C. is proving D. proving 14. The flowers in the garden _ sweet. A. sound B. taste C. become D. smell 15. She_ like her mother in character. A. looks B. seems C. is D. feels 16. It_ another fine day tomorrow. A. seems B. promises C. appears D. looks 17. He _ much younger than he really is.A. appears B. grows C. becomes D. turns 18. You_ very pale. Do you feel sick? A. looked B. look C. looking D. are looked 19. His wish to become a driver has _true. A. turned B. realized C. come D. grown 20. Her father _a writer. A. turned B. grew C. has turned D. has become 注意A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. B 不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。 引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether 位于介词后要用whether 位于句首时要用whether 引导表语从句，主语从句，同位语从句时要用whether False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had understood this question. C不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The question is why he cried yesterday. Dthat在表语从句中不可以省掉。 基本用法表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。 名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句 例如： The problem is how we can get the things we need. (how 在表语从句中充当方式状语) The scissors are not what I need.。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语) What I told him was that I would find him a good play. (what在主语从句中作直接宾语， that作为表语从句的引导词在表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略) That is what I want to tell you. (what在表语从句中充当直接宾语) That is why she failed to pass the exam.。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语) 注意“That is why.”是常用句型， 意为“这就是的原因/因此”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语， 该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结， 又如： That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. / That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。 下面是两个与“That is why.”形式相似的结构， 它们与“That is why.”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚： (1)“That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义， 只不过从语法结构上讲， “That is the reason why.”中why引导的是个定语从句， 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why.”结构一样， 例如： That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。 (2)“That is because.”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这就是为什么/因为”。“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由，“That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，例如： He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. (第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因) He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. (第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果) 案例分析考题1The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (07上海) A. when B. why C. whether D. that 答案 D 解析 下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句，如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此， 应选择可引导名词性从句且不充当任何成分的that。 考题2You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _ I disagree. (2004) A. why B. where C. what D. how 答案 B 解析 下划线处的引导词引导系动词is后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语(“disagree”属于不及物动词， “I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构)， 下划线应填入引导词where， 表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之处、 我不同意的地方”。 考题3 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that _ you had a few days off? (1999) A. why B. when C. what D. where 答案 A 解析 下